JP6383743B2 - Erg遺伝子発現における前立腺癌特異的変化ならびにそれらの変化に基づく検出および治療方法 - Google Patents
Erg遺伝子発現における前立腺癌特異的変化ならびにそれらの変化に基づく検出および治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2007年6月29日付け出願の米国仮出願番号60/929,505および2006年10月10日付け出願の米国仮出願番号60/850,254(各出願の全開示は参照に基づくものであり、それを参照により本明細書に組み入れることとする)の利益を主張するものである。
本明細書に記載されている本発明は、それに対する実施料の支払いを伴うことなく米国政府の目的のために製造され、実施許諾され、使用されうる。
本発明は、ERGポリヌクレオチドおよびポリペプチド配列、ならびにERG遺伝子発現における変化(前立腺癌に関与または関連しているERG遺伝子のスプライス変異体およびプロモーター配列を含む)に関する。本発明は更に、前立腺癌の治療用組成物ならびに前立腺癌の検出、診断および治療方法に関する。本発明はまた、以下の遺伝子:PSA/KLK3、PMEPA1、NKX3.1、ODC1、AMD1およびERGの2以上の発現を検出するための生物マーカーを含む、アンドロゲン受容体シグナリングの機能状態を評価するために及び前立腺癌の予後判定方法において使用されうる一連の前立腺癌生物マーカーに関する。
ERG遺伝子の転写は、前立腺癌細胞においては、良性細胞と比べて変化する。本出願は癌細胞におけるERG8アイソフォームの優勢(predominant)発現を初めて記載するものである。本発明はまた、ERG遺伝子座の2つのユニークな癌特異的転写産物、すなわち、ERG前立腺癌特異的アイソフォーム1(EPC1)およびEPC2の配列および特徴づけを提供する。開示されているERGアイソフォームは、前立腺癌の生物マーカーとして、または治療的介入のための標的として、または治療剤を開発するために、単独でまたは組合せて使用されうる。また、本開示は、新規前立腺癌特異的ERGプロモーターを記載する。ERGプロモーターは、例えば細胞毒素のような治療用タンパク質の発現を前立腺癌細胞へと選択的に標的化するために使用されうる。この新規プロモーターから産生されたポリヌクレオチド転写産物も、前立腺癌の診断のための生物マーカーとして、または前立腺癌の予後判定を助けるために、検出されうる。
(a)個体からの生物学的サンプルにおいて、PSA/KLK3、PMEPA1、NKX3.1、ODC1、AMD1およびERGから選ばれる2以上の遺伝子の発現を検出または測定し、
(b)(a)において検出または測定された各遺伝子の発現に関して、(a)において得られた結果を、対照サンプルにおける同じ遺伝子の発現と比較すること
を含みうる。
I.定義
「ERG」なる語は、ERG遺伝子ならびに本開示に記載されている種々のERG cDNAおよびmRNAを意味する。特定のアイソフォームまたはアイソフォームのサブセットが指定されていない限り、ERGなる語はERG1、ERG2、ERG3、ERG4、ERG5、ERG6、ERG7、ERG8、ERG9、EPC1、EPC2、および本明細書に記載されている前立腺癌特異的プロモーターの活性化から生じる末端切断型(truncated)ERG転写産物を含む。1以上の具体的に挙げられているERGアイソフォーム「以外のERG」なる語は、必ずしも全てではないが幾つかの異なるERGアイソフォームが想定される実施形態において用いられうる。ERG1遺伝子のcDNA配列はアクセッション番号M21535としてGenBankにおいて公開されている。ERG2遺伝子のcDNA配列はアクセッション番号M17254としてGenBankにおいて公開されている。ERGアイソフォーム1〜9のエキソン利用はOwczarekら, (2004) Gene, 324: 65-77に示されている。文脈が明らかに除外していない場合には、ERGは、種々のアイソフォームによりコードされる種々のERGポリペプチドをも意味する。さらに、斜体文字は一般には核酸を示すために用いられるが、斜体文字の使用は、コードされるポリペプチドを排除するものと解釈されるべきではない。
