JP6214064B2 - 電気化学セルを用いる廃水の効率的な処理 - Google Patents
電気化学セルを用いる廃水の効率的な処理 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6214064B2 JP6214064B2 JP2015544283A JP2015544283A JP6214064B2 JP 6214064 B2 JP6214064 B2 JP 6214064B2 JP 2015544283 A JP2015544283 A JP 2015544283A JP 2015544283 A JP2015544283 A JP 2015544283A JP 6214064 B2 JP6214064 B2 JP 6214064B2
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- solid polymer
- anode
- polymer electrolyte
- cathode
- cell stack
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- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001337 aliphatic alkines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N alstonine Natural products C1=CC2=C3C=CC=CC3=NC2=C2N1C[C@H]1[C@H](C)OC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C2 WYTGDNHDOZPMIW-RCBQFDQVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium oxalate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VBIXEXWLHSRNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical group O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001869 cobalt compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
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- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940100890 silver compound Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003379 silver compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002179 total cell area Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004506 ultrasonic cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009849 vacuum degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
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- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46176—Galvanic cells
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- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
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- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
- C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
- C02F2001/46142—Catalytic coating
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
- C02F1/46109—Electrodes
- C02F2001/46152—Electrodes characterised by the shape or form
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- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
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- C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
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- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
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Description
・ 電圧は、1つ以上のスタックで必要とされるエネルギーを下げるために、容易に分解されるかまたは酸化される化学種については1つ以上のスタックにおいて下げられてもよい、
・ 圧力は、ガスを溶解した状態に保つために1つ以上のスタックにおいて上げられてもよい、
・ 流量は、1つ以上のスタックにおいて上げられてもよい、
・ 温度は、反応速度論を上げるために1つ以上のスタックにおいて上げられてもよい、
・ 電流密度は、1つ以上のスタックにおいて下げられてもよい。
電子移動による有機化合物Rの直接電解:
R→P+e−
H2O→OH* 吸着+H++e−
(h+)空格子点+H2O→(OH*)吸着+H++e−
R+[OH*ラジカル/O*化学種/中間体]吸着→無機質化生成物[CO2+塩など]+nH++ne−
4NH3+3O2→2N2+6H2O
NH3/NH4+OH*→N2+H2O+H++e−
そして廃水がアルカリ性である場合には、遊離塩素による除去
HOCl+2/3NH3→1/3N2+H2O+H++Cl−
NH3/NH4+HOCl/OCl−→N2+H2O+H++Cl−
H2S→So+2H++2e−
ヒドロキシルラジカルおよび酸素による酸化
ヒドロキシルラジカルによる酸化、例えば、Mn+OH*→Mn−1+OH−
または酸素での酸化、例えば、
2Fe2++1/2O2+5H2O→2Fe(OH)3↓+4H+
Mn2++1/2O2+H2O→MnO2↓+2H+
H2O2→H2O+1/2O2
2NH3+6OH−→N2+6H2O+6e− (1)
2Cl−→Cl2+2e− (2)
Cl2+H2O→HOCl+H++Cl− (3)
2/3NH3+HOCl→1/3N2+H2O+H++Cl− (4)
Claims (20)
- 汚染廃水の処理方法において、
第1および第2スタック中のセルがそれぞれ、陽極触媒層を含み、そして前記陽極触媒層が陽極触媒を含む陽極と、陰極触媒層を含み、そして前記陰極触媒層が陰極触媒を含む陰極とを含む、少なくとも第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックであって、前記陰極が液体電解質を含まず、そして固体ポリマー膜電解質が前記陽極と前記陰極とを分離する電解セルスタックを提供する工程と;
汚染物質を含む廃水のフローを、ある流量およびフロー圧力で前記第1および第2電解セルスタックのそれぞれの前記陽極に供給する工程と;
前記陽極が前記陰極に対してプラスである前記第1および第2電解セルスタック中のセルのそれぞれの間に約3ボルト未満の電圧を提供する工程と;
前記電解セルスタック中の前記セルのそれぞれを、ある運転温度および約20mA/cm2未満の電流密度で運転し、それによって前記汚染物質を分解し、そして水素ガスを前記陰極で発生させる工程と;
