JP6037269B2 - 微生物燃料電池 - Google Patents
微生物燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6037269B2 JP6037269B2 JP2012219612A JP2012219612A JP6037269B2 JP 6037269 B2 JP6037269 B2 JP 6037269B2 JP 2012219612 A JP2012219612 A JP 2012219612A JP 2012219612 A JP2012219612 A JP 2012219612A JP 6037269 B2 JP6037269 B2 JP 6037269B2
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- wastewater
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- phosphorus
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- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 74
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 73
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims description 148
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 63
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 41
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 17
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- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiamine Natural products CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- PVPBBTJXIKFICP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (7-aminophenothiazin-3-ylidene)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(=[NH2+])C=C2SC3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 PVPBBTJXIKFICP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.OCC(N)(CO)CO QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Description
微生物燃料電池は、その名称からも推察されるように、電気エネルギーをいかにして効率よく回収することができるかが従来の主たる研究課題であった。電流生成を決定する要素は多様であるが、電極の面積や素材等は他の電池技術分野においても共通要素であるのに対し、微生物から電極への電子伝達は微生物燃料電池に特有で、この点に注目した提案が多いのが現状である。一方、微生物燃料電池を廃水処理の立場からみれば、回収できるのは電気だけでなく、廃水中に多量に含まれるリン成分を例えば肥料として利用できるように回収することが、本発明の目的である。
養豚廃水、酪農廃水、および生物反応槽内部液を採取し、水質分析に供した。内部液は基質入れ替え時に引き抜いた液、および基質投入後サンプルとして、基質入れ替えの約2時間後に、基質引き抜き口から採取したものを用いた。水質分析用のサンプルは、全て0.45μmのフィルター(DISMIC 25CS045AN、ADVANTEC MFS、INC)でろ過したあと、分析に供した。Standard Methods (method 5220D)(参考:APHA(1995)Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(19th ed.),American Public Health Association,Washington D.C.)に従って、HACH COD system(HACH Company)を用いてこれらのサンプルのCODCrを測定した。電気伝導度は、上記のろ過サンプルを電気伝導度計(B-173、堀場製作所)で測定した。また、一部のサンプルはろ過せずに後述するPCR−DGGEに用いた。
電池の電圧はデータ自動収集能力を持つデジタルマルチメータ (midi LOGGER GL200A、 グラフテック株式会社) で行った。電流と電力密度は数式1に従って求めた。ここで、I:電流(A)、E:電圧(V)、P:電力(W)、R:抵抗(Ω)、A:はアノード投影面積(m2)である。クーロン効率は、Minらの方法と同様に、電流生産量と溶解性CODCrの減少量から求めた。