本開示は、前立腺癌特異的ERGアイソフォーム核酸、特にERG8、EPC1、EPC2、およびERG遺伝子のエキソン9内に位置する前立腺癌特異的プロモーターを記載する。ERG8の場合、ERG遺伝子のこのスプライス変異体が記載されているが(Owczarekら, Gene 324: 65-77 (2004))、前立腺癌の場合のその過剰発現は従前公知ではなかった。ERG8によりコードされるタンパク質は、ERG1およびERG2において見出されるDNA結合ドメインを欠くが、全タンパク質-タンパク質相互作用ドメインを保持する。したがって、ERG8の発現はERG1およびERG2のタンパク質相互作用相手の機能的無効化を引き起こして、それによりドミナントネガティブ効果をもたらしうる。
(配列番号1)。TMPRSS2由来配列が太字で示されている。エキソン結合部が灰色の枠内に示されている。開始コドンおよび終止コドンが太字斜体で示されている。ユニークな3'配列が下線で示されている。ERG8のアミノ酸配列は以下のとおりである。
(配列番号2)。ERG8のユニークなカルボキシ末端が下線で示されている。
(配列番号3)。該配列においては、TMPRSS2由来配列が太字で示されている。エキソン結合部が灰色の枠内に示されている。開始コドンおよび終止コドンが太字斜体で示されている。EPC1転写産物の3'末端は全ての公知ERGアイソフォームとは異なる。このユニークな配列は下線で示されている。EPC1のアミノ酸配列は以下のとおりである。
(配列番号5)。開始コドンおよび終止コドンが太字斜体で示されている。エキソン結合部が灰色の枠内に示されている。ユニークな3'配列が下線で示されている。EPC2のアミノ酸配列は以下のとおりである。
(配列番号6)。配列番号6において、EPC2のユニークなカルボキシ末端が下線で示されている。
(配列番号7)。該配列においては、最も3'側の転写開始部位が太字で示されており、灰色の枠内に示されている。配列番号7の少なくともヌクレオチド521-650を含む配列はプロモーター活性を保持する。
ERG8、EPC1、EPC2、および前立腺癌特異的プロモーターからの転写産物は、それぞれ、前立腺癌と関連づけられているため、ERGアイソフォーム核酸、それらがコードするポリペプチド、およびそれらのポリペプチドに対する抗体は、前立腺癌の種々の診断および予後判定用途において使用されうる。
(a)ハイブリダイズする条件下、該生物学的サンプルに少なくとも第1および第2オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを混ぜ、ここで、第1オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーは、ERG8、EPC1、EPC2、または前立腺癌特異的プロモーターからの転写産物由来の標的配列内の第1配列にハイブリダイズする配列を含み、第2オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーは、該標的配列に相補的な核酸鎖内の第2配列にハイブリダイズする配列を含み、第1配列は第2配列と重複しておらず、
(b)該生物学的サンプル中に該標的配列が存在する場合には、第1および第2オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを含有する該生物学的サンプルに少なくとも1つのポリメラーゼ活性を加えることにより、複数の増幅産物を増幅し、
(c)その複数の増幅産物を固体支持体上に固定化し、
(d)その固定化された複数の増幅産物にオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを混ぜ、それにより、該プローブを少なくとも1つの固定化増幅産物にハイブリダイズさせ、
(e)該オリゴヌクレオチドプローブと少なくとも1つの増幅産物との間のハイブリダイゼーションからシグナルが生じるかどうかを検出すること、ここで、該シグナルの検出が、該生物学的サンプルにおけるERG8、EPC1、EPC2、または前立腺癌特異的プロモーターからの転写産物の発現および前立腺癌の存在を示す、を含んでなる方法を提供する。該オリゴヌクレオチドプローブと少なくとも1つの該増幅産物との間のハイブリダイゼーションから生じるシグナルの検出は、前立腺癌を診断または予後判定するために用いられうる。
(a)ERG8、EPC1、EPC2、または前立腺癌特異的プロモーターからの転写産物の発現レベル(例えば、mRNAまたはポリペプチド)を測定し、さらに
