JP6277127B2 - インスリン様成長因子1による細胞の活性化を阻害するための方法 - Google Patents
インスリン様成長因子1による細胞の活性化を阻害するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2011年8月26日に出願され、その内容の全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、米国特許出願第13/219,276号に対する優先権を主張する。
本発明は、米国国立保健研究所による助成金番号第AG02331号の下で、政府援助によりなされた。米国連邦政府は、本発明に対して一定の権利を有する。
本発明は、がん、アテローム性動脈硬化、腎症、および/または網膜症に罹患する対象など、それを必要とする対象におけるIGF−1活性を阻害するための方法に関する。
本明細書で用いられる「抗体」という用語は、IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD、およびIgEを含めた全ての種類の免疫グロブリンを指す。「免疫グロブリン」という用語は、IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4など、これらの免疫グロブリンのサブタイプを包含する。これらの免疫グロブリンの中では、IgMおよびIgGが好ましく、IgGが特に好ましい。抗体は、(例えば)マウス、ラット、ウサギ、ウマ、またはヒトを含めたいずれの種に由来することも可能であり、キメラ抗体であることも可能である。例えば、M.Walkerら、Molec.Immunol.、26、403〜11(1989)を参照されたい。本発明の抗体は、ポリクローナル抗体の場合もあり、モノクローナル抗体の場合もある。このような抗体は、既知の技法に従い作製される。本明細書で用いられる「抗体」という用語はまた、標的抗原への結合能を保持する抗体断片(例えば、それらの抗原結合断片、例えば、Fab断片、F(ab’)2断片、およびFv断片)およびIgG以外の抗体から得られる対応する断片も包含する。このような断片もまた、既知の技法により作製される。
IAPのアミノ末端のIgドメインおよびSHPS−1の細胞外Ig可変ドメインは、それらの物理的相互作用に十分であり、これらの領域を、IAPのSHPS−1への結合に対する、タンパク質またはペプチドによるアンタゴニストとして用いることができる。したがって、本発明のさらなる態様は、IAPのSHPS−1結合ドメイン(例えば、IAP断片;IAPのアミノ末端のIgドメイン)を含むか、これからなるか、またはこれから本質的になるタンパク質またはペプチドである活性薬剤である。具体例には、マウスIAPのアミノ酸1〜140からなるポリペプチド;マウスIAPのアミノ酸1〜135からなるポリペプチド;マウスIAPのアミノ酸5〜135からなるポリペプチド;マウスIAPのアミノ酸5〜95からなるポリペプチド;マウスIAPのアミノ酸19〜95からなるポリペプチド;マウスIAPのアミノ酸1〜140からなるポリペプチド;ラットIAPのアミノ酸1〜135からなるポリペプチド;ラットIAPのアミノ酸5〜135からなるポリペプチド;ラットIAPのアミノ酸5〜95からなるペプチド;ラットIAPのアミノ酸19〜95からなるポリペプチド;ヒトIAPのアミノ酸1〜10、1〜15、1〜20、1〜25、1〜30、1〜35、1〜40、1〜50、1〜60、1〜70、1〜80、1〜90、1〜100、1〜110、1〜120、1〜130、1〜135、および/または1〜140からなるペプチド;ヒトIAPのアミノ酸5〜15、5〜20、5〜25、5〜30、5〜35、5〜40、5〜45、5〜50、5〜60、5〜70、5〜80、5〜95、5〜100、5〜110、5〜120、および/または5〜135からなるペプチド;ヒトIAPの10〜20、10〜30、10〜35、10〜40、10〜45、10〜50、10〜60、10〜70、10〜80、10〜95、10〜100、10〜110、10〜120、および/または10〜135からなるペプチド;ヒトIAPのアミノ酸19〜30、19〜35、19〜40、19〜45、19〜50、19〜60、19〜70、19〜80、19〜95、19〜100、19〜110、19〜120、および/または19〜135からなるペプチド、ならびにヒトIAPのアミノ酸30〜50、30〜60、30〜70、30〜80、30〜90、40〜50、40〜60、40〜70、40〜80、40〜90、40〜100、50〜60、50〜70、50〜60、60〜70、60〜80、70〜80、80〜90、70〜90、50〜80、50〜90、および/または50〜100からなるペプチドが含まれるがこれらに限定されない。本明細書ではまた、本明細書で記載されるIAPペプチドのうちのいずれかの中のIAPペプチドおよび/またはエピトープのうちのいずれかに特異的に結合する本発明の抗体も提供される。
