JP6310502B2 - 窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーの形成方法 - Google Patents
窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーの形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 101
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 87
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 45
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 96
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- XVMSFILGAMDHEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(4-aminophenyl)sulfonylpyridin-3-amine Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=N1 XVMSFILGAMDHEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims 1
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 8
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
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- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 5
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 4
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- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100031416 Gastric triacylglycerol lipase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101000941284 Homo sapiens Gastric triacylglycerol lipase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/8673—Electrically conductive fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Description
前記S1工程は、有機物前駆体と窒素前駆体とを一定温度及び適切な気体雰囲気を維持しながら気化させる方法で行うことができる。
前記(S2)工程は、合成(基質表面に多孔質グラフェンカバーが形成される工程)が行われる反応器を加熱して最終反応温度に到達するように昇温させる工程である。
S3工程は、S1工程で気化された前駆体をキャリアガスによってS2工程の反応器に供給し、一定時間維持して基質(金属ナノ粒子、白金担持カーボンブラック触媒、シリコンナノ粒子など)表面に窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーを形成する工程であり得る。S1工程で気化された前駆体は、最短距離を経由して合成のための反応器まで到達されるようにすることが好ましい。
商用の白金担持カーボンブラック触媒表面に多孔質グラフェンシェル(グラフェンカバー)を形成するための有機物前駆体としては、エタノール(≧99.9%、メルク)を用い、グラフェンシェル(グラフェンカバー)の構造内に形成される孔(pore又はdefect)の形成のための窒素前駆体としてピリジン(99.8%、アルドリッチ)を用いた。具体的には、ピリジンをエタノールに溶解させて製造した前駆体溶液状態で用いた。前駆体溶液内のピリジン濃度は、体積比で0.5v/v%とした。
ピリジン濃度を体積比で2v/v%に設定したことを除いては、前記実施形態1と同様の方法で行った。
ピリジンの濃度を体積比で4v/v%に設定したことを除いては、前記実施形態1と同様の方法で行った。
グラフェンカバーを適用するための基質として触媒改質用金属担持触媒(ニッケル担持アルミナ粉末)を用いたことを除いては、前記実施形態1と同様の方法で行った。
グラフェンカバーを適用するための基質として二次電池電極用シリコンナノ粒子を用いたことを除いては、前記実施形態1と同様の方法で行った。
グラフェンカバーを合成するに際し、窒素ドーピング用のピリジンを添加していないエタノールのみを前駆体として用いたことを除き、残りの条件は実施形態1と同様の方法で行った。
商用の触媒(ジョンソン・マッセイ社製Hispec 4000、Pt40wt%/カーボンブラック)を比較例2として用いた。
グラフェンカバーが形成されていないアルミナ担持ニッケル触媒(Ni/Al2O3、Ni 5wt%)を比較例3として用いた。
グラフェンカバーが形成されていない二次電池電極用シリコンナノ粒子を比較例4として用いた。
