US20060207178A1 - Renewable energy operated hydrogen reforming system - Google Patents

Renewable energy operated hydrogen reforming system Download PDF

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US20060207178A1
US20060207178A1 US10/544,737 US54473704A US2006207178A1 US 20060207178 A1 US20060207178 A1 US 20060207178A1 US 54473704 A US54473704 A US 54473704A US 2006207178 A1 US2006207178 A1 US 2006207178A1
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hydrogen
production system
reformer
hydrogen production
compressor
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Michael Hsu
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ZTEK Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
    • B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
    • B01J8/062—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes being installed in a furnace
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
    • B01J19/248—Reactors comprising multiple separated flow channels
    • B01J19/249—Plate-type reactors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/342—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents with the aid of electrical means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, or particle radiations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
    • C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
    • C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
    • H01M8/04208—Cartridges, cryogenic media or cryogenic reservoirs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
    • H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00504—Controlling the temperature by means of a burner
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/02—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor with stationary particles
    • B01J2208/021—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor with stationary particles comprising a plurality of beds with flow of reactants in parallel
    • B01J2208/022—Plate-type reactors filled with granular catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
    • B01J2219/2401—Reactors comprising multiple separate flow channels
    • B01J2219/245—Plate-type reactors
    • B01J2219/2476—Construction materials
    • B01J2219/2477—Construction materials of the catalysts
    • B01J2219/2481—Catalysts in granular from between plates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
    • C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
    • C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0861—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas by plasma
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
    • C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
    • C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
    • C01B2203/1052—Nickel or cobalt catalysts
    • C01B2203/1058—Nickel catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/12—Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1205—Composition of the feed
    • C01B2203/1211—Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/1235—Hydrocarbons
    • C01B2203/1241—Natural gas or methane
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/84—Energy production
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/86—Carbon dioxide sequestration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a hydrogen reforming plant for producing hydrogen. More particularly, the present invention relates to a hydrogen production plant that utilizes a renewable energy source for hydrogen compression and energy storage.
  • Hydrogen is an ideal candidate for replacing fossil fuel because it can be readily made available from domestic renewable resources. Hydrogen is also nonpolluting, storable, transportable and clean, making it a valuable fuel. However, the lack of cost-effective hydrogen storage and transport particularly for an onboard vehicular system, is a major impediment to its widespread use. Improvements in the energy densities of hydrogen storage systems, reductions in cost, and increased compatibility with available and forecasted systems are required before viable hydrogen energy use will be realized.
  • the storage of hydrogen fuel also poses many problems.
  • To store hydrogen the hydrogen must be stored under pressure, at low temperature, or both, which may require a significant amount of energy to create sufficiently high pressures and low temperatures.
  • the requirement of additional energy for storage reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of producing and storing hydrogen.
  • the present invention provides a system and method for utilizing a renewable resource, such as wind energy or solar energy, for the compression or refrigeration of hydrogen as means for energy storage.
  • a renewable resource such as wind energy or solar energy
  • the compressed hydrogen may comprise a form of mechanical energy storage and furthermore gains an added value as a transportable fuel for vehicle use.
  • a hydrogen production system includes a reformer for producing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel, a compressor for compressing the hydrogen produced by the reformer into a compressed state, a renewable energy source for converting a renewable resource into electricity for powering the compressor and a storage device for storing the compressed hydrogen from the compressor.
  • a hydrogen production system comprising a catalytic reformer, an electric source, a compressor and a storage device.
  • the catalytic reformer produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel using one of an endothermic reforming process and steam generation.
  • the electric source provides thermal energy for at least one of the endothermic reforming process and the steam generation.
  • the compressor compresses the hydrogen produced by the reformer.
  • the storage device stories the compressed or liquefied hydrogen from the compressor.
  • a hydrogen production system comprising a catalytic reformer, a compressor and a storage device.
  • the catalytic reformer produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel and the compressor compresses the hydrogen produced by the reformer into one of a compressed and a liquefied state.
  • the storage device stores the compressed or liquefied hydrogen from the compressor.
  • the compressed hydrogen is pumped to a hydrogen tank of a vehicle and stored as a mechanical energy source and a chemical energy source.
  • a hydrogen production system comprising a reformer, an electrolyser, one or more compressors, one or more renewable energy sources and one or more storage devices.
  • the reformer produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the electrolyser produces additional hydrogen by electrolysis.
  • the compressors compress the hydrogen produced by the reformer and the electrolyser and the renewable energy sources convert a renewable resource to electricity for powering the electrolyser and the compressor.
  • the storage devices store the compressed hydrogen from the compressor.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a hydrogen production system according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the on-board components of a hydrogen powered vehicle suitable for implementing an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a hydrogen production system providing levered production of hydrogen using the combination of a chemical reformer and electrolysis according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides an efficient, low cost hydrogen production system that utilizes renewable energy sources.
