JP6170047B2 - アポトーシス−ターゲティングナノ粒子 - Google Patents
アポトーシス−ターゲティングナノ粒子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6170047B2 JP6170047B2 JP2014528628A JP2014528628A JP6170047B2 JP 6170047 B2 JP6170047 B2 JP 6170047B2 JP 2014528628 A JP2014528628 A JP 2014528628A JP 2014528628 A JP2014528628 A JP 2014528628A JP 6170047 B2 JP6170047 B2 JP 6170047B2
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- FQZJYWMRQDKBQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricaine methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS([O-])(=O)=O.CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC([NH3+])=C1 FQZJYWMRQDKBQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000001072 type 2 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000019553 vascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明は、合衆国政府のNIHにより授与された、認可番号1P30GM092378の下で、政府支援を得て行われた。政府は、本発明にある一定の権利を有する。
ナノ粒子のコアは、任意の適当な成分また諸成分から形成することが可能である。好ましくは、コアは、疎水性成分、たとえば疎水性ポリマーまたは疎水性部分あるいはポリマーまたは脂質等から形成される。実施態様で、コアは、疎水性コアと親水性外表面を有するミセルを形成することができるリン脂質を含む。コアはまた、または或いは、水性環境で、疎水性コアと親水性外表面を有する粒子に自己組織化できる部分を有する疎水性部分と親水性部分を有するブロックコポリマーを含んでもよい。実施態様で、コアは、1つまたは複数の生分解性ポリマーまたは生分解性部分を有するポリマーを含む。
本明細書に記述されているナノ粒子は、ナノ粒子をアポトーシス細胞に向けるか、またはアポトーシスのモニタリングを可能にする、1つまたは複数の部分を含む。実施態様で、ナノ粒子は、ナノ粒子をマクロファージに向ける部分を含む。ターゲティング部分は、コアの一部を形成する分子またはコアに結合されている分子への結合等の、任意の適当な方法でコアに繋留することが可能である。
アポトーシス中の細胞かまたはまさにアポトーシスが起ころうとしている細胞に、ナノ粒子を向けるのに適当な部分を、ナノ粒子に組み入れることが可能である。実施態様で、ターゲティング部分はホスファチジルセリン(PS)をターゲットする。細胞膜外葉上へのPS露出は、アポトーシスにおける最初の分子イベントの1つであるため、外膜に転位置したPSをターゲットすることは、アポトーシス細胞をターゲットする代わりになる可能性がある。
ここでm、n、およびoは、任意の適当な整数である。PLGA−COOHをPEG−NH2にカップリングして、PLGA−b−PEGを生じさせることが可能である。ポリペプチドのPEGへのカップリングは、PEGのPLGAへのカップリングの前に生じてもよく、後に生じてもよい。PLGAは、ナノ粒子のコアの一部を形成することが可能である。
ここでm、n、およびoは、任意の適当な整数である。DPA部分、たとえば2−(ビス(ピリジン−2−イルメチル)アミノ)エタンチオールは、マレイミド−PEG−NH2を使用してPEGにカップリングさせてNH2−PEG−Mal−DPAを生じさせることが可能であり、これをPLGA−COOHにカップリングさせて、式IIIに示されているPLGA−b−PEG−Mal−DPAを生じさせることが可能である。
