JP5899231B2 - 液体水素および電気の生成方法 - Google Patents
液体水素および電気の生成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 203
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 203
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 190
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 title claims description 71
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 51
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 68
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 claims 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
a)天然ガス供給を受け、天然ガスを改質して水素含有ガス(hydrogen-comprising gas)を生成するように構成されているガス改質ユニットと、
b)水素含有ガスにおける水素の少なくとも一部を受け、水素を変換して電気を生成するように構成されている発電ユニットと、
c)水素含有ガスにおける水素の一部を受け、水素を液化して液体水素を生成するように構成されている水素液化ユニットであって、動作の間、発電ユニットによって生成される電気の少なくとも一部によって、給電される、水素液化ユニットと、
を備えており、
本システムが液体水素および/または電気を移出(export)するように構成されている動作の間、
i)第1期間において、天然ガスをガス改質ユニットに供給し、液体水素を移出するように本システムを動作させ、
ii)第2期間において、天然ガスをガス改質ユニットに供給し、電気を移出するように本システムを動作させる。
液体水素および/または電気を生成するのに適した本システムは、少なくとも、ガス改質ユニットを備えている。このガス改質ユニットは、天然ガス供給を受け、天然ガスを改質して水素含有ガスを生成するように構成されている。このガス改質ユニットは、天然ガスを水素含有ガスに改質するのに適したユニットであればいずれでもよい。このようなユニットの例には、水蒸気メタン改質装置、自己熱改質装置(autothermal reformer)、部分的酸化改質装置、および触媒部分的酸化改質装置が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。天然ガスの改質は、天然ガス、特に天然ガスにおけるメタンを、酸素、水蒸気、および/または二酸化炭素と反応させて水素を得て、更に任意に一酸化炭素および/または二酸化炭素を得ることによって、行うことができる。通例では、水素含有ガスは、水素と、一酸化炭素および二酸化炭素の内少なくとも一方とを含む混合気であり、合成ガスと呼ばれることが多い。この水素含有ガスにおける水素含有量は、合成ガスを水性ガス転化反応器(water-gas-shift reactor)にかけることによって増大させることができ、一酸化炭素の一部が水蒸気によって水素と二酸化炭素とに変換される。特定的な一実施形態では、天然ガスを水蒸気によって改質する場合、反応から水素を抜き取り(withdraw)、これによって反応器における平衡を、水素および一酸化炭素の代わりに、水素および二酸化炭素の生成に向けて移行させることによって、得られた水素含有ガスにおける水素含有量を増大させることができる。このようなプロセスが記載されているEP2035329を引用する。この特許文献をここで引用したことにより、その内容全体が本願にも含まれるものとする。
液体水素および/または電気を生成するのに適した本システムは、更に、発電ユニットを備えている。この発電ユニットは、水素含有ガスにおける水素の少なくとも一部を受け、この水素を変換して電気を生成するように構成されている。改質ユニットから得られた水素含有ガスにおける水素は、少なくとも部分的に発電ユニットに供給され、好ましくは酸素によって燃焼させられ電力を生成する。発電ユニットは、燃料水素によって発電することができるユニットまたはシステムであればいずれでもよい。発電ユニットは、水素の直接燃焼によって発電し、機械式発電機に給電するユニットまたはシステムであってもよい。このようなシステムの例には、複合サイクル発電機が含まれ、動作の間、発電機を駆動するように構成されたガス・タービンにおける酸素との直接燃焼によって水素を電気に変換する。更に、このようなシステムの例には、従来のボイラー型発電機も含まれる。好ましくは、複合サイクル発電機を使用する。あるいは、発電ユニットは、水素供給燃料電池型発電機(hydrogen fuelled fuel cell-based power generator)のような、水素の間接燃焼によって発電するユニットまたはシステムであってもよく、燃料電池内において、水素を酸化性物質、好ましくは酸素と間接的に燃焼させる。
水素含有ガスの燃焼に基づく発電は、当技術分野では周知であり、これ以上説明する必要はない。
Claims (10)
- 水素および電気を生成する方法であって、液体水素および/または電気を生成するのに適したシステムを設けるステップを備えており、前記システムが、少なくとも、
a)天然ガス供給を受け、天然ガスを改質して水素含有ガスを生成するように構成されるガス改質ユニットと、
b)前記水素含有ガスにおける水素の少なくとも一部を受け、該水素を変換して電気を生成するように構成される発電ユニットと、
c)前記水素含有ガスにおける前記水素の一部を受け、該水素を液化して液体水素を生成するように構成される水素液化ユニットであって、動作の間、前記発電ユニットによって生成される前記電気の少なくとも一部によって、給電される、前記水素液化ユニットと、
を備えており、
前記システムが、液体水素および/または電気を移出するように構成される動作の間、
i)第1期間において、天然ガスを前記ガス改質ユニットに供給し、液体水素を移出するように前記システムを動作させ、
ii)第2期間において、天然ガスを前記ガス改質ユニットに供給し、電気を移出するように前記システムを動作させ、
前記第1期間は、外部電力需要が低いオフピーク時間に関係し、
前記第2期間は、前記外部電力需要が高いピーク時間に関係する、方法。 - 請求項1記載の方法において、前記第1期間において、追加の電気を移入する、方法。
- 請求項1記載の方法において、
i)前記第1期間において、液体水素および電気を移出するように前記システムを動作させ、
ii)前記第2期間において、電気を移出するように前記システムを動作させる、方法。 - 請求項1記載の方法において、
i)前記第1期間において、液体水素および電気を移出するように前記システムを動作させ、
ii)前記第2期間において、液体水素および電気を移出するように前記システムを動作させる、方法。 - 請求項1から4のいずれか1項記載の方法において、前記第1期間において、液体水素および/または電気を生成するのに適した前記システムを、少なくとも基準負荷条件で動作させる、方法。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか1項記載の方法において、前記第1期間が、低外部電気需要の期間と重複する、方法。
- 請求項1から6のいずれか1項記載の方法において、液体水素および/または電気を生成するのに適した前記システムが、水素を含有するガスから水素を分離するのに適し、且つ、前記水素含有ガスの少なくとも一部を受けて水素を前記液化ユニットに供給するように構成される分離ユニットを更に備える、方法。
- 請求項1から7のいずれか1項記載の方法において、動作の間、水蒸気改質プロセスまたは部分的酸化プロセスによって、前記天然ガスを改質して水素含有ガスを生成する、方法。
- 請求項1から8のいずれか1項記載の方法において、動作の間、発電機を駆動するように構成されたガス・タービンにおける酸素との直接燃焼によって、または燃料電池における酸素との間接的燃焼によって、前記水素を電気に変換する、方法。
- 請求項8または9記載の方法において、部分的酸化プロセスによって水素含有ガスを生成するために前記天然ガスを改質し、発電機を駆動するように構成されたガス・タービンにおける酸素との直接燃焼によって水素を電気に変換し、液体水素および/または電気を生成するのに適した前記システムが、分離ユニットであって、空気を酸素濃厚部分と酸素希薄部分とに分離するのに適しており、且つ、空気を受け、この空気を分離して酸素濃厚部分の少なくとも一部を部分的酸化プロセスに供給すると共に、酸素希薄部分の少なくとも一部を前記ガス・タービンに供給するように構成される、分離ユニットを更に備える、方法。
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