JP5838965B2 - 発光素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
発光素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5838965B2 JP5838965B2 JP2012521472A JP2012521472A JP5838965B2 JP 5838965 B2 JP5838965 B2 JP 5838965B2 JP 2012521472 A JP2012521472 A JP 2012521472A JP 2012521472 A JP2012521472 A JP 2012521472A JP 5838965 B2 JP5838965 B2 JP 5838965B2
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 42
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 215
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 71
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 63
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 149
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 44
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 15
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000980 Aluminium gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000009694 cold isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001312 dry etching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum gallium Chemical compound [Al].[Ga] RNQKDQAVIXDKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N argon Substances [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 argon ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- NWAIGJYBQQYSPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidyneindigane Chemical compound [In]#N NWAIGJYBQQYSPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006392 deoxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007730 finishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002259 gallium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007517 polishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C04B35/443—Magnesium aluminate spinel
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- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/005—Processes
- H01L33/0062—Processes for devices with an active region comprising only III-V compounds
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/32—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures
- H01S5/323—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/32308—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser emitting light at a wavelength less than 900 nm
- H01S5/32341—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser emitting light at a wavelength less than 900 nm blue laser based on GaN or GaP
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Description
D=a×t1/2
0.1≦a≦3
の関係を有することが好ましい。
図1に示すように、本実施の形態の基板10は、たとえば主表面10aが直径4インチであり、スピネルからなるウェハである。基板10を構成するスピネルの組成としてはたとえばMgO・nAl2O3が挙げられる。
図3を参照して、本発明のスピネル焼結体である基板10の製造方法は、高純度スピネル粉末準備工程(S10)と成形工程(S20)と、焼結工程(S30)と加工工程(S40)とを備える。
D=a×t1/2
0.1≦a≦3
の関係を有することが好ましい。
図5を参照して、本発明による基板10の実施の形態2の製造方法を説明する。当該基板10の製造方法は、基本的には図3に示した高純度スピネル粉末準備工程(S10)〜加工工程(S40)と同様であるが、加工工程(S40)における研磨工程の内容が一部異なっている。具体的には、焼結体を切断して得られる基板10の下地について、図5に示すような研磨加工工程を実施する。ここでは、4段階の研磨を行なう。具体的には、粗研磨工程(s41)、中仕上げ研磨工程(S42)、仕上げ研磨工程(S43)、およびCMP工程(S44)を順に行なうことが好ましい。
図7を参照して、本発明による発光素子の実施の形態3を説明する。
まず、図8に示すように、構成材準備工程(S100)を実施する。この構成材準備工程(S100)では、上述した実施の形態2に示した製造方法を用いて、本発明によるスピネル製の基板10を準備する。また、発光素子の半導体層となるべき活性層20を含む半導体層をn型GaAs基板上に形成した、エピタキシャル構造体を準備する。当該エピタキシャル構造体は、図9に示すように、n型GaAs基板26と、当該n型GaAs基板26上に形成されたエッチングストップ層24と、エッチングストップ層24上に形成されたn型クラッド層22と、n型クラッド層22上に形成された活性層20と、活性層20上に形成されたp型クラッド層18と、p型クラッド層18上に形成されたp型オーミック接触エピタキシャル層16とから構成されている。上述した各層はそれぞれエピタキシャル成長法を用いて形成されている。