MWPLVAALLL GSACCGSAQL LFNKTKSVEF TFCNDTVVIP CFVTNMEAQN TTEVYVKWKF KGRDIYTFDG ALNKSTVPTD FSSAKIEVSQ LLKGDASLKM DKSDAVSHTG NYTCEVTELT REGETIIELK YRVVSWFSPN ENILIVIFPI FAILLFWGQF GIKTLKYRSG GMDEKTIALL VAGLVITVIVIV GAILFVPG EYSLKNATGL GLIVTSTGIL ILLHYYVFST AIGLTSFVIA ILVIQVIAYI LAVVGLSLCI AACIPMHGPL LISGLSILAL AQLLGLVYMK FVASNQKTIQ PPRNN (配列番号7)。
MEPAGPAPGR LGPLLCLLLA ASCAWSGVAG EEELQVIQPD KSVSVAAGES AILHCTVTSL IPVGPIQWFR GAGPARELIY NQKEGHFPRV TTVSESTKRE NMDFSISISN ITPADAGTYY CVKFRKGSPD TEFKSGAGTE LSVRAKPSAP VVSGPAARAT PQHTVSFTCE SHGFSPRDIT LKWFKNGNEL SDFQTNVDPV GESVSYSIHS TAKVVLTRED VHSQVICEVA HVTLQGDPLR GTANLSETIR VPPTLEVTQQ PVRAENQVNV TCQVRKFYPQ RLQLTWLENG NVSRTETAST VTENKDGTYN WMSWLLVNVS AHRDDVKLTC QVEHDGQPAV SKSHDLKVSA HPKEQGSNTA AENTGSNERN IYIVVGVVCT LLVALLMAAL YLVRIRQKKA QGSTSSTRLH EPEKNAREIT QDTNDITYAD LNLPKGKKPA PQAAEPNNHT EYASIQTSPQ PASEDTLTYA DLDMVHLNRT PKQPAPKPEP SFSEYASVQV PRK (配列番号15)。
投与のためには一般に、投与の前に、本発明の活性薬剤(例えば、抗体またはそれらの抗原結合断片)を、非毒性の薬学的に許容される担体物質(例えば、通常の生理食塩液またはリン酸緩衝生理食塩液)と混合し、医療的に適切な任意の手順、例えば、静脈内注射または動脈内注射などを介する非経口投与(例えば、注射)を用いて投与する。一部の実施形態では、投与を、眼内への注射(例えば、眼内注射、網膜内注射、および/または硝子体内注射)により施すことができる。一部の実施形態では、投与を、処置部位への直接的な注射、例えば、腫瘍への直接的な注射により施すことができる。一部の実施形態では、本発明の活性薬剤を、担体(例えば、ポリエチレングリコール)と連結またはコンジュゲートして、活性薬剤の半減期または他の特性を変化させることができる。
上記で言及した通り、本発明は、単独で使用することもでき、なおさらなる活性薬剤を作製するための、上記の多様な活性薬剤についての情報と組み合わせて使用することもできるスクリーニング手順を提供する。
インスリン様成長因子I(IGF−1)とは、平滑筋細胞(SMC)の遊走および増殖の強力な刺激因子である(Jonesら、Proc Natl Acad Sci、USA、93:2482〜7(1996))。細胞内シグナル伝達を開始させるIGF−1の能力が、それ自体の膜貫通受容体との会合によって調節されるだけでなく、また、αVβ3インテグリン(B.ZhengおよびD.Clemmons、Proc Natl Acad Sci、USA、95:11217〜22(1998);L.MaileおよびD.Clemmons、J Biol Chem、277:8955〜60(2002))、インテグリン関連タンパク質(IAP(L.Maileら、J Biol Chem、277:1800〜5(2002)))、およびSH2(src homology 2)ドメインを含有するタンパク質チロシンホスファターゼ基質1(SHPS−1)(MaileおよびClemmons、前出)などの、他の膜貫通タンパク質によっても調節されることを示す証拠が増加しつつある。
ヒトIGF−1は、Genentech(South San Francisco、CA、USA)から入手し、ポリ二フッ化ビニル膜(Immobilon P(商標))は、Millipore Corporation(Bedford、MA、USA)から購入した。オートラジオグラフィー用フィルムは、Eastman Kodak(Rochester、NY、USA)から入手した。ウシ胎仔血清、ダルベッコ改変培地、ペニシリンおよびストレプトマイシンは、Life Technologies(Grand Island、NY、USA)から購入した。IGF−1Rβ鎖抗体およびホスホチロシンモノクローナル抗体(PY99)は、Santa Cruz(Santa Cruz、CA、USA)から購入した。