(b)ERGアイソフォームの発現レベルを、被験体における前立腺癌の存在または前立腺癌を発生するより高い素因と相関させること、
を含んでなる、前立腺癌を診断または予後判定する方法を提供する。
ERGアイソフォーム(例えば、ERG8、EPC1、EPC2、前立腺癌特異的プロモーターからの転写産物、ERG1、ERG2またはERG3)核酸、それらがコードするポリペプチド、およびそれらのポリペプチドに対する抗体は、適当な医薬担体と混合されうる。得られた医薬組成物は、種々の用途、例えば、既に記載されている診断用途、および治療用途においても使用されうる。該用途が治療である場合には、該組成物は、該核酸、ポリペプチドまたは抗体の治療的有効量、および製薬上許容される担体または賦形剤を含む。そのような担体には、塩類液(食塩水)、緩衝塩類液、デキストロース、水、グリセロール、エタノールおよびそれらの組合せが含まれるが、これらに限定されるものではない。該製剤は投与方式に適したものであるべきである。
実施例1:ERG8は前立腺癌組織において選択的に発現される
ERG1は、悪性前立腺組織において最も一般的に過剰発現される原癌遺伝子である(Petrovicsら, (2005) Oncogene 24: 3847-52)。この過剰発現はTMPRSS2遺伝子と該ERG遺伝子との融合によるものである可能性がある(Tomlinsら, (2005) Science 310: 644-48)。選択的スプライシングは複数のERGアイソフォームを生成する(Owczarekら, (2004) Gene 324: 65-77)。したがって、ERGの他のアイソフォームも過剰発現され、あるいは選択的に発現されることが起こり得る。
腫瘍特異的ERG転写産物を同定するために、本発明者らは6人の患者からの前立腺腫瘍組織サンプルをプールし、全RNAを抽出した。ついでポリアデニル化RNA(mRNA)を単離し、cDNAに変換し、ラムダZap発現系(Stratagene)内にパッケージングして、バクテリオファージライブラリーを得た。放射標識されたERG2プローブのハイブリダイゼーションにより、ファージプラークをスクリーニングした。ERG2配列は、すべての他のERGアイソフォームにより用いられるエキソンを含む。したがって、それは一般的ERGプローブとして使用されうる。ハイブリダイゼーション溶液1ml当たり1×106 cpmの32P放射標識ヒトERG2 cDNAを使用して、65℃で一晩、ハイブリダイゼーションを行った。ハイブリダイゼーション後、メンブレンを、0.1% SDSを添加した2×SSC、ついで、0.1% SDSを添加した0.2×SSCで65℃で順次洗浄した。配列決定のためにDNAを単離する前に、ハイブリダイゼーション陽性クローンを更に2ラウンドのプラークスクリーニングに付して、単プラークを得た。
ERG8およびEPC1アイソフォームの相対存在量をERG1のそれと比較するために、前立腺癌由来VCaP細胞から、および前立腺癌患者由来の顕微解剖した腫瘍細胞からサンプルを調製した。ついで、EPC1、ERG8に対し、およびERG1とERG2との間で共通の配列に対し特異的なプライマーペアを使用して、そのコピー数を決定するために定量的PCRを用いた。種々のプライマーの位置およびERGアイソフォームのドメイン構造を図4Aに示す。この概要図においては、「TM」はTMPRSS2を示し、8〜16の番号が付けられた枠はエキソンに対応し、その番号はOwczarekら, (2004) Gene 324: 65-77に従ったものである。ERG8特異的プライマーおよびプローブは以下のとおりであった:
ERG8フォワードプライマー: TTCAGAAAGACAGATGGGCAAA (配列番号17);
ERG8リバースプライマー: GTTCAAAAGTCGGCCTATTCCTAA (配列番号18);
ERG8プローブ: AAGGCATCCTGGATGCCTGGCA (配列番号19);
EPC1フォワードプライマー: GCACTTCTGCCAAGCATATGAGT (配列番号20);
EPC1リバースプライマー: CGCTGATCATTTCAACACCCT (配列番号21);
EPC1プローブ: TGCCTTGAAGATCAAAGTCAAAGAGAAATGGA (配列番号22);