運転開始59日目に両生物反応槽のアノードの一部(0.5cm×0.5cm×0.5cm程度)を切り取り、DNA抽出に供した。同じ日にカソードバイオフィルムを薬匙で掻き取って集め、これもDNA抽出に供した。また、生物反応槽内部液(59日目)、養豚廃水、酪農廃水、微生物源として用いた活性汚泥は0.5−1.5mLを12000rpmで10分遠心分離し、ペレットをDNA抽出に供した。DNAの抽出には、PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit(MO BIO Laboratories,Inc.,Carlsbad,CA)を用い、滅菌したTE buffer(10mM Tris-HCl、1mM EDTA)100μlに溶出した。抽出DNAを鋳型としてPCRをおこなった。
養豚廃水を用いた系で、カソードへ析出した塩をICP−AESにて分析したところ、乾燥重量あたりリンが16%(5.17mmol/g)、マグネシウムが10%(4.11 mmol/g)、カルシウムが6.7%(1.67mmol/g)含まれていた。また、このときの流入養豚廃水中の各成分の濃度は、リンが740mg/L(23.9mM)、 マグネシウムが300mg/L(24.7mM)、カルシウムが740mg/L(18.5mM)であった(表6)。
運転終了後、カソードを取り出して風乾した後、カソード上の析出物の分析をおこなった。カソードの一部を硝酸を用いたマイクロウェーブ分解に供し、析出物の全分解をおこなった。分解溶液はICP−MS(7500C、Agilent)にて、元素分析をおこなった。さらに、風乾したカソードからプラスチックチップで析出物をこそげ落とし、めのう乳鉢で均一な粉体にした後、X線回折装置で結晶構造解析をおこなった。
カソード上の析出物をICP−MSで分析したところ、カソード1枚(10cm2)あたりリンが11mg、マグネシウムが5.3mg、カルシウムが13mg析出していた。このときの流入養豚廃水中の各成分の濃度は、リンが830mg/L、 マグネシウムが310mg/L、カルシウムが900mg/Lであった(表7)。結晶構造解析の結果、析出物の主成分はMAPであることがわかった(図6)。カソード上の析出物の写真を図7に示す。
流入養豚廃水、流出処理水(交換後の廃水ボトル内の液体)、およびカソード析出物の元素分析をおこなった。養豚廃水、処理水、カソードの一部、布製セパレーターの一部、およびアノードの一部を硝酸を用いたマイクロウェーブ分解に供し、全分解をおこなった。ICP−MS(7500C、Agilent)を用いて、分解溶液の元素分析をおこなった。
電池の電圧はデータ自動収集能力を持つデジタルマルチメータ (midi LOGGER GL200A、 グラフテック株式会社) で測定・記録をおこなった。
実施例3と同じ生物反応槽を用いて、人工廃水からのMAP生成試験を行った。ただし、カーボンロッドとカソードの接触を避けるためのセパレーターのサイズを小さくした。人工廃水は、NaH2PO4 10mM 、MgCl2 10mM、NH4Cl 20mMを含んでいた。また、有機物源として、終濃度で33mg/Lのグルコース、及び同じく終濃度で33mg/Lの乳酸ナトリウムを添加した。さらにビタミン(ビオチン2mg/L、葉酸2mg/L、ピリドキシン塩酸塩10mg/L、リボフラビン5mg/L、チアミン5mg/L、ニコチン酸5mg/L、パントテン酸5mg/L、シアノコバラミン1mg/L、3−アミノ安息香酸5mg/L、チオクト酸 5mg/L)およびミネラル(ニトリロ3酢酸(NTA)15mg/L、MnSO4・H2O 5mg/L、NaCl 10mg/L、FeSO4・7H2O 1mg/L、CaCl2・2H2O 1mg/L、CoCl2・6H2O 1mg/L、ZnCl2 1.3mg/L、CuSO4・5H2O 0.1mg/L、AlK(SO4)2・12H2O 0.1mg/L、H3BO3 0.1mg/L、Na2MoO4 0.25mg/L、NiCl2・6H2O 0.24mg/L、Na2WO4・2H2O 0.25mg/L)を含む液を加え、pHを7に調整したHEPESバッファーを終濃度100mMになるように添加した。微生物を含まない生物反応槽に上記溶液を投入し、ポンプを動かしてしばらく溶液を循環させたが、結晶の析出は確認できなかった。
2,12,22 生物反応槽
3,13,23 アノード
5,15,25 カソード
7 カーボンフェルト
Claims (3)
- 一対の電極と、有機物等を含む廃水と、前記有機物を分解して電子を放出する細胞外電子伝達能を有する微生物とを備える微生物燃料電池において、
前記電極の負極上に前記微生物を含むバイオフィルムが形成されるとともに、
除去後の目標最終リン濃度をx[mol/L]、前記廃水中における初期のリン濃度をx+a[mol/L]、マグネシウム濃度y+a[mol/L]、アンモニア濃度z+a[mol/L]としたときに、1.0×10−8≦x×y×z≦1.0×10−3[mol/L]3を満たすことを特徴とする微生物燃料電池。 - 前記微生物は、前記電極に電子を伝達するメディエータの添加を不要とする細菌を一種以上含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の微生物燃料電池。
- 前記請求項1または2に記載のいずれかの微生物燃料電池を用いて、正極側にリン含有析出物を製造する方法。
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