図11を参照して、本発明による発光素子の実施の形態4を説明する。
本発明の効果を確認するため、以下のような実験を行なった。
直径4インチで厚みが0.25mmのスピネル製の基板を4枚準備した。
上述のようにして準備した基板(保持基板)について、面精度の評価を行なった。また実際にスピネルとは異なる材質からなるウェハをスピネルからなる保持基板の主表面に常温接合し、目視で接合状態の評価を行なった。当該ウェハ(接合用ウェハ)は、接合状態の評価を容易にするために光を透過する材料からなるものを用いた。具体的には、接合用ウェハを構成する光透過性の材料として、ここではLiTaO3を用いた。
保持基板の主表面について、平面度測定・解析装置を用いてPLTVを測定した。なお、PLTVとしては、以下のような数値を用いた。すなわち、保持基板の主表面について縦5mm×横5mmの四角形状の複数の領域を設定し、当該複数の領域のうち、主表面の外周から3mmの範囲に入る領域を除いた部分である複数の評価対象領域(サイト)を想定した。当該評価対象領域について、LTV(Local Thickness Variation)が1.0μm以下となっている評価対象領域の割合をPLTVとした。サイトはオリエンテーションフラットに平行に設けることができる。LTVは、保持基板の裏面を基準とした高さの一サイトにおける最大値と最小値の差として表すことができる。
面精度の評価を行なった後、各基板の主表面に、直径が4インチ、厚みが0.5mmである光透過性の接合用ウェハを常温接合した。具体的には、接合用ウェハの表面にアルゴンイオンを照射することで当該接合用ウェハの表面を活性化し、その後接合用ウェハの当該表面にスピネルからなる保持基板の主表面を押圧することで常温接合した。そして、接合後の保持基板について、良好な接合状態の部分と接合不良が発生している部分とを目視で確認した。具体的には、接合不良が発生した部分には接合用ウェハの当該表面とスピネルからなる保持基板との間に空隙が形成されるため、良好な接合状態の部分より白っぽくなっているので、当該変色した部分を目視で確認した。
測定結果を図14〜図26に示す。図14〜図16は試料No.1の結果であり、図17〜図19は試料No.2の結果であり、図20〜図22は試料No.3の結果であり、図23〜図25は試料No.4の結果である。図14、図17、図20、図23は、それぞれ保持基板の主表面における凹凸の状態を3次元で示した模式図である。また、図15、図18、図21、図24は、それぞれ保持基板の主表面において設定された5mm角の複数の領域について、LTVが1.0μm以下となった領域を白く表示し、一方LTVが1.0μm超えとなった領域を黒く表示している。また、図16、図19、図22、図25は、接合後の基板(接合基板)の外観を示している。
上述した試料No.1〜4について、接合用ウェハを接合した後に当該接合基板をダイシングし、ダイシングにより得られたサンプルについてスピネルからなる保持基板と接合用ウェハとの間の接合力を調査した。
上記実験例1において形成した試料No.1〜4の保持基板を用いた接合基板を準備した。
準備した4枚の接合基板を、10mm×10mmという四角形状の複数の試料を切出すようにダイシングした。そして、10mm×10mmという四角形状の試料を各接合基板からそれぞれ10個ずつ取り出し、両表面を治具に接着して引張試験機でスピネルからなる保持基板と接合用ウェハとを180°方向に引き剥がして引張強度を測定した。
試料No.1および試料No.2の保持基板を用いた試料は、平均の引張強度が5MPaであった。一方、試料No.3および試料No.4の保持基板を用いた試料は、平均の引張強度が12MPaであった。このように、特にPLTVが90%以上となっていれば、接合された基板間の接合力(引張強度)が十分大きくなることが分かる。
Claims (8)
- 主表面を有し、前記主表面について、縦5mm×横5mmの四角形状の複数の領域を設定した場合、前記複数の領域のうち、前記主表面の外周から3mmの範囲に入る前記領域を除いた部分である複数の評価対象領域について、LTVが1.0μm以下となっている前記評価対象領域の割合を示すPLTVが90%以上であり、スピネルからなる基板と、前記基板の主表面に接着材料を用いることなく貼り合せて直接接合された発光層を含む半導体層とを有する発光素子の製造方法であって、
スピネル製の基板を準備し、前記半導体層をn型GaAs基板に形成してエピタキシャル構造体を準備する構成材準備工程と、
エピタキシャル構造体において基板と接合する面の表面を活性化して、基板の主表面と該当表面とを接触させて直接接合する貼り合わせ工程とを備える、発光素子の製造方法。 - 不透過性のn型GaAs基板を取り除く後処理工程をさらに備える、請求項1に記載の発光素子の製造方法。
- 前記スピネルの焼結体の組成がMgO・nAl2O3 (1.05≦n≦1.30)であり、Si元素の含有量が20ppm以下である、請求項1または2に記載の発光素子の製造方法。
- 前記焼結体は、厚さ1mmでの波長350nm以上450nm以下の光線による直線透過率が80%以上である、請求項3に記載の発光素子の製造方法。
- Si元素の含有量が50ppm以下であり、純度が99.5質量%以上であるスピネル粉末から成形体を形成する工程と、
前記成形体を真空中において1500℃以上1800℃以下で焼結することにより、密度95%以上の焼結体を形成する第1の焼結工程と、
前記焼結体を1600℃以上1900℃以下で加圧焼結する第2の焼結工程とを備える、請求項3に記載の発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記第1の焼結工程により形成する前記焼結体は、Si元素の含有量が20ppm以下である、請求項5に記載の発光素子の製造方法。
- 前記第1の焼結工程は、
圧力が50Pa以下で行ない、
前記焼結体の中心部から前記焼結体の外側までの最短の厚さをD(mm)とし、1000℃から最高温度に到達するまでの昇温時間をt分とするとき、
D=a×t1/2
0.1≦a≦3
の関係を有する、請求項5または6に記載の発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記第2の焼結工程の後に、前記焼結体をスライスする工程と、
前記スライスする工程により得られた基板の表面を、化学機械研磨法を用いて研磨する工程とをさらに備え、
前記研磨する工程では、定盤上に配置された研磨パッドと、前記研磨パッドと対向するように配置された研磨ヘッドとの間に前記基板が挟まれた状態で前記基板が研磨され、さらに、
前記研磨ヘッドと前記基板との間には前記研磨ヘッドより硬度の低い軟質層が配置されている、請求項5または6に記載の発光素子の製造方法。
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