ERG1/2 Ex 11-13フォワードプライマー: TTCAGATGATGTTGATAAAGCCTTACA (配列番号23); ERG1/2 Ex11-13リバースプライマー: TCCAGGCTGATCTCCTGGG (配列番号24);
ERG1/2 Ex 11-13プローブ: ATGCATGCTAGAAACACAGATTTACCAT (配列番号25)。
前立腺癌においてERG8が過剰発現され、前立腺癌組織においてEPC1が選択的に発現されるという本発明者らの知見は、これらの2つの遺伝子がユニーク(特有)な3'末端を有することから、特に診断および予後判定の頑強なアッセイを開発するために用いられうる。mRNA転写産物の3'末端は、分解に対して、その5'末端と比べて比較的、抵抗性であり、このことは、仮にそれが該配列の5'末端付近に位置していれば検出困難となりうる、臨床サンプルにおける3'末端付近の配列を検出することを可能にする。したがって、ERG8、EPC1およびEPC2の過剰発現または選択的発現の1つのメカニズムはTMPRSS2の5'への融合を伴いうるが、ERG8、EPC1およびEPC2配列の3'部分は、臨床サンプルにおいて、5' TMPRSS2配列よりも安定で、より容易に検出可能なはずである。その結果、ERG8、EPC1およびEPC2転写産物の3'末端の検出は、TMPRSS2-ERG融合転写産物中の5' TMPRSS2配列のような5'配列の検出と比べて偽陰性を減少させることができる。また、入手はより容易かつより安上がりであるがmRNA分解をより受けやすい尿、血清、血漿、唾液および前立腺液のような生体液が、ERG8、EPC1およびEPC2の3'配列を検出するために使用されうる。
前立腺癌におけるERG遺伝子座において生じる追加的な変化が存在するかどうかを判定するために、本発明者らは、5'オリゴキャッピング法を用いて、ERG遺伝子座内の転写開始部位を体系的に評価した。この情報を用いて、癌特異的ERG選択的転写開始部位を位置決定した。確認されたERG遺伝子再編成を伴う6人の患者の前立腺癌組織から全RNAを単離し、該RNAをプールし、ついでそれをデホスファターゼで処理して非キャップ化RNA分子を分解し、それにより、5'キャップ保護mRNA分子を富化した。RNAオリゴヌクレオチドアダプターを連結して該5'キャッピング構造を置換し、逆転写によりcDNAを得た。ついで該オリゴキャップアダプターおよび内部プライマー(ERGエキソン10からのもの)を使用して、5' ERG配列を増幅した。第1増幅においては、ERGプライマーp2181: 5'-GGCGTTGTAGCTGGGGGTGAG-3' (配列番号26)を使用した。第2増幅においては、ERGプライマーp2268: 5'-CAATGAATTCGTCTGTACTCCATAGCGTAGGA-3' (配列番号27)を使用した。得られたPCR産物をpUC19ベクター内にクローニングし、ついで配列決定した。腫瘍組織におけるERG配列からの転写開始部位を示すDNA配列をERG遺伝子座に合致させ、該遺伝子座内の個々の転写開始部位の頻度を表すスコアを得ることにより分析した。ERG遺伝子転写産物の5'キャッピング頻度地図(CaPMap)を図5に示す。配列決定した152個のクローンのうち、137個の5'キャッピングクローンが、23bpのERGエキソン9領域内に新規の前立腺癌特異的転写開始部位を有していた。
アンドロゲン受容体により調節されるTMPRSS2遺伝子プロモーターとERGとの融合を伴う遺伝子再編成が前立腺癌においては高頻度(約60%)で生じ、該遺伝子再編成が前立腺細胞トランスフォーメーションの直接原因である可能性が高いが、ゲノム変化が前立腺癌を招くメカニズムは現在不明である。このゲノム変化が、前立腺癌におけるERG1の過剰発現を引き起こす、または少なくともそれに関与するものと思われる。また、アンドロゲン受容体機能は正常前立腺の発達および分化の中核をなすことが公知である。さらに、アンドロゲン受容体機能不全は前立腺癌細胞の増殖および生存を助け、前立腺癌の進行に役割を果たしていると思われる。しかし、これらの変化がどのように相互作用して前立腺癌を引き起こすのかは不明である。