  • the invention will be described below relative to an illustrative embodiment. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be implemented in a number of different applications and embodiments and is not specifically limited in its application to the particular embodiment depicted herein.
  • renewable source or “renewable energy source” refers to any energy source with a natural replenishment rate that augments its own stock (or biomass) at a non-negligible rate.
  • Renewable resources are generally capable of being replenished at least as fast as the renewable resource is used, although this need not be the case.
  • Renewable sources include, but are not limited to, wind, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass, waste, wave energy and hydro energy.
  • nonrenewable energy sources draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle.
  • renewable energy converter refers to a system or device that converts a renewable resource to another form of energy, such as electricity.
  • the term “reforming”, and the like, refers to a chemical process that reacts hydrogen-containing fuels in the presence of steam, oxygen or both into a hydrogen-rich gas stream.
  • electrolysis refers to an electrochemical process that dissociates water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity.
  • compress refers to a process of increasing the pressure of hydrogen ton make the hydrogen suitable for storage.
  • liquefy refers to a process of compressing hydrogen, which may incorporate refrigeration to reach a lower temperature, into a liquefied state and is intended to be included in the term “compress”.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a hydrogen production system 100 according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • the system 100 comprises a fuel reformer 10 for producing hydrogen by converting an input fuel, fed from an input fuel supply 15 , into a hydrogen gas in a process known as “reforming”.
  • the system includes a hydrogen compressor 20 for compressing the hydrogen gas produced by the reformer 10 into a compressed or liquefied state by increasing the pressure and/or reducing the temperature of the hydrogen.
  • the system 100 further includes a hydrogen storage device 30 for storing the hydrogen after compression.
  • the storage device 30 can include any appropriate storage media suitable for storing or transporting hydrogen.
  • a renewable energy converter such as a windmill 40 , photovoltaic cell or other source known in the art, is used to convert a renewable source, such as wind, solar energy, a geothermal resource, biomass, waste, wave energy and hydro energy, to electricity to power the hydrogen compressor 20 .
  • a renewable source such as wind, solar energy, a geothermal resource, biomass, waste, wave energy and hydro energy
  • the illustrative hydrogen production system 100 further produces hydrogen with little or no emission produced as a byproduct.
  • the hydrogen production system 100 is further capable of at least partial or total sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which provides additional environmental benefits.
  • the rate of hydrogen generation from the system 100 may be regulated according to the power available from the renewable energy converter 40 , resulting in a more efficient, cost effective and capacity augmented hydrogen generation and storage system 100 based on renewable energy.
  • the reformer 10 may comprise catalytic reformer that produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel using one of an endothermic reforming process and steam generation.
  • the reformer may be a steam reformer, autothermal reformer, partial oxidation reformer or other suitable device known in the art for separating hydrogen from hydrocarbons, for example, in a hydrocarbon fuel, to produce hydrogen, such as the autothermal cyclic reforming (ACR) process developed by General Electric Energy and Environmental.
  • the input fuel that the reformer 10 uses to produce hydrogen may comprise a hydrocarbon fuel, such as, but not limited to, natural gas (methane), liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, and carbonous fuels, such as coal.
  • the hydrogen can be inexpensively produced by a thermal reforming process using natural gas at less than half of the price of producing hydrogen by electrolysis.
  • Another advantage of the use of a reformer 10 using natural gas to produce hydrogen is that the natural gas may be already available on site.
  • the on-site generation of hydrogen using a continuous pipeline supply of natural gas, or by other known means for delivering available hydrocarbon fuel using existing infrastructure reduces the needs for massive on-site storage and fleets of hydrogen trucks, which tend to impose sensitive safety considerations and inhibit wide adoptions of the bulk usage of hydrogen.
  • the reformer 10 comprises a steam reformer, which converts methane (and other hydrocarbons in natural gas) into hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reaction with steam over a nickel catalyst.
  • Conventional steam reformers currently in wide commercial use comprise a reformer section consisting of a catalyst material, which promotes the reforming reaction and a burner to supply heat for the endothermic reforming reaction.
  • a steam source is typically connected to the reformer section to provide steam by vaporizing water.
  • the renewable energy converter may function as an electric source for providing thermal energy for an endothermic reforming process and/or steam generation.
  • the heating requirement for the thermal reforming process can be supplied with the electricity derived from a source using the renewable energy converter 40 or the heating derived by consuming hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production system 100 .
  • the thermal energy for the endothermic reforming process performed by the reformer 10 may also be supplied from a renewable energy converter, such as the renewable energy converter 40 shown in FIG. 1 , in electrical or thermal forms.