実施形態2に係る多孔質グラフェンカバー(商用の白金担持カーボンブラック触媒の金属粒子の表面に形成された多孔質グラフェンシェル)、比較例1に係るグラフェンカバー及び実施形態5に係る多孔質グラフェンカバー(シリコンナノ粒子に形成された多孔質グラフェンシェル)を透過電子顕微鏡を用いて分析し、その結果をそれぞれ図1、図2、図3に示した。図1、2、3から分かるように、カーボンブラック粒子の表面に分散された白金粒子の表面を覆っているグラフェンカバーの厚さは、ピリジン添加濃度が増加するほど減少することが確認できる。グラフェンカバーの気孔率(porosity)又は欠陥(defects)は、ピリジン添加濃度に比例して増加することが確認できる。
電気化学的性能評価は、RRDE(回転リングディスク電極)が装着されている電位可変器(ポテンショスタット(potentiostat)、BioLogic、SP-50)を用いて行った。飽和Ag/AgClを基準電極として用い、RHE(可逆水素電極)に対して較正した。グラッシーカーボンディスク(glassy carbon disk)(直径3mm)と白金ワイヤとをそれぞれ作用電極と対電極として用いた。RRDEシステムで、作用電極はガラス質炭素電極に触媒インキ(0.2mgのPt;2mgの触媒、5μlのNafion(登録商標)溶液(5wt.%、DuPont)及び1mlのエタノールの混合物)をロードして製造した。RRDE測定は、5mV s-1のスキャン速度及び1500rpmの回転速度を利用して25℃のH2SO4溶液(0.5M)で行った。
実施形態4によって窒素ドーピングされた(ピリジン0.5v/v%溶液を使用)グラフェンカバーが適用された触媒及び比較例3に係るグラフェンカバーを適用しないニッケル担持アルミナ触媒(Ni/Al2O3、Ni 5wt%)を用いたメタンの二酸化炭素改質反応を行い、その結果をメタンの転換率として図9に示した。メタンの二酸化炭素改質反応は、0.2gの触媒を石英ガラス(quartz)反応器に入れ、メタンと二酸化炭素を1:1の流量で窒素キャリア気体と共に(CH4:CO2:N2=10:10:80)反応器の内部に流しながら、反応器内部の温度を700℃に維持した。反応器の出口に流出するガスの組成は、ガスクロマトグラフィを用いて分析し、この結果に基づいてメタン及び二酸化炭素の転換率及び水素の収率を計算した。図9から分かるように、実施形態4によって合成された触媒の長期耐久性が顕著に優れていることが確認された。
電極を製作するために、負極活物質(anode materials)で3分間熱処理後、カーボンコーティングされた(グラフェンカバーが形成された)Siナノ粒子(実施形態5)とカーボンコーティングされていないSiナノ粒子(比較例4)をそれぞれ用い、導電剤としてデンカブラック(Denka black)、バインダはCMC(カルボキシメチルセルロース)とSBR(スチレンブタジエンゴム)を混合使用してスラリを製造した。準備されたスラリを銅ホイールに均一にコーティングした後、Ar雰囲気下で30分乾燥させた後、電気化学特性及び電池性能を測定するために、グローブボックスでコイン型(CR2032)の半電池を製作し、電解質は1MのLIPF6を用いた。組み立てられた半電池の電池性能を評価するために、電圧範囲0.01〜1.5V vs Li/Li+、0.2Cレートの定電流/定電圧方式(CC/CV モード)で充/放電試験を行い、その結果を図10、図11、表1に示した。
Claims (5)
- (S1)気化器内でグラフェンカバーの形成のための有機物前駆体に窒素前駆体を溶解させて製造した前駆体溶液を気化させる工程と、
(S2)合成が行われる反応器に基質粒子を入れた後、反応器を加熱して最終反応温度に到達するように昇温させる工程であって、前記基質粒子が、白金担持カーボンブラック触媒、触媒改質用金属ナノ粒子又は二次電池電極用シリコンナノ粒子である工程と、
(S3)前記S1工程の有機物前駆体及び窒素前駆体をキャリアガスによって前記S2工程の反応器に供給し、一定時間維持して前記基質粒子の表面に窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーを形成する工程と
を含み、前記窒素前駆体がピリジンであり、前記(S1)工程で前駆体溶液は、窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーに必要な気孔率を付与するために、窒素前駆体であるピリジンを0超過〜50v/v%の範囲で含む、窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーの形成方法。 - 前記金属ナノ粒子がニッケル担持アルミナ粒子であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーの形成方法。
- 前記有機物前駆体が、エタノール、メタノール、アセチレン及びアセトンからなる群より選択される液相前駆体であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーの形成方法。
- 前記S2工程で、反応器の温度を400〜1100℃に昇温させることを特徴とする請求項1記載の窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーの形成方法。
- 前記キャリアガスが、酸素、水素、アルゴン、ヘリウム又は窒素気体であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の窒素ドーピングされた多孔質グラフェンカバーの形成方法。
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