JP6041007B2 - 選択還元型NOx触媒 - Google Patents
選択還元型NOx触媒 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6041007B2 JP6041007B2 JP2015033286A JP2015033286A JP6041007B2 JP 6041007 B2 JP6041007 B2 JP 6041007B2 JP 2015033286 A JP2015033286 A JP 2015033286A JP 2015033286 A JP2015033286 A JP 2015033286A JP 6041007 B2 JP6041007 B2 JP 6041007B2
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 275
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 title claims description 90
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 82
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 90
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 55
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 30
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- WTHDKMILWLGDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea;hydrate Chemical compound O.NC(N)=O WTHDKMILWLGDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
換型NOx触媒とで差を設け、上述したCu交換型NOx触媒の酸化能による悪影響の緩和が図られる。しかし、このような二層の触媒層を有するNOx触媒では、Cu交換型NOx触媒の酸化能を抑制しようとすれば、本来そのCu交換型NOx触媒がNOx浄化を好適に行い得る温度領域でも、そのNOx浄化能を低下させることになり得る。したがって、このようなNOx触媒では、高いNOx浄化能を発揮し得る動作温度領域を拡大することは難しい。
x触媒が好適なNOx浄化率を発揮できる温度動作領域を拡大することが可能となる。
NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O ・・・・(式1)
なお、本実施例では、上記の通り供給弁5から尿素水が供給されるが、それに代えて、アンモニア又はアンモニア水を直接排気に供給してもよい。更に、NOx触媒3の下流側に、そこからスリップしてくるアンモニアを酸化するための酸化触媒が設けられてもよい。
上記式1等に従うNOxの選択還元反応に供されることになる。なお、本願発明においては、1次粒子とは触媒粒子の外見上の幾何学的形態から判断して、単位粒子と考えられる粒子をいい、2次粒子はそれが複数凝集して形成されるものである。したがって、2次粒子の凝集形態は、触媒粒子が置かれる環境(温度や湿度等)によって変化し得るものであり、2次粒子に含まれる1次粒子の数は必ずしも一定ではない。
アンモニアは高温活性領域31bにおいてNOx還元浄化のために消費されるため、低温活性領域31aに到達するアンモニア量を減らし、低温活性領域31aでのアンモニアの酸化によるNOx化を抑制することができる。この結果、NOx触媒3は、低温領域から高温領域までの広い動作領域を確保することが可能となる。
電子線によって励起された原子から放出される特性X線の波長と強度から、測定試料に含まれる成分種とその量を測定することが可能である。そこで、当該EDXを用いた分析装置によれば、1次粒子31内の成分分布を把握することが可能となる。ここで、図5では、その上段(a)に、測定対象となる1次粒子31の略中心を通る断面における活性成分Cu及びFeの含有量のレベルを示し、その下段(b)に、同断面での1次粒子31における活性成分比率のレベルを示す。具体的には、図5(a)、(b)の各グラフの横軸は、1次粒子31内の略中心を通る軸上の粒子内の位置を表し、縦軸は、図5(a)では、計測された特性X線に基づいて算出されたCu、Feのそれぞれの含有量を表し、図5(b)では、当該Cu、Feの含有量から算出された、本発明に係る活性成分比率を表す。そして、図5(a)では、Feに関する推移を実線で示し、Cuに関する推移を点線で示している。上記の通り、1次粒子31内には活性成分Fe、Cuによる所定の分布が形成されている。そのため、図5(a)、(b)に示す結果において、CuがFeと比べて高濃度で存在する低温活性領域31aに対応する測定結果領域31a’と、FeがCuと比べて高濃度で存在する高温活性領域31bに対応する測定結果領域31b’とを見出すことができる。