  • electricity derived from the renewable energy source may be used to supply heat to produce steam for a steam reforming process.
  • the use of renewable energy to supply heat to the thermal reforming process also presents advantages over electrolysis, including increased efficiency.
  • the reforming process can also be carried out utilizing renewable energy in an electrical discharge plasma process, such as that marketed by Wangtec of New Jersey.
  • the reformer 10 produces hydrogen using electricity derived from the renewable energy source by performing an electric discharge plasma process to reform a hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen.
  • the reformer 10 comprises a tubular reformer containing multiple tubes, which are normally made of refractory metal alloys.
  • Each tube contains a packed granular or pelletized material having a suitable reforming catalyst as a surface coating.
  • the tube diameter typically varies from between 9 cm and 16 cm, and the heated length of the tube is normally between 6 and 12 meters.
  • a combustion zone is provided external to the tubes, and is typically formed in the burner.
  • the tube surface temperature is maintained by the burner in the range of 900° C. to ensure that the hydrocarbon fuel flowing inside the tube is properly catalyzed with steam at a temperature of between about 500° C. and about 700° C.
  • This traditional tube reformer relies upon conduction and convection heat transfer within the tube to distribute heat for reforming. Examples of suitable plate-type reformers for thermal enhancement are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,314, 5,693,201 and 6,183,703, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • the compressor 20 may comprise any suitable device known in the art for compressing hydrogen gasp into a compressed or liquefied state suitable for storage, using energy derived from a renewable source. According to one embodiment, the compressor 20 operates by increasing the pressure of the hydrogen gas.
  • the compressor may comprise a mechanical compressor, a thermal hydride compressor, a magnetic compressor, a magneto-caloric compressor or other suitable device known in the art. Powered by energy produced by the renewable energy converter 40 , the illustrative compressor 20 compresses and stores the hydrogen at a pressure of up to 50,000 psi.
  • the hydrogen gas may also be liquefied for bulk storage under a cryogenic state at a temperature of between about 15-35° K.
  • the compressed hydrogen formed using a renewable-source and the renewable energy converter 40 is a form of mechanical energy storage and furthermore gains an added value as a transportable fuel for vehicle use.
  • the compressed hydrogen may also provide a source of mechanical power that is stored in the hydrogen during the compression process.
  • the energy content of the high-pressure hydrogen state of 10,000 psi can reach a ratio of 1:2 between the compression energy and the chemical component.
  • Mechanical energy for compression, if utilized and recovered thermodynamically or electrochemically, represents a significant increase of energy density in the hydrogen fuel for transportation use.
  • the renewable energy converter 40 may comprise any suitable device that converts a renewable source, such as wind energy, solar energy, a geothermal resource, biomass, waste, wave energy, hydro energy and so on, into electricity for use by the compressor 20 .
  • a renewable source such as wind energy, solar energy, a geothermal resource, biomass, waste, wave energy, hydro energy and so on
  • the electricity derived by the renewable energy converter 40 may also be supplied to the reformer 10 to enhance the reforming process.
  • Suitable renewable energy converters include, but are not limited to, windmills, which convert wind energy to electricity and photovoltaic devices, which convert solar energy to electricity.
  • the hydrogen gas can be dispensed from the storage tank 30 through a dispenser or from the tank itself to any suitable device or system, such as a hydrogen consumption device.
  • a hydrogen consumption device such as a hydrogen consumption device.
  • the thus produced hydrogen may be used as a mechanical energy source and/or a chemical energy source for the hydrogen consumption device.
  • the hydrogen consumption device is a hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle 200 having an on-board fuel cell 250 that produces electricity to power the vehicle from the electrochemical reaction between a hydrogen-containing fuel and oxygen from the air.
  • the mobile vehicle may be a truck, bus, automobile, marine vessel, submarine, airplane and spacecraft, train or the like.
  • the hydrogen formed according to the teachings of the invention may be pipe transported to users.
  • the hydrogen from the hydrogen storage tank 30 of the hydrogen production system 100 may be vehicle transported to users.
  • the renewable energy provided by the renewable energy converter 40 can also be used for hydrogen liquefaction for an increased range of commercial distribution.
  • This economically viable model is applicable for the size of a filling station or for the central hydrogen production with proper siting considerations.
  • the compressed hydrogen formed using renewable energy sources may be pumped to the hydrogen tank 210 of the vehicle 200 in the form of stored mechanical energy, which can then be converted to shaft power.
  • the converted shaft power may be used for direct propulsion of the vehicle or for electrical generation using an electrical generator 220 and in turn to provide propulsion to the vehicle.
  • the stored high-pressure hydrogen produced according to the teachings of the present invention can also be used for direct electrical power generation in a high-pressure fuel cell for the full utilization of the mechanical and chemical energies associated with the stored hydrogen.