アポトーシスのモニタリングに適した部分を、ナノ粒子に組み入れることが可能である。実施態様で、アポトーシスモニタリング部分は、ミトコンドリア基質におけるナノ粒子の蓄積を促進する部分である。ミトコンドリア膜電位(ΔΨm)の崩壊は、アポトーシスの開始期の特徴である。ミトコンドリア膜の崩壊と同時に、ミトコンドリア基質の成分が細胞質中に放出される。したがって、適当な造影剤を有するナノ粒子が、ミトコンドリア基質に向けられると、細胞質全体にわたってミトコンドリア基質からのナノ粒子の拡散を(造影剤により)観測することによって、ΔΨm(したがって、アポトーシスの開始)を検出することが可能である。例として、ミトコンドリア基質内のナノ粒子の蓄積は、非アポトーシス細胞を示し、細胞質全体にわたるナノ粒子の広汎性拡散は、アポトーシスの初期段階の細胞を示す。
ここで、(描かれている)アミンは、ナノ粒子に組み入れるために、ポリマー、脂質等にコンジュゲートすることが可能である。
アテローム性動脈硬化症病変の特徴である、マクロファージ細胞に対するナノ粒子のアフィニティを高めるために、マンノースまたは他の単糖部分をナノ粒子に組み入れることが可能である。単糖類、たとえばマンノースおよびガラクトース等は、受容体を介して、マクロファージと選択的に相互作用することが可能である。たとえば、マクロファージはマクロファージマンノース受容体および選択的にガラクトースを結合するレクチン(マクロファージガラクトース−結合性レクチン)を含む。こうした選択的相互作用を介して、そのような単糖類またはそのような単糖類を含む化合物の存在を使用してナノ粒子をマクロファージに向けることが可能である。実施態様で、マクロファージターゲティング部分は、マンノース、ガラクトースまたはラクトビオン酸を含む。
ここで、EDCは、1−エチル−3−(3−(ジメチルアミノ)−プロピル)カルボジイミドである。
実施態様で、ナノ粒子は、ナノ粒子の疎水性コアと親水性シェルとの界面に存在してもよいリン脂質単分子層を含む。単分子層のリン脂質は、ナノ粒子の疎水性コアと相互作用する疎水性尾部を有する。このようにリン脂質を使用して、様々な成分、たとえばターゲティング部分や造影剤等を、コアに繋留することが可能である。脂質層はまた、コア内の薬剤がコアから自由に拡散するのを防止するのにも役立つことができ、またコアへの水浸透を減らすことも可能である。
実施態様で、ナノ粒子は、HDLまたはHDL−模倣成分を含む。HDLは、泡沫細胞からコレステロールを除去することにより、低比重リポ蛋白質(LDL)の酸化を阻止することにより、また、アテローム性動脈硬化症の根底にある炎症プロセスを制限することによって、アテローム性動脈硬化症に直接抵抗する。HDLはまた抗−血栓形成特性も有する。このように、HDL−コレステロール(HDL−C)は、幾つかの主要段階でアテローム形成のプロセスを中断する。泡沫細胞からのコレステロール流出を促進するapoEに加えて、HDLを含有するapoA−1は、病変からのコレステロールの輸送を促進すると考えられる。したがって、HDL成分および関連成分、たとえばapoA−1蛋白質またはその合成模倣物等を、動脈硬化性病変をターゲットするナノ粒子に組み入れることは、ATVDまたはCHDに罹患した患者に大きな利益を提供する可能性がある。
本明細書に記述されているナノ粒子(NP)は、撮像、可視化または診断のために1つまたは複数の造影剤を含むことが可能である。任意の適当な造影剤を使用することが可能である。実施態様で、造影剤は、インビボ磁気共鳴画像(MRI)に適した、たとえば酸化鉄(IO)ナノ結晶等である。実施態様で、造影剤は、イクスビボ/インビボ光学イメージングに適した、たとえば量子ドット(QD)(蛍光)、cdots、pdots等である。実施態様で、ナノ粒子は、MRI用造影剤と蛍光光学イメージング用造影剤の両方を含む。