タンデム型NOx触媒は、排気の流れに沿って2つのNOx触媒を配置して形成される。従来技術では、図6に示すように一般的なタンデム型NOx触媒は、高温領域でのNOx浄化能を考慮して、活性成分Feとゼオライトとをイオン交換させたFe交換型NOx触媒41が上流側に配置され、その下流側に活性成分Cuとゼオライトとをイオン交換させたCu交換型NOx触媒42が配置されて形成される。Fe交換型NOx触媒41では、触媒基材41b上に、NOxに対する選択還元性を示す活性成分としてFeのみを有する触媒粒子からなる触媒層41aが形成されており、Cu交換型NOx触媒42では、触媒基材42b上に、NOxに対する選択還元性を示す活性成分としてCuのみを有する触媒粒子からなる触媒層42aが形成されている。
行われることになる。なお、このとき、下流側に配置されたCu交換型NOx触媒42では、排気中にアンモニアが存在すれば排気中の酸素との酸化反応によりNOx化を促進させてしまうが、上流側のFe交換型NOx触媒41によって還元剤のアンモニアが消費されるため、当該NOx化は抑制され得る。
二層コート型NOx触媒54は、図8に示すように、触媒基材53上に、活性成分Feとゼオライトとをイオン交換させた触媒粒子を含む触媒層51と、活性成分Cuとゼオライトとをイオン交換させた触媒粒子を含む触媒層52とが、排気の流れに沿って層状になるように形成されている。より具体的には、一般的な二層コート型NOx触媒は、高温領域でのNOx浄化能を考慮して、活性成分Feを含む触媒層51が、活性成分Cuを含む触媒層52の上に位置するように、二層コート型NOx触媒54は形成される。
やすさによって、温度に対するNOx触媒54としてのNOx還元浄化能が大きく変動する性質を有する。例えば、図9や図10の線L5に示すように、触媒層51、52における排気の拡散のしやすさを大きく設定すると、NOx触媒54の低温におけるNOx浄化能を重視した触媒構成となる。これは、排気が触媒層51はもちろん触媒層52にまで到達しやすくなるようにNOx触媒54が構成されることにより、高温時においても触媒層52に含まれる活性成分Cuの影響、すなわちアンモニアのNOx化の影響を受け、高温領域でのNOx浄化能が低下してしまう一方で、低温時には、その活性成分Cuを含む触媒層52によるNOx還元浄化能を十分に利用することができるからである。また、図9や図10の線L6に示すように、触媒層51、52における排気の拡散のしやすさを小さく設定すると、排気が、特に下側に配置された活性成分Cuを含む触媒層52に到達しにくくなり、NOx触媒54の高温におけるNOx浄化能を重視した触媒構成となる。これは、排気が触媒層52に到達しにくいため、低温時において活性成分Cuを含む触媒層52によるNOx還元浄化能を十分に利用できないものの、高温時には、活性成分Feを含む触媒層51によるNOx還元浄化能を十分に利用しつつ、活性成分Cuを含む触媒層52によるアンモニアのNOx化を抑制することが可能となるからである。
2 排気通路
3 NOx触媒
3a 触媒基材
3b 触媒層
31 1次粒子
31a 低温活性領域
31b 高温活性領域
32 2次粒子
Claims (3)
- NOxに対する選択還元性を示す活性成分でゼオライト結晶がイオン交換されて形成された1次粒子を含む2次粒子によって形成された触媒層が、触媒基材上に配置された選択還元NOx触媒であって、
前記選択還元性の活性成分は、高温でのNOx還元性が高い高温活性成分であるFeと、低温でのNOx還元性が高い低温活性成分であるCuとを含み、
前記1次粒子において、前記高温活性成分と前記低温活性成分は混合された状態で配置され、且つ、該1次粒子での前記低温活性成分の濃度に対する前記高温活性成分の濃度の比率である活性成分比率に関し、該1次粒子の表面側の活性成分比率は、該1次粒子の内部側の活性成分比率よりも大きくなるように形成される、
選択還元型NOx触媒。 - 前記1次粒子において、該1次粒子の表面側から内部側に進むに従い前記活性成分比率は小さくなる、
請求項1に記載の選択還元型NOx触媒。 - 前記1次粒子において、該1次粒子の内部側に前記活性成分比率が相対的に低い低温活性領域が形成され、且つ、該1次粒子の表面側に前記活性成分比率が相対的に高い高温活性領域が形成される、
請求項1に記載の選択還元型NOx触媒。
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