  • the mechanical energy related to the pressure becomes comparable to the chemical energy of the fuel.
  • An efficient vehicle design therefore utilizes the mechanical energy stored in the fuel due to compression.
  • a small size expander 240 of turbo or reciprocating machinery, can be used to generate shaft power that in turn can provide mechanical or electrical energy to supplement the propulsion of the vehicle 200 .
  • renewable energy in hydrogen production for hydrogen reforming and/or compression provides an economic, clean and transportable hydrogen fuel with enhanced energy density in storage.
  • the present invention provides a hydrogen production system 300 for mixed used of conventional hydrocarbon fuel with one or more renewable energy converters 340 .
  • conventional chemical reforming may be used for leveled hydrogen generation capacity, together with electrolysis using electricity derived from renewable energy sources.
  • the hydrogen production system 300 of FIG. 3 includes an input fuel, supply 315 for providing a hydrocarbon fuel to a reformer 310 , which reforms the hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen.
  • the renewable energy converter 340 converts a renewable energy source into electricity to power an electrolyser 350 , which produces hydrogen using the electricity generated by the renewable energy converter 340 .
  • the hydrogen from both the reformer 310 and the electrolyser 350 are provided to a hydrogen compressor 320 which compresses the hydrogen gas provided by the reformer 310 and the electrolyser 350 into a compressed state.
  • the compressor 320 may be powered using additional electricity derived from the renewable energy converter 340 .
  • the system 300 further includes a hydrogen storage device 330 for storing the hydrogen after compression.
  • the storage device 330 can include any appropriate storage media suitable for storing or transporting hydrogen.
  • the reformer 310 contributes over 50% of the hydrogen produced by the system 300 on an average time basis, while the electrolyser 350 produces, on average, less than about 50% of the hydrogen produced by the system 300 .
  • the invention is not limited to this allotments and that the electrolyser 350 and the reformer 310 may produce any suitable portion of the hydrogen produced by the system 300 .
  • the hydrogen production system 300 of FIG. 3 compensates for the natural fluctuations of the availability of the renewable energy supply, i.e. the daily, seasonal or weather variations of wind and solar intensity. As shown, the system 300 improves the plant utilization, efficiency and the associated economics, by supplementing a hydrogen reforming operation using conventional hydrocarbon fuels.
  • the mixed use of conventional hydrocarbon fuel together with a renewable energy sources provides an optimal balance among economic, environmental benefits, and commercial dependability.

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Abstract

An application applying mixed use of conventional hydrocarbon fuel with renewable energy sources for hydrogen production presents an optimal balance between economics and environmental benefits for any long-range implementations. A hydrogen production system incorporates the use of electricity from renewable sources in hydrogen reforming plants for various functions to achieve better environmental performance. The hydrogen production system includes the compression of hydrogen for high-pressure storage and an electrical heating supply for an endothermic reforming process of producing hydrogen from an input fuel. The compressed hydrogen, produced using renewable energy sources, also provides a means of stored mechanical energy, Another hydrogen production system utilizes a conventional chemical reforming process to provide leveled hydrogen generation together with electrolysis from the fluctuating renewable energy sources, which also provides low cost hydrogen generation, good environmental performance and commercial dependability.

Description

    RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • The present invention claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial Number 60/449,131 entitled “RENEWABLE ENERGY OPERATED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM”, filed Feb. 21, 2003 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/445,485 entitled “RENEWABLE ENERGY OPERATED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM”, filed Feb. 6, 2003, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a hydrogen reforming plant for producing hydrogen. More particularly, the present invention relates to a hydrogen production plant that utilizes a renewable energy source for hydrogen compression and energy storage.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Hydrogen is an ideal candidate for replacing fossil fuel because it can be readily made available from domestic renewable resources. Hydrogen is also nonpolluting, storable, transportable and clean, making it a valuable fuel. However, the lack of cost-effective hydrogen storage and transport particularly for an onboard vehicular system, is a major impediment to its widespread use. Improvements in the energy densities of hydrogen storage systems, reductions in cost, and increased compatibility with available and forecasted systems are required before viable hydrogen energy use will be realized.
  • One traditional means for generating hydrogen involves electrolysis. In this process, an electrical current is applied to split water into hydrogen at a cathode and oxygen at an anode. However, hydrogen production using electricity by electrolysis is expensive.
  • The storage of hydrogen fuel also poses many problems. To store hydrogen, the hydrogen must be stored under pressure, at low temperature, or both, which may require a significant amount of energy to create sufficiently high pressures and low temperatures. The requirement of additional energy for storage reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of producing and storing hydrogen.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides a system and method for utilizing a renewable resource, such as wind energy or solar energy, for the compression or refrigeration of hydrogen as means for energy storage. The compressed hydrogen may comprise a form of mechanical energy storage and furthermore gains an added value as a transportable fuel for vehicle use.