SHP−2ポリクローナル抗体およびSHPS−1ポリクローナル抗体は、Transduction Laboratories(Lexington、KY、USA)から購入した。IAPに対するモノクローナル抗体であるB6H12は、American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)から購入したB細胞ハイブリッドから精製し、抗FLAGモノクローナル抗体は、Sigma Chemical Company(St Louis、MO、USA)から購入した。p42/p44 MAPキナーゼ(MAPK)の二重リン酸化(活性)形態に対する抗体およびp42/p44 MAPK全タンパク質に対する抗体は、Cell Signaling Technology(Beverley、MA、USA)から購入した。全ての他の試薬は、別段に言明しない限り、Sigma Chemical Company(St Louis、MO、USA)から購入した。
C末端のFLAGエピトープを伴う全長ブタIAP(IAPfl)。全長ブタIAPは、RT−PCRにより、既に記載される通りに(A.Gockermanら、Endocrinology、136:4168〜73(1995))単離されたpSMCから誘導されたcDNAライブラリーからクローニングした。5’側プライマー配列である5’ATGTGGCCCTGGTGGTC(配列番号1)は、ブタ配列のヌクレオチド121〜139に対応した。3’側プライマー配列は、FLAG配列(下線を付した)および停止コドンをコードする塩基を付加したヌクレオチド1005〜1030と相補的であった。配列は、
5’TCATTTGTCGTCGTCGTCTTTGTAGTCGGTTGTATAGTCT3’(配列番号2)
であった。
IAPは、その細胞外ドメインを介して、安定的に付着したpSMC内のSHPS−1と会合する。図1Aは、安定的に付着した休眠SMCでは、免疫沈降のために抗IAP抗体および抗SHPS−1抗体の両方を用いる共免疫沈降実験により決定される、IAPとSHPS−1との検出可能な会合がなされることを示す。
細胞内シグナル伝達におけるSHPS−1の役割は、大部分がSHPS−1の細胞質テールにおけるITIMモチーフ内に含有されるリン酸化したチロシンへのSHP−2の動員、および後続のSHP−2ホスファターゼ活性の活性化に帰せられている(L.Maileら、J Biol Chem、277:1800〜5(2002);T.Takadaら、J Biol Chem、273:9234〜42(1998);J.Timmsら、Curr Biol、9:927〜30(1999))。IGF−1などの成長因子がそれらの生理学的作用を刺激するために、活性化したSHP−2の、下流のシグナル伝達分子への移動が必要であることは、SHP−2のドミナントネガティブ形態を発現させる結果として、成長因子により刺激されるMAPキナーゼ(T.Noguchiら、Mol Cell Biol、14:6674〜82(1994);K.MilarskiおよびA.Saltiel、J Biol Chem、269:21239〜43(1994);S.Xiaoら、J Biol Chem、269:21244〜8(1994);K.Yamauchiら、Proc Natl Acad Sci、92:664〜8(1995);G.Pronkら、Mol Cell Biol、14:1575〜81(1994);T.Sasaokaら、J Biol Chem、269:10734〜8(1994))およびPI−3キナーゼ(C.Wuら、Oncogene、20:6018〜25(2001);S.Ugiら、J Biol Chem、271:12595〜602(1996);S.Zhangら、Mol Cell Biol、22:4062〜72(2002))の増大が適正に活性化されなくなるほか、SHP−2が下流のシグナル伝達分子へと動員されなくなることを示す研究により強く示唆されている。IGF−1については、とりわけ、SHP−2のドミナントネガティブの突然変異体を発現させる結果として、IGF−1に応答したMAPキナーゼまたは細胞の遊走が活性化されなくなることが示された(S.Manesら、Mol Cell Biol、4:3125〜35(1999))。これらのデータは、IAPとSHPS−1との相互作用が、SHP−2の動員および移動に必要であることを示しているので、本研究からの結果は、この相互作用が、IGF−1によるシグナル伝達の鍵となる調節因子であることを裏付けている。2つの独立の手法を用いて2つのタンパク質の間の相互作用を破壊した結果、IGF−1Rのリン酸化の延長に反映される、SHP−2のSHPS−1への動員および後続のIGF−1Rへの移動が失われた。SHP−2の動員および移動の欠如の帰結は、IGF−1がMAPKの活性化を刺激できず、その後、細胞の増殖または細胞の遊走を刺激できないことにより明らかであった。
<インビボにおける血管透過性の測定>