ナノ粒子は、本明細書に記述されている通り、1つまたは複数の治療薬を含むことが可能である。治療薬は、ナノ粒子のコアの中に包埋されてもよく、または含まれてもよい。好ましくは、治療薬は、所望の速度でコアから放出される。コアが周知かつ十分に試験されたポリマー(たとえばPLGA等)またはポリマーの組合せから形成される場合、放出速度は容易に制御することができる。
ナノ粒子は、本明細書に記述されている通り、任意の適当なサイズであってもよい。一般に、ナノ粒子は直径の寸法が約999nm未満、たとえば約750nm未満、約600nm未満、約500nm未満、約400未満、約300nm未満、または約200nm未満等である。加えて、または或いは、ナノ粒子は、約5nmより大きい直径寸法であってもよい。実施態様で、ナノ粒子は直径約30nm〜約300nmである。実施態様で、ナノ粒子はサイズによって、たとえば約20nm〜約40nm、約40nm〜約60nm、約60nm〜約80nm、約80nm〜約100nm、または約100nm〜約150nm等に、分けられる。
ナノ粒子は、本明細書に記述されている通り、任意の適当な方法で合成するかまたは集合させることが可能である。好ましくは、プロセス変動を最小限に抑えるために、ナノ粒子は一段階で集合させる。一段階プロセスは、ナノ沈殿および自己集合を含んでもよい。
概して、本明細書に記述されているナノ粒子は、アポトーシス細胞に向けることが可能であり、また細胞のアポトーシスをモニターするのにも有用な可能性がある。好ましくは、ナノ粒子は、動脈硬化性プラーク内のマクロファージをターゲットする。しかし、ナノ粒子は他のアポトーシス細胞、たとえば癌細胞等をターゲットすることもある。
置換されたDPAリガンド、2−(ビス(ピリジン−2−イルメチル)アミノ)エタンチオールを合成し、分光法で特性化した。マレイミド−PEG−NH2を使用して、このDPAリガンドをPEGにカップリングしてNH2−PEG−Mal−DPAを生じさせ、Zn2+配位のために、これをPLGACOOHにカップリングしてPLGA−b−PEG−Mal−DPAを生じさせた。合成は、NMR、MALDI−TOF測定によって特性化し、純度は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィ(GPC)で確認した。
LIKKPF(配列番号1)は、Complex Carbohydrate Research Center,UGAの、自動ペプチドシンセサイザーを使用して合成した。ペプチドは、液体クロマトグラフィ法で精製し、Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization(MALDI)質量分析で分析した。ペプチドカップリング試薬によって、ロイシン、イソロイシン、リシン、リシン、プロリン、およびフェニルアラニンのアミノ酸モノマーをグリシン(G)ベースの樹脂に加えた。
1,2−ジステアロイル−sn−グリセロ−3−ホスホエタノールアミン−N−[カルボキシ(ポリエチレングリコール)−2000](アンモニウム塩)(DSPE−PEG(2000)−COOH)への、マンノサミンのカルボジイミドカップリングは、文献に報告されている方法に従って実施した。DSPE−PEG−COOH 103.8mg(0.0364ミリモル)を先ず、0.01M PBSバッファー10mLの中でミセル化した。EDC(11.1mg,0.0579ミリモル)およびSulf−NHS(11.7mg,0.543ミリモル)をPBS中のDSPEに加え、pH 4.13にした。15分撹拌した後、マンノサミン塩酸塩15.3mg(0.0710ミリモル)を加えた(スキーム6)。混合物のpHは約7.0に上昇し、3時間維持した。混合物を、pH 7.34でPBSに対して一晩透析した(MWCO 100〜500ダルトン)。混合物を凍結乾燥して、白色粉末を生じた。DSPE−PEG−マンノースを、60℃のエタノールに溶解して、あらゆる未反応の糖またはバッファー塩を除去した。エタノールを、回転蒸発および凍結乾燥で蒸発させた。白色粉末0.4362g、収率24%。
QDカプセル化のために、EDC/NHSアミドカップリング反応を使用して、QD−コンジュゲーテド・アミン−終端PEG、NH2−PEG−QD、をPLGA−COOHにコンジュゲートし、トリ−ブロックコポリマーPLGA−b−PEG−QDをもたらした。生成物は、DLS測定により特性化した。