  • According to one aspect of the invention, a hydrogen production system is provided. The hydrogen production system includes a reformer for producing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel, a compressor for compressing the hydrogen produced by the reformer into a compressed state, a renewable energy source for converting a renewable resource into electricity for powering the compressor and a storage device for storing the compressed hydrogen from the compressor.
  • According to another aspect of the invention, a hydrogen production system comprising a catalytic reformer, an electric source, a compressor and a storage device is provided. The catalytic reformer produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel using one of an endothermic reforming process and steam generation. The electric source provides thermal energy for at least one of the endothermic reforming process and the steam generation. The compressor compresses the hydrogen produced by the reformer. The storage device stories the compressed or liquefied hydrogen from the compressor.
  • According to another aspect of the invention, a hydrogen production system comprising a catalytic reformer, a compressor and a storage device is provided. The catalytic reformer produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel and the compressor compresses the hydrogen produced by the reformer into one of a compressed and a liquefied state. The storage device stores the compressed or liquefied hydrogen from the compressor. The compressed hydrogen is pumped to a hydrogen tank of a vehicle and stored as a mechanical energy source and a chemical energy source.
  • According to yet another aspect of the invention, a hydrogen production system comprising a reformer, an electrolyser, one or more compressors, one or more renewable energy sources and one or more storage devices is provided. The reformer produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel. The electrolyser produces additional hydrogen by electrolysis. The compressors compress the hydrogen produced by the reformer and the electrolyser and the renewable energy sources convert a renewable resource to electricity for powering the electrolyser and the compressor. The storage devices store the compressed hydrogen from the compressor.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a hydrogen production system according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the on-board components of a hydrogen powered vehicle suitable for implementing an illustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a hydrogen production system providing levered production of hydrogen using the combination of a chemical reformer and electrolysis according to one embodiment of the present invention.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides an efficient, low cost hydrogen production system that utilizes renewable energy sources. The invention will be described below relative to an illustrative embodiment. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be implemented in a number of different applications and embodiments and is not specifically limited in its application to the particular embodiment depicted herein.
  • As used herein, the term “renewable source” or “renewable energy source” refers to any energy source with a natural replenishment rate that augments its own stock (or biomass) at a non-negligible rate. Renewable resources are generally capable of being replenished at least as fast as the renewable resource is used, although this need not be the case. Renewable sources include, but are not limited to, wind, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass, waste, wave energy and hydro energy. In contrast, nonrenewable energy sources draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle.
  • The term “renewable energy converter” refers to a system or device that converts a renewable resource to another form of energy, such as electricity.
  • The term “reforming”, and the like, refers to a chemical process that reacts hydrogen-containing fuels in the presence of steam, oxygen or both into a hydrogen-rich gas stream.
  • The term “electrolysis”, and the like, refers to an electrochemical process that dissociates water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity.
  • The term “compress”, and the like, refers to a process of increasing the pressure of hydrogen ton make the hydrogen suitable for storage. The term “liquefy”, and the like, refers to a process of compressing hydrogen, which may incorporate refrigeration to reach a lower temperature, into a liquefied state and is intended to be included in the term “compress”.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a hydrogen production system 100 according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. The system 100 comprises a fuel reformer 10 for producing hydrogen by converting an input fuel, fed from an input fuel supply 15, into a hydrogen gas in a process known as “reforming”. The system includes a hydrogen compressor 20 for compressing the hydrogen gas produced by the reformer 10 into a compressed or liquefied state by increasing the pressure and/or reducing the temperature of the hydrogen. The system 100 further includes a hydrogen storage device 30 for storing the hydrogen after compression. The storage device 30 can include any appropriate storage media suitable for storing or transporting hydrogen.
  • A renewable energy converter, such as a windmill 40, photovoltaic cell or other source known in the art, is used to convert a renewable source, such as wind, solar energy, a geothermal resource, biomass, waste, wave energy and hydro energy, to electricity to power the hydrogen compressor 20. The use of a renewable source to provide the necessary energy for compressing the hydrogen into a state suitable for storage and transport in accordance with the teachings of the invention, coupled with use of thermal reforming for the hydrogen production, significantly reduces the overall cost involved in producing and storing hydrogen. The illustrative hydrogen production system 100 further produces hydrogen with little or no emission produced as a byproduct. The hydrogen production system 100 is further capable of at least partial or total sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2), which provides additional environmental benefits.
  • The rate of hydrogen generation from the system 100 may be regulated according to the power available from the renewable energy converter 40, resulting in a more efficient, cost effective and capacity augmented hydrogen generation and storage system 100 based on renewable energy.