ラットに、Nembutal(80mg/kg)(Southern Anesthesia)を注射した。深い麻酔が達成されたら、温熱化したエバンスブルー(45mg/kg)(Fisher Scientific)溶液を、尾静脈を介して注射した。2時間後、致死用量の麻酔剤(100mg/kg)を投与した。胸腔を開き、注射針を左心室へと挿入した。右心房をクリッピングし、血液を12,000×gで5分間にわたり遠心分離した。ラットを、クエン酸中に1%のパラホルムアルデヒドで潅流し、次いで、眼を摘出し、PBS中に入れた。網膜を摘出し、凍結乾燥させ、次いで、ホルムアミド中に再懸濁させ、70℃でインキュベートした。18時間後、網膜/ホルムアミドを13,000×gで10分間にわたり遠心分離した。
対照(CON)ラットには、溶媒の注射を施した。ストレプトゾトシン(STZ)は、腹腔内注射(50mg/kg;100ml)により施した。6日後、血中グルコースが>350mg/dlであるラットを、糖尿病を有すると称した。STZ処置群を2群に分けた。注射の20日後、第1群には、対照であるマウスIgG(5.0mg/kg)の注射を、72時間ごと、30日間にわたり施した。第2群には、ラット抗IAP抗体であるNPG−1(5.0mg/kg)の注射を、72時間ごとに30日間にわたり施した。ラットは、毎日体重を測り、体重の減少が明らかであれば、インスリン(4〜8単位/kg)を施した。
溶解物は、多様な処置へと曝露された内皮細胞の細胞単層から調製した。溶解物を免疫沈降させ、免疫複合体をSDS−PAGEにより分離し、Immobilonフィルター(Millipore)へと移動してから、免疫ブロット法を行い、タンパク質を視覚化した。免疫ブロット法に用いた抗体は、抗ホスホチロシン抗体(PY99、Santa Cruz)、抗SHPS−1抗体(BD Biosources)、および抗オクルディン抗体(インビトロgen)であった。
Transwellインサート(24ウェル)を、10ug/cm2のコラーゲン(BD Biosciences)により、22℃で1時間にわたりコーティングした。HUVECを、コーティングされたインサート上に、インサート1つ当たりの成長培地(15mMのグルコース)1ml中の細胞5×104個で播種した。24時間後、500μlの成長培地を、下側チャンバー内に入れた。24時間後、培地を、抗IAP抗体であるNPG−1(1μg/ml)を加えたIGF−1(50ng/ml)を含有する、SFM−199(15mMのグルコース)へと交換した。14時間後、蛍光標識されたデキストランを添加した(Sigma)(0.5mg/ml)。1時間後、培地を下側チャンバーから除去し、蛍光検出用マイクロプレートリーダー(Fluor Imager 595;Molecular Dynamics)(それぞれ、294および521nmの励起波長および発光波長を用いる)により、FITC−デキストランの量を測定した。
ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)を、コンフルエント状態まで成長させ、次いで、14時間にわたり、IGF−1(50ng/ml)、NPG−1(1μg/ml)を含有するSF M−199へと交換した。HUVECを、トリプシン処理し、SF M−199(15mMのグルコース)中に再懸濁させ、次いで、500μlの成長因子低減マトリゲル(BD Sciences)でコーティングされた24ウェルプレート上に播種した(ウェル1つ当たり1ml当たりの細胞1.5×105個)。4時間後、プレートを10倍で撮影し、各ウェルの6つのランダムの領域内の面積1cm2当たりの管の数を決定した。1本の管は、2つの分岐点の間の領域である(図7Cに画像上の2つの「×」印の間の領域として示される)。
初代ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)(Lonza、Walkersville、MD、USA)を、5ミリモル/lのグルコースを含有するEGM−2 Endothelial Cell Growth Medium補充物質(Lonza)を加えた、M−199(Life Technologies、Grand Island、NY、USA)中で成長させた。HUVECは、3日間にわたり、15ミリモル/lのグルコースを含有する成長培地へと切り替えた。オスモル濃度の差についての対照として、マンニトール(10ミリモル/l)を、5ミリモル/lのグルコースを含有する培地へと添加した。培養物を5または15ミリモル/lのグルコースを含有する無血清M−199中で、14時間にわたり休眠させ、抗IAP抗体、NPG−1(1μg/ml)を伴うかまたは伴わずに、IGF−1(50ng/ml;Genentech、San Francisco、CA、USA)へと曝露した。ヒト細胞の使用は、University of North Carolina Ethics Committeeにより承認された。