予備試験で、ナノ沈殿を使用して、PLGA−b−PEG−LIKKPF(実施例2に従って調製した)、PLGA−PEG−Mal−DPA(実施例1に従って調製した)をPLGA−PEG−COOHとブレンドすることにより、様々なIO濃度およびQD濃度を、PLGA−b−PEG−NP(QDカプセル化には、実施例4に従って調製したPLGA−b−PEG−QDを使用した)の中に封入した。ポリマーをナノ粒子に自己組織化させるため、PLGA−PEG−Mal−DPA、PLGA−PEG−LIKKPF、およびPLGA−PEG−QDをアセトニトリルに溶解した。4%エタノール−水中のDSPE−PEG−マンノースを65℃まで加熱した。ポリマー溶液を、約1mL/分の速度で脂質混合物にゆっくり加えた。溶液を2時間撹拌した。ナノ粒子を、超遠心分離法を使用することによって精製し、水に再懸濁させた。Zn2+配位には、10-3Zn(NO3)2・6H2O 10μLをナノ粒子に加え、約30分間インキュベートし、超遠心分離で精製した。
動的光散乱法(DLS)を使用して、各NP製剤のサイズおよびゼータ電位を測定した。透過電子顕微鏡法(TEM)を使用して、表面形状を試験した。結果として得られたNPは、誘導結合プラズマ質量分析法(ICP−MS)によって定量化したとき、サイズ範囲約150nm、QD約4%、IO約5%、および亜鉛負荷約10%であった。表面に多官能性を有するターゲテドFL/MRI活性なNPの合成における我々の最初の成功で。
実施例5に従って調製されたナノ粒子が、他のリン脂質すなわちホスファチジルコリン(PC)よりも優先的にPSに結合する能力をテストするために、我々は、10mM HEPESバッファーに懸濁した、QD−カプセル化した、Zn2+−DPA結合部位とLIKKPFの両者を含むブレンドNP懸濁液を、CHCl3中のPCまたはPSと混合した。図5に示す通り、CHCl3中のPCの場合、NPを表すピンク色がバッファー(上)層に残存した。CHCl3中のPSを用いると、NPはCHCl3(下)層に移動した。この予備実験から、本明細書に記述されているNP構築物が、PSのリン脂質溶液をPCのリン脂質溶液とを区別できることが裏付けられる。
実施例5に従って調製された表面にLIKKPFとZn2+−DPAの両者を含むQD−カプセル化した、ブレンドされたNPの蛍光(FL)撮像を実施した。この手順の間に、RAW 264.7マクロファージを先ずアポトーシス刺激で処理し、エトポシド(50μM)で3時間、その後室温でNPと共に10分間インキュベートした。ターゲテドNPはアポトーシス細胞の表面を染色して、細胞表面に結合しているPSを示すが、Zn2+結合部位がないNPは非特異的取り込みを示すことが、このFL撮像から分かる(図6)。これらの結果は、Zn2+−DPAは、PSのリン酸基への共有結合を提供するが、LIKKPFは非−共有結合のみを提供するということに起因すると考えられる。
表面にLIKKPFとZn2+−DPAの両者を含むIO−カプセル化した、ブレンドされたNP(実施例5に従って調製された)を使用して、アポトーシス細胞ペレットのMRIを開始した。7Tで、マウスRAW 264.7細胞のゆるく充填されたペレットの、T2加重高速スピンエコー撮像を実施した。実施例8における上述と同じ手順にしたがって、アポトーシスを誘導した。未処置のままで残されるかまたはZn2+−DPA無しでNPと一緒にインキュベートした細胞に比べて、アポトーシス細胞の信号強度は、Zn2+−DPA−NP構築物とのインキュベーション後に急激に低下することが、予備的撮像から分かる(図7)。
簡単に記載すると、EDC/NHSカップリングを使用することによって、DSPE−PEG−NH2をTPP−(CH2)4−TPPにカップリングし、精製およびNMR、MALDIによる特性化のために、生成物を水に対して凍結乾燥した。