  • The reformer 10 may comprise catalytic reformer that produces hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel using one of an endothermic reforming process and steam generation. For example, the reformer may be a steam reformer, autothermal reformer, partial oxidation reformer or other suitable device known in the art for separating hydrogen from hydrocarbons, for example, in a hydrocarbon fuel, to produce hydrogen, such as the autothermal cyclic reforming (ACR) process developed by General Electric Energy and Environmental. The input fuel that the reformer 10 uses to produce hydrogen may comprise a hydrocarbon fuel, such as, but not limited to, natural gas (methane), liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, and carbonous fuels, such as coal.
  • In an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the hydrogen can be inexpensively produced by a thermal reforming process using natural gas at less than half of the price of producing hydrogen by electrolysis. Another advantage of the use of a reformer 10 using natural gas to produce hydrogen is that the natural gas may be already available on site. In the present invention, the on-site generation of hydrogen using a continuous pipeline supply of natural gas, or by other known means for delivering available hydrocarbon fuel using existing infrastructure, reduces the needs for massive on-site storage and fleets of hydrogen trucks, which tend to impose sensitive safety considerations and inhibit wide adoptions of the bulk usage of hydrogen.
  • According to one embodiment, the reformer 10 comprises a steam reformer, which converts methane (and other hydrocarbons in natural gas) into hydrogen and carbon monoxide by reaction with steam over a nickel catalyst. Conventional steam reformers currently in wide commercial use comprise a reformer section consisting of a catalyst material, which promotes the reforming reaction and a burner to supply heat for the endothermic reforming reaction. A steam source is typically connected to the reformer section to provide steam by vaporizing water.
  • For improved environmental performance of the system, the renewable energy converter may function as an electric source for providing thermal energy for an endothermic reforming process and/or steam generation. The heating requirement for the thermal reforming process can be supplied with the electricity derived from a source using the renewable energy converter 40 or the heating derived by consuming hydrogen produced by the hydrogen production system 100. According to one embodiment, the thermal energy for the endothermic reforming process performed by the reformer 10 may also be supplied from a renewable energy converter, such as the renewable energy converter 40 shown in FIG. 1, in electrical or thermal forms. For example, electricity derived from the renewable energy source may be used to supply heat to produce steam for a steam reforming process. The use of renewable energy to supply heat to the thermal reforming process also presents advantages over electrolysis, including increased efficiency.
  • In another embodiment, the reforming process can also be carried out utilizing renewable energy in an electrical discharge plasma process, such as that marketed by Wangtec of New Jersey. In such as process the reformer 10 produces hydrogen using electricity derived from the renewable energy source by performing an electric discharge plasma process to reform a hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen.
  • According to another embodiment, the reformer 10 comprises a tubular reformer containing multiple tubes, which are normally made of refractory metal alloys. Each tube contains a packed granular or pelletized material having a suitable reforming catalyst as a surface coating. The tube diameter typically varies from between 9 cm and 16 cm, and the heated length of the tube is normally between 6 and 12 meters. A combustion zone is provided external to the tubes, and is typically formed in the burner. The tube surface temperature is maintained by the burner in the range of 900° C. to ensure that the hydrocarbon fuel flowing inside the tube is properly catalyzed with steam at a temperature of between about 500° C. and about 700° C. This traditional tube reformer relies upon conduction and convection heat transfer within the tube to distribute heat for reforming. Examples of suitable plate-type reformers for thermal enhancement are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,314, 5,693,201 and 6,183,703, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • The compressor 20 may comprise any suitable device known in the art for compressing hydrogen gasp into a compressed or liquefied state suitable for storage, using energy derived from a renewable source. According to one embodiment, the compressor 20 operates by increasing the pressure of the hydrogen gas. The compressor may comprise a mechanical compressor, a thermal hydride compressor, a magnetic compressor, a magneto-caloric compressor or other suitable device known in the art. Powered by energy produced by the renewable energy converter 40, the illustrative compressor 20 compresses and stores the hydrogen at a pressure of up to 50,000 psi. The hydrogen gas may also be liquefied for bulk storage under a cryogenic state at a temperature of between about 15-35° K.
  • In one application, the compressed hydrogen formed using a renewable-source and the renewable energy converter 40 is a form of mechanical energy storage and furthermore gains an added value as a transportable fuel for vehicle use. In addition to providing a source of chemical energy, the compressed hydrogen may also provide a source of mechanical power that is stored in the hydrogen during the compression process. The energy content of the high-pressure hydrogen state of 10,000 psi can reach a ratio of 1:2 between the compression energy and the chemical component. Mechanical energy for compression, if utilized and recovered thermodynamically or electrochemically, represents a significant increase of energy density in the hydrogen fuel for transportation use.