アンドロゲン受容体(「AR」)により調節される遺伝子のリードアウト(読み出し)は、究極的には、原発性前立腺癌組織におけるin vivo AR機能(ARF)の状態を反映し、その結果、予後判定および合理的治療決定に関する重要な情報を伝える。前立腺癌サンプルにおけるAR機能の状態の評価はアンドロゲン非依存性の早期警告徴候を与えうる(van Gilsら, Eur Urol. 48(6):1031-41 (2005))。前立腺癌生物マーカー遺伝子を特定し実証するためのハイスループットスクリーニングにおいて、CPDR Biospecimen Bankから得た十分に特徴づけられアノテーションされ保管されているヒト組織(長期追跡データを伴う)を使用した。
本発明者らは最近、40人の患者の根治的前立腺切除試料からの顕微解剖した前立腺癌細胞および対応する良性上皮細胞の包括的な遺伝子発現分析(80個のGeneChip)を完了した(Petrovicsら, Oncogene 24:3847-52 (2005))。該GeneChipデータセットをアンドロゲン調節型遺伝子発現に関して評価した。ERG(これは、大多数の患者において、TMPRSS2プロモーターとの融合により前立腺癌細胞においてアンドロゲン調節型となりうる)と共にPSA/KLK3、PMEPA1、NKX3.1、ODC1およびAMD1が、それらの広いダイナミックレンジの発現およびアンドロゲン刺激に対するそれらの報告されている応答により(Heinleinら, Endocrine Rev 25:276-308 (2004); Linjaら, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92: 255-64 (2004); Shafferら, Lancet Oncol 4:407-14 (2003); Chenら, Nat Med 10: 26-7 (2004); Dehmら, J Cell Biochem 99: 333-344 (2006); Segawaら, Oncogene 21(57):8749-58 (2002); Xuら, Int J Cancer 92(3):322-8 (2001))、選択された。さらに、これらの遺伝子の幾つか(NKX3.1、ERG、PMEPA1)は前立腺癌の発生に因果的に関連づけられうる。
QRT-PCRを用いて、本発明者らは、TMPRSS2−ERG融合体を有する患者の前立腺癌細胞において、ERG転写産物の発現を、アンドロゲン調節型遺伝子PSA/KLK3およびPMEPA1(Dehmら, J Cell Biochem 99: 333-344 (2006); Xuら, Cancer Res. 63(15):4299-304 (2003))の発現との関係に関して評価した。非アンドロゲン調節型制御遺伝子であるLTF(Wardら, Cell Mol Life Sci. 62(22):2540-8 (2005))を同じ腫瘍細胞においてアッセイした(図13)。この図においては、有意な相関(R > 0.5)が黒塗の棒グラフで示されている。非アンドロゲン調節型遺伝子であるLTFは、陰性対照として使用した。棒グラフの上にピアソン相関係数(R)が示されている。P値、および該実験において評価された患者の数(n)が、棒グラフの下に示されている。
PSA/KLK3およびERG mRNA発現を、前立腺癌の進行とのそれらの関係に関して、より大きな患者コホートにおいて更に分析した。図14に示すとおり、pT3前立腺癌(被膜の外側へと成長している局所浸潤性腫瘍)を有する患者は、pT2期疾患(器官限局性)を有する患者と比べて有意(p=0.0098)に低い、PSA/KLK3転写産物レベルの発現を示した。さらに、pT3患者の前立腺癌細胞におけるTMPRSS2-ERG融合転写産物レベルの低下も明らかであった(p=0.0275)。
Claims (14)
- 生物学的サンプルにおいて前立腺癌を検出するためのデータを取得するin vitroの方法であって、
(a)ハイブリダイズする条件下、該生物学的サンプルに少なくとも第1および第2オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを混ぜ、ここで、第1オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーは、EPC2(配列番号5)由来の標的配列中の第一の配列にハイブリダイズする配列を含み、第2オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーは、標的配列と相補的な核酸鎖中の第2の配列にハイブリダイズする配列を含み、第1の配列と第2の配列は重複せず、