発生水素ガスを前記陰極から排出する工程と
を含み、
前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタック中のスタック構成要素および前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの運転条件の少なくとも1つが、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタック中のスタック構成要素および前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記運転条件とは異なることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記異なるスタック構成要素が、陽極流体デリバリー層、前記陽極触媒、前記陽極触媒層、陽極流れ場板、陽極フィルター層、前記固体ポリマー電解質膜、および前記スタック中のセルの数からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項2に記載の方法において、前記異なるスタック構成要素が、前記陽極触媒層と、前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記陽極触媒層での触媒ローディングおよび触媒活性面積の少なくとも1つとであり、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記陽極触媒層での前記触媒ローディングおよび触媒活性面積のそれから約5%超だけ異なることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項3に記載の方法において、前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記陽極触媒層での触媒ローディングおよび触媒活性面積の少なくとも1つが、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記陽極触媒層での触媒ローディングおよび触媒活性面積のそれから約10%超だけ異なることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの異なる運転条件が、前記廃水の流量、前記廃水のフロー圧力、前記電圧、前記運転温度、および前記電流密度からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記異なる運転条件が、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの異なる運転条件から約5%超だけ異なることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項6に記載の方法において、前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記異なる運転条件が、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記異なる運転条件から約10%超だけ異なることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記電解セルスタック中の電解セルのそれぞれを約10mA/cm2未満の電流密度で運転する工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、廃水の前記フローを、支持電解質の添加なしの前記電解セルスタック中のセルのそれぞれの前記陽極に供給する工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記電解セルスタック中のセルのそれぞれの前記陰極が液体陰極液も液体支持電解質も含まないことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックがそれぞれ、単一電解セルを含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックが2つ以上の電解セルを含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックが、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルと上流でおよび直列フローで接続され、前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの陽極出口が、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタック第2セルスタックの陽極入口に接続されていることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項13に記載の方法において、前記第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックが共通の終板を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックが、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックと並流で接続されており、前記供給廃水が、前記第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの前記陽極入口間で分割されることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、処理装置を廃水のフロー中に組み込む工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項16に記載の方法において、前記処理装置がフィルター、ガス抜き装置、およびpH調整器からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項16に記載の方法において、前記処理装置を、前記第1か前記第2かのどちらかの固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの上流かまたは下流に組み込む工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 少なくとも第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックを含む廃水の処理のためのシステムにおいて、前記第1および第2スタック中のセルがそれぞれ、陽極触媒層を含み、そして前記陽極触媒層が陽極触媒を含む陽極と、陰極触媒層を含み、そして前記陰極触媒層が陰極触媒を含む陰極とを含み、前記陰極が液体電解質を含まず、固体ポリマー膜電解質が前記陽極と前記陰極とを分離し;前記システム並びに前記第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックが請求項1に記載の方法に従って動作するように配置構成され、そして前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタック中のスタック構成要素が、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタック中のスタック構成要素とは異なることを特徴とするシステム。
- 少なくとも第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックを含む廃水の処理のためのシステムにおいて、前記第1および第2スタック中のセルがそれぞれ、陽極触媒層を含み、そして前記陽極触媒層が陽極触媒を含む陽極と、陰極触媒層を含み、そして前記陰極触媒層が陰極触媒を含む陰極とを含み、前記陰極が液体電解質を含まず、固体ポリマー膜電解質が前記陽極と前記陰極とを分離し;前記システム並びに前記第1および第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックが請求項1に記載の方法に従って動作するように配置構成され、そして前記第1固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの設定された運転条件が、前記第2固体ポリマー電解質電解セルスタックの設定された運転条件とは異なることを特徴とするシステム。
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