  • The renewable energy converter 40 may comprise any suitable device that converts a renewable source, such as wind energy, solar energy, a geothermal resource, biomass, waste, wave energy, hydro energy and so on, into electricity for use by the compressor 20. According to the present invention, the electricity derived by the renewable energy converter 40 may also be supplied to the reformer 10 to enhance the reforming process. Suitable renewable energy converters include, but are not limited to, windmills, which convert wind energy to electricity and photovoltaic devices, which convert solar energy to electricity.
  • The hydrogen gas can be dispensed from the storage tank 30 through a dispenser or from the tank itself to any suitable device or system, such as a hydrogen consumption device. The thus produced hydrogen may be used as a mechanical energy source and/or a chemical energy source for the hydrogen consumption device.
  • According to one practice, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the hydrogen consumption device is a hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle 200 having an on-board fuel cell 250 that produces electricity to power the vehicle from the electrochemical reaction between a hydrogen-containing fuel and oxygen from the air. The mobile vehicle may be a truck, bus, automobile, marine vessel, submarine, airplane and spacecraft, train or the like. According to one embodiment, the hydrogen formed according to the teachings of the invention may be pipe transported to users. Alternatively, the hydrogen from the hydrogen storage tank 30 of the hydrogen production system 100 may be vehicle transported to users.
  • The renewable energy provided by the renewable energy converter 40 can also be used for hydrogen liquefaction for an increased range of commercial distribution. This economically viable model is applicable for the size of a filling station or for the central hydrogen production with proper siting considerations. An area with ample wind, solar or hydropower, in addition to a supply of readily available natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons or other carbonous solid fuels, provides a desirable location for the renewable energy powered hydrogen reformer station 100 of the present invention.
  • Referring again to FIG. 2, in one embodiment, the compressed hydrogen formed using renewable energy sources may be pumped to the hydrogen tank 210 of the vehicle 200 in the form of stored mechanical energy, which can then be converted to shaft power. The converted shaft power may be used for direct propulsion of the vehicle or for electrical generation using an electrical generator 220 and in turn to provide propulsion to the vehicle. The stored high-pressure hydrogen produced according to the teachings of the present invention can also be used for direct electrical power generation in a high-pressure fuel cell for the full utilization of the mechanical and chemical energies associated with the stored hydrogen. As the compression pressure increases for improved energy density for hydrogen storage, the mechanical energy related to the pressure becomes comparable to the chemical energy of the fuel. An efficient vehicle design therefore utilizes the mechanical energy stored in the fuel due to compression. A small size expander 240, of turbo or reciprocating machinery, can be used to generate shaft power that in turn can provide mechanical or electrical energy to supplement the propulsion of the vehicle 200.
  • The use of renewable energy in hydrogen production for hydrogen reforming and/or compression according to the teachings of the invention provides an economic, clean and transportable hydrogen fuel with enhanced energy density in storage.
  • According to another application, shown in FIG. 3, the present invention provides a hydrogen production system 300 for mixed used of conventional hydrocarbon fuel with one or more renewable energy converters 340. For example, according to one embodiment, conventional chemical reforming may be used for leveled hydrogen generation capacity, together with electrolysis using electricity derived from renewable energy sources. As shown, the hydrogen production system 300 of FIG. 3 includes an input fuel, supply 315 for providing a hydrocarbon fuel to a reformer 310, which reforms the hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen. The renewable energy converter 340 converts a renewable energy source into electricity to power an electrolyser 350, which produces hydrogen using the electricity generated by the renewable energy converter 340. The hydrogen from both the reformer 310 and the electrolyser 350 are provided to a hydrogen compressor 320 which compresses the hydrogen gas provided by the reformer 310 and the electrolyser 350 into a compressed state. As shown, the compressor 320 may be powered using additional electricity derived from the renewable energy converter 340. The system 300 further includes a hydrogen storage device 330 for storing the hydrogen after compression. The storage device 330 can include any appropriate storage media suitable for storing or transporting hydrogen.
  • In an illustrative embodiment, the reformer 310 contributes over 50% of the hydrogen produced by the system 300 on an average time basis, while the electrolyser 350 produces, on average, less than about 50% of the hydrogen produced by the system 300. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to this allotments and that the electrolyser 350 and the reformer 310 may produce any suitable portion of the hydrogen produced by the system 300.
  • The hydrogen production system 300 of FIG. 3 compensates for the natural fluctuations of the availability of the renewable energy supply, i.e. the daily, seasonal or weather variations of wind and solar intensity. As shown, the system 300 improves the plant utilization, efficiency and the associated economics, by supplementing a hydrogen reforming operation using conventional hydrocarbon fuels. The mixed use of conventional hydrocarbon fuel together with a renewable energy sources provides an optimal balance among economic, environmental benefits, and commercial dependability.