2種類の内皮細胞(ラット内皮細胞およびヒト内皮細胞)を、インビトロアッセイに用いた。ヒトIAPタンパク質のアミノ酸71〜80を指向するモノクローナル抗体NPG−1(本明細書で提示される基準配列に従うアミノ酸の番号付け)は、ヒトIAPに特異的に結合する。図6Aは、対照とNPG−1との比較を示し、この抗体が、IAPのSHPS−1への結合を破壊しうることの直接的な裏付けを提示する。細胞を、NPG−1と共にプレインキュベートし、次いで、SHPS−1を免疫沈降させ、免疫沈降物をIAPについて免疫ブロットした。破壊の結果、IGF−1によるシグナル伝達の阻害がもたらされるため、IGF−1に応答して活性化される最重要のシグナル伝達エレメントが阻害されることが予測されるであろう。図6Bは、細胞をNPG−1と共にプレインキュベートすると、内皮細胞内で活性化するにはSHPS−1に結合しなければならないShcが正常に結合しないことを示す。IAPと反応する大半の抗体はまた、IAPのαvβ3への結合も破壊する。図6Cは、NPG−1が、IAPのβ3への結合を破壊することなく、IAPのSHPS−1への結合を破壊する点で特異的であることを示す。これは、IAPのβ3への結合が破壊されると、血小板凝集の増大などの副作用がもたらされうるために重要である。これは、NPG−1の重要で際立った特色である。図6Dに示される通り、SHPS−1のIAPとの会合は、対照ラット(Con)、糖尿病性ラット(D)、および抗IAP抗体(R569)で処理した糖尿病性ラット(D+AB)に由来する大動脈ホモジネートにおいて決定した。抗体はインビボにおいて完全に活性であり、IAP/SHPS−1間の会合を阻害した。
Claims (10)
- ハイブリドーマNPG−1(ATCC受託番号PTA−13161)により産生されるモノクローナル抗体。
- 検出可能な基へとカップリングされた、請求項1に記載の抗体。
- 治療基へとカップリングされた、請求項1に記載の抗体。
- 請求項1に記載の抗体を薬学的に許容される担体中に含む医薬製剤。
- 請求項1に記載の抗体を含む、IGF−1作用を阻害するための医薬組成物。
- 有効量の請求項1に記載の抗体を含む、網膜症を処置するための医薬組成物。
- 有効量の請求項1に記載の抗体を含む、アテローム性動脈硬化を処置するための医薬組成物。
- 有効量の請求項1に記載の抗体を含む、腎症を処置するための医薬組成物。
- 有効量の請求項1に記載の抗体を含む、冠状動脈疾患を処置するための医薬組成物。
- 有効量の請求項1に記載の抗体を含む、がんを処置するための医薬組成物。
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CA2846248A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
HK1199212A1 (en) | 2015-06-26 |
WO2013032948A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
MX2014002296A (es) | 2014-03-27 |
KR20140090975A (ko) | 2014-07-18 |
US20160297866A1 (en) | 2016-10-13 |
IL231162A0 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
CN104053452B (zh) | 2016-11-09 |
US20170114134A1 (en) | 2017-04-27 |
US20140141002A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
BR112014004385A2 (pt) | 2020-10-27 |
AU2012300314A1 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
CN104053452A (zh) | 2014-09-17 |
EP2747784A1 (en) | 2014-07-02 |
RU2014111472A (ru) | 2015-11-27 |
US9475882B2 (en) | 2016-10-25 |
ZA201401450B (en) | 2014-11-26 |
CL2014000449A1 (es) | 2015-01-16 |
EP2747784A4 (en) | 2015-05-06 |
JP2014525940A (ja) | 2014-10-02 |
US20120039896A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
US8613922B2 (en) | 2013-12-24 |
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