二段階変形ナノ沈殿法により、PLGA、PLGA−b−PEG−QD、コレステリルオレイン酸、DSPE−PEG−TPP、DSPE−PEG−ラクトビオン酸、およびapoA−1ペプチドの自己集合によって、ターゲテドハイブリッドNPを調製した。PLGA、PLGA−PEG−QD、コレステリルオレイン酸を混合した。DSPE−PEG−TPPおよびDSPE−PEG−ラクトビオン酸を4重量%エタノール水溶液に溶解した。脂質溶液を65℃まで加熱して、全ての脂質が非集合状態であることを確実にした。PLGA−コレステロール溶液を、予熱した脂質溶液に、穏やかに撹拌しながら滴加した。混合した溶液を勢いよく3分間、渦巻き撹拌し、続いて室温で2時間、穏やかに撹拌した。Amicon Ultra−4遠心濾過機を、分子量カットオフ 10000Daで使用して、NP溶液を3回洗浄することにより、残りの有機溶媒および遊離分子を除去した。非ターゲテドNPを調製するために、ナノ沈殿法の間、DSPE−PEG−TPPの代わりにPVAを使用した。結果として生じるNPを、アミノ酸配列FAEKFKEAVKDYFAKFWDを有する模擬apoA−1ペプチドと共に、4℃で14時間インキュベートし、超遠心分離を使用してさらに精製した。NPサイズ(直径、nm)、多分散性指数(PDI)、および表面電荷(ゼータ電位、mV)は、Zetasizer Nano−ZS動的光散乱検出器を用いた動的光散乱法(DLS)による3つの反復測定から取得した。NPにおけるQD負荷は、誘導結合プラズマ質量分析(ICP−MS)で定量化し、apoA−1負荷は、280nmでトリプトファン吸光度を追跡することによって測定した。
透過電子顕微鏡法(TEM)を使用して、実施例11から得られるナノ粒子の粒径を測定した。図8は、ミトコンドリア取り込みに適切な粒径であることを示す、TEMの結果を表す。
共焦点蛍光検鏡法を使用して、ナノ粒子(実施例10に従って調製した)がミトコンドリアに向けられるかどうかを決定した。RAWおよびMSC細胞を、6×107細胞/mLの密度で顕微鏡カバーガラス(1.0cm)に播種し、DMEMで一晩培養した。培地を変え、最終フルオロフォア濃度10μMまで、蛍光ターゲテドNPおよび非ターゲテドNPを加えた。細胞を、5%CO2中、37℃で4時間、インキュベートした。MitoTrackerGreen(100nM)を加え、37℃で45分間インキュベートした。培地を除去し、冷メタノールを30分間使用して細胞を固定した。次いでカバーガラスをPBS(3x)、水(5x)ですすぎ、封入剤を使用してスライドに固定した。FITCおよびCy5チャネルに関して、xx msの画像を集めた(図11A〜B)。図11Aに示す通り、ミトコンドリア基質ターゲテドナノ粒子は、優先的にミトコンドリアに蓄積する。非ターゲテドナノ粒子は、サイトゾルに蓄積する(図11B)。
治療可能性を調査するために、蛍光ステロール、NBD−コレステロール、22−(N−7−ニトロベンズ−2−オキサ−1,3−ジアゾ−4−イル)−アミノ−23,24−ビスノル−5−コレン−3β−オル))を使用して、HDL−模倣NP仲介コレステロール取り込みを試験した。極性環境におけるNBD−コレステロールの弱い蛍光は、非極性HDL−NPマトリックスの存在によって増強した(図xx)。この予備実験は、コレステロールがTPP−HDL−apoA−1−NPに不可逆的に結合できることを示しており、このプラットホームは、治療効果を提供するためのコレステロール逆輸送経路に参加できる。HDL−apoA−1−NPへのコレステロール結合は、様々な濃度のDMF中NBD−コレステロール5μLを、5mg/mLの水中HDL−apoA−1−NP995μLに加えることによって測定した。溶液を渦巻き撹拌し、約20分間インキュベートした。473nmでの励起、および500〜600nmの発光によって、溶液の蛍光を追跡した。NBD−コレステロールのHDL−apoA−1−NPへの結合は、蛍光強度の増加につながる(図12)。
全NPの細胞毒性的挙動を評価した。RAWおよびMSC細胞に対してMTTアッセイを使用して、RAW細胞の場合には200μLのDMEM培地中で、MSC細胞の場合にはxx培地中で、細胞(2000細胞/ウェル)を、96−ウェルプレートに播種し、24時間インキュベートした。細胞を、様々な濃度(PLGAに関して)のターゲテドNPおよび非ターゲテドNPで処理し、37℃で12時間インキュベートした。培地を変え、細胞をさらに60時間インキュベートした。次いで細胞をMTT(PBS中5mg/mL)20μLで5時間処理した。培地を除去し、細胞をDMSO100μLで溶解し、紫色のホリマザンの550nmにおける吸光度を記録した。各ウェルを三重に実施した。全ての実験を3回繰り返した。Graph Pad Prism(San Diego,U.S.A)を用いて、細胞毒性データをプロットした(図13)。