(b)該生物学的サンプル中に該標的配列が存在する場合には、第1および第2オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを含有する該生物学的サンプルに少なくとも1つのポリメラーゼ活性を加えることにより、複数の増幅産物を増幅し、
(c)その複数の増幅産物を固定化し、
(d)その固定化された複数の増幅産物にオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを混ぜ、それにより、該プローブを少なくとも1つの固定化増幅産物にハイブリダイズさせ、
(e)該オリゴヌクレオチドプローブと少なくとも1つの増幅産物との間のハイブリダイゼーションからシグナルが生じるかどうかを検出すること、ここで該シグナルの検出が、該生物学的サンプルにおけるEPC2の発現および前立腺癌の存在を示す、
を含んでなる方法。 - 該標的配列が、配列番号5を含む核酸分子である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 該標的配列が配列番号5のヌクレオチド127-807を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 配列番号6記載のアミノ酸配列(EPC2)をコードする単離された核酸、またはその相補鎖。
- 配列番号6記載のアミノ酸配列(EPC2)を含んでなる単離されたポリペプチド。
- 配列番号6のアミノ酸28-97内のエピトープに結合する、請求項5記載のポリペプチドに特異的に結合する単離された抗体。
- 前立腺癌細胞における前立腺癌特異的EPC2(配列番号5)遺伝子転写産物の産生または翻訳を妨げるための医薬の製造における、干渉性RNAまたはアンチセンス核酸の使用であって、該前立腺癌特異的EPC2遺伝子転写産物が配列番号5、または配列番号5のヌクレオチド127-807を含む、上記使用。
- 配列番号3のヌクレオチド788-1019のうち少なくとも15個連続したヌクレオチドを含んでなり、高ストリンジェンシーの条件下、配列番号3またはその相補鎖にはハイブリダイズできるが、ERG1、ERG2、ERG3、ERG4、ERG5、ERG6、ERG7、ERG8、ERG9、EPC2またはTMPRSS2にはハイブリダイズできない、EPC1を増幅または検出するために使用される単離された核酸であって、高ストリンジェンシーの条件が、6×SSC中、65℃で12時間のハイブリダイゼーションおよびそれに続く、0.1×SSC中、50℃で45分間の洗浄を含む、上記核酸。
- 該核酸が50ヌクレオチド長までである、請求項8記載の単離された核酸。
- 配列番号5のヌクレオチド127-807のうち少なくとも15個連続したヌクレオチドを含んでなり、高ストリンジェンシーの条件下、配列番号5またはその相補鎖にはハイブリダイズできるが、ERG1、ERG2、ERG3、ERG4、ERG5、ERG6、ERG7、ERG8、ERG9、EPC1またはTMPRSS2にはハイブリダイズできない、EPC2を増幅または検出するために使用される単離された核酸であって、高ストリンジェンシーの条件が、6×SSC中、65℃で12時間のハイブリダイゼーションおよびそれに続く、0.1×SSC中、50℃で45分間の洗浄を含む、上記核酸。
- 該核酸が50ヌクレオチド長までである、請求項10記載の単離された核酸。
- 被験者における前立腺癌を検出または予測するためのデータを取得するin vitroの方法であって、
(a)被験者由来の生物学的サンプルにおけるEPC2(配列番号5)のmRNA発現レベルを測定し、そして
(b)該生物学的サンプルにおけるEPC2のmRNA発現レベルを該被験者における前立腺癌の存在または前立腺癌の重篤度もしくは段階と関連付け、対照サンプルまたは閾値と比較した該生物学的サンプルにおけるEPC2のmRNA発現レベルの上昇が前立腺癌の存在または前立腺癌の重篤度もしくは段階を示す、
上記方法。 - EPC2 mRNAの発現レベルをノーザンブロッティングまたは核酸増幅を用いて測定する、請求項12記載の方法。
- 生物学的サンプルが前立腺組織である、請求項1または12記載の方法。
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