  • The present invention has been described relative to an illustrative embodiment. Since certain changes may be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
  • It is also to be understood that the following claims are to cover all generic and specific features of the invention described herein, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.

Claims (30)

1. A hydrogen production system comprising:
a reformer for producing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel;
a compressor for compressing the hydrogen produced by the reformer into a compressed state;
a renewable energy source for converting a renewable resource into electricity for powering the compressor; and
a storage device for storing the compressed hydrogen from the compressor.
2. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the reformer is one of a steam reformer, an autothermal reformer, and a partial oxidation reformer.
3. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is selected from the group consisting of coal, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuel.
4. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the renewable resource comprises one of wind, solar, a geothermal resource, biomass, waste, wave energy and hydropower.
5. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the compressor is selected from the group consisting of a mechanical compressor, a thermal hydride compressor, a magnetic compressor and a magneto-caloric compressor.
6. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen is compressed and stored at a pressure of up to 50,000 psi.
7. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the compressor liquefies the hydrogen for bulk storage under a cryogenic state.
8. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen is pipe transported from the storage device to users.
9. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen is vehicle transported from the storage device to users.
10. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen is consumed on-site.
11. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen is used for fueling a hydrogen powered vehicle.
12. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the system produces substantially zero emission from the production of hydrogen and is capable of the total sequestration of CO2.
13. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the reformer uses thermal energy derived from the renewable resource in one of electrical form and thermal form.
14. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the reformer uses thermal energy derived from hydrogen produced by the said hydrogen production plant.
15. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the reformer uses electricity derived from renewable source to perform electric discharge plasma process for reforming hydrocarbon fuel for hydrogen production.
16. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein the compressed hydrogen is pumped to a hydrogen tank of a vehicle and stored as a mechanical energy source and a chemical energy source.
17. The hydrogen production system of claim 16, wherein the stored mechanical energy is converted to shaft power for direct propulsion of the vehicle.
18. The hydrogen production system of claim 16, wherein the stored mechanical energy is converted to shaft power for electrical generation using an electrical generator and in turn to provide propulsion to the vehicle.
19. The hydrogen production system of claim 16, wherein the stored compressed hydrogen is used for direct electrical power generation in a high pressure fuel cell for the full utilization of the mechanical and chemical energies associated with the stored hydrogen.
20. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein electricity derived from the renewable energy source is used to supply heat for the endothermic reforming process of the reformer.
21. The hydrogen production system of claim 1, wherein electricity derived from renewable energy source is used to supply heat to produce steam for the reforming process of the reformer.
22. A hydrogen production system, comprising:
a catalytic reformer for producing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel using one of an endothermic reforming process and steam generation;
an electric source for providing thermal energy for at least one of the endothermic reforming process and the steam generation;
a compressor for compressing the hydrogen produced by the reformer; and
a storage device for storing the compressed or liquefied hydrogen from the compressor.
23. A hydrogen production system comprising:
a catalytic reformer for producing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel;
a compressor for compressing the hydrogen produced by the reformer into one of a compressed and a liquefied state; and
a storage device for storing the compressed or liquefied hydrogen from the compressor, wherein the compressed hydrogen is pumped to a hydrogen tank of a vehicle and stored as a mechanical energy source and a chemical energy source.
24. The hydrogen production system of claim 23, wherein the stored mechanical energy is converted to shaft power for direct propulsion of the vehicle.
25. The hydrogen production system of claim 23, wherein the stored mechanical energy is converted to shaft power for electrical generation using an electrical generator and in turn to provide propulsion to the vehicle.
26. The hydrogen production system of claim 23, wherein the stored compressed hydrogen is used for direct electrical power generation in a high pressure fuel cell for the full utilization of the mechanical and chemical energies associated with the stored hydrogen.
27. A hydrogen production system comprising:
a reformer for producing hydrogen from a hydrocarbon fuel;
an electrolyser for producing additional hydrogen by electrolysis;
one or more compressors for compressing the hydrogen produced by the reformer and the electrolyser;
one or more renewable energy sources for converting a renewable resource to electricity for powering the electrolysis and the compressor; and
one or more storage devices for storing the compressed hydrogen from the compressor.
28. The hydrogen production system of claim 27, wherein the reformer is selected, from the group consisting of: a steam reformer, an autothermal reformer and a partial oxidation reformer.
29. The hydrogen production system of claim 27, wherein the reformer operates to achieve leveled production of hydrogen as the electrolysis operates at a capacity depending on the availability of renewable energy supplies.
30. The hydrogen production system of claim 27, wherein the reformer contributes on a time average basis over 50% of the hydrogen production of the system and the electrolysis contributes less than 50% of the hydrogen production of the system.
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