Claims (8)
- コレステリルオレイン酸;
乳酸−グリコール酸コポリマー(PLGA)を含む、ポリマー;
PLGAブロック、及びポリエチレングリコール(PEG)ブロックを含む、ブロックコポリマー;
(i)リン脂質に結合したPEG、及びPEGに結合したターゲティング部分を含む、又は(ii)脂質部分とコンジュゲートしたターゲティング部分を含む、第一化合物、ここで前記ターゲティング部分は、亜鉛2,2’−ジピコリルアミン(Zn2+−DPA)配位化合物、LIKKPF(配列番号1)、PGDLSR(配列番号2)、及びDAHSFS(配列番号3)からなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む、PS−ターゲティングポリペプチド、トリフェニルホスホニウム(TPP)部分、Szetto−Shillerペプチド、及びローダミンカチオンからなる群から選択される;
リン脂質に結合したマクロファージターゲティング部分を含む、第二化合物、ここで前記マクロファージターゲティング部分は、マンノース部分、ガラクトース部分、及びラクトビオン酸からなる群から選択される;並びに
apoA−1ペプチド模倣物
を含む、ナノ粒子であって、ここで、
前記PLGAを含むポリマー、及び前記ブロックコポリマーのPLGAブロックが、ナノ粒子の疎水性コアを形成し、
前記ブロックコポリマーのPEGブロックが、コアを囲む親水性の層を形成し、
前記コレステリルオレイン酸が、前記コアに結合し、
前記apoA−1ペプチド模倣物が、前記コアに結合し、
前記ターゲティング部分が、前記コアから伸長し、
前記マクロファージターゲティング部分が、前記コアから伸長している、ナノ粒子。 - 前記第一、及び第二化合物のリン脂質が、ジステアロイル−snグリセロ−3−ホスホエタノールアミンを含む、請求項1に記載のナノ粒子。
- アポトーシス細胞、又はアポトーシス細胞を示す製品をターゲティングするナノ粒であって、ここで前記ナノ粒子が、20ナノメートル〜300ナノメートルの直径を有し、そして以下:
ポリマーコア;
前記コアを囲むポリエチレングリコール(PEG)を含む層;
前記コア、及び前記PEGを含む層の間のリン脂質単分子層;及び
前記ナノ粒子に結合した第一ターゲティング部分、ここで(i)前記第一ターゲティング部分が、ホスファチジルセリンと選択的に結合する、
を含む、ナノ粒子。 - 前記第一ターゲティング部分が、ポリペプチドを含む、請求項3に記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記第一ターゲティング部分が、亜鉛2,2’−ジピコリルアミン(Zn2+−DPA)配位化合物、並びにLIKKPF(配列番号1)、PGDLSR(配列番号2)、及びDAHSFS(配列番号3)からなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む、PS−ターゲティングポリペプチドからなる群から選択される、請求項3又は4に記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記ナノ粒子が、さらにコレステロール部分を含む、請求項3〜5のいずれか1項に記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記コレステロール部分が、コレステリルオレイン酸を含む、請求項6に記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記ナノ粒子が、さらにapoA−1ペプチド模倣物を含む、請求項3〜7のいずれか1項に記載のナノ粒子。
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