JP5785090B2 - キノキサリン化合物及び半導体材料 - Google Patents
キノキサリン化合物及び半導体材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5785090B2 JP5785090B2 JP2011536737A JP2011536737A JP5785090B2 JP 5785090 B2 JP5785090 B2 JP 5785090B2 JP 2011536737 A JP2011536737 A JP 2011536737A JP 2011536737 A JP2011536737 A JP 2011536737A JP 5785090 B2 JP5785090 B2 JP 5785090B2
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- organic
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- quinoxaline compound
- quinoxaline
- solar cell
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 31
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical class N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 title 1
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzopyrazine Natural products N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- -1 quinoxaline compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
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- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- BOXSCYUXSBYGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;iron(3+) Chemical compound [Fe+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 BOXSCYUXSBYGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/003—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table without C-Metal linkages
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- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/22—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of auxiliary dielectric or reflective layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
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- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
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Description
a)有機ラジカルからなる電子輸送層を用いること(US特許第5,811,833号)。
b)分子のπ軌道の最適な重複を可能にする高次層を還元すること。
a)荷電粒子捕捉の発生を防止するための、材料の清浄及び緩やかな処理。
b)次の手段により有機層をドーピングする。
bb)有機材料(TNCQ:M. Maitrot et al., J. Appl. Phys. 60(7), 2396-2400 (1986)、F4TCNQ:M. Pfeiffer et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(22), 3202 (1998)、BEDT‐TTF:A. Nollau et al., J. Appl. Phys., 87(9), 4340 (2000)、ナフタレンジカルボン酸アミド:M. Thomson et al., 国際公開第03088271号、カチオン性ダイ:A. G. Werner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4495 (2003)、
cc)有機金属化合物(メタロセン:M. Thomson et al., 国際公開第03088271号)
dd)金属錯体(Ru0(terpy)3:K. Harada et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 036601 (2005)。
Rはそれぞれ、他と独立して、水素、C1‐C20アルキル(好ましくはメチル)、C1‐C20アルケニル、C1‐C20アルキニル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、オリゴアリール、オリゴヘテロアリール、オリゴアリールヘテロアリール、‐ORx、‐NRxRy、‐SRx、‐NO2、‐CHO、‐COORx、‐F、‐Cl、‐Br、‐I、‐CN、‐NC、‐SCN、‐OCN、‐SORx、‐SO2Rxから選択され、Rx及びRyがそれぞれ、C1‐C20アルキル、C1‐C20アルケニル及びC1‐C20アルキニルから選択されるか、あるいは、各配位子の1つまたはそれ以上のRは、縮合環系の一部である。
〔実施例A〕
リガンドである5‐ヒドロキシキノキサリンは、3B Scientific社から商業的に入手された。
次の化合物が合成された。
次の化合物が合成された。
〔実施例1〕
実施例Aのジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体を用いて、OLEDが作製された。ITO(インジウム‐スズ酸化物)で被覆した(ITO層の厚さが90nmである)ガラス基板は、エタノール、アセトン、及びイソプロパノールでそれぞれ5分間、超音波槽で純化された。そして、上記基板は、オゾンプラズマ中で5分間純化され、次いで吸引機へ移動される。高減圧下で、シャドーマスクの助けにより、有機層及び電極が上記基板上に蒸着される。それ故に、ITO表面は、後の電気的接続に対し自由に維持される。熱真空蒸着により、p‐ドープされた正孔輸送層がITO層上に堆積される(3wt%の4,4’,4”‐(1E,1’E,1”E)‐シクロプロパン‐1,2,3‐トリイリデントリス(シアノメタン‐1‐イル‐1‐イリデン)トリス(2,3,5,6‐テトラフルオロベンゾニトリル)でドープされた、60nmのNPD‐N,N’‐ジフェニル‐N,N’‐ビス(1‐ナフチル)‐1,1’‐ビフェニル‐4,4”‐ジアミン)。10nmのNPD層が、p‐ドープされた正孔輸送層上に蒸着された。これに続いて、市販の赤色ダイ(10%)でドープされた、20nm膜厚のルブレン発光層が設けられた。DCJTB(4‐(ジシアノメチレン)‐2‐tert‐ブチル‐6‐(1,1,7,7‐テトラメチルジュロリディル‐9‐エニル)‐4H‐ピラン)が赤色発光物として用いられ得る。上記発光層上に、10nm膜厚のZrキノキサリン化合物からなる層が蒸着された。これに続いて、60nm膜厚の、テトラキス(1,3,4,6,7,8‐ヘキサヒドロ‐2H‐ピリミド‐[1.2‐a]ピリミジナト)ジタングステン(II)(W(hpp)4)(10wt%)でドープされたジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体からなる層が設けられた。最後に、カソードとして、100nm膜厚のアルミニウム層が蒸着された。この実施例は、結果として、1000cd/m2での駆動電圧が2.15Vであった。
上述の実施例1に記載されたように、有機発光ダイオードを作製した。ただし、上記ジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体を4‐(ナフタレン‐1‐イル)‐2,7,9‐トリフェニルピリド[3.2‐h]キナゾリンに換えた。この例により、1000cd/m2での駆動電圧が2.45Vになった。
次のように、従来のCuPc‐C60太陽電池素子(“バルクヘテロ接合”)が作製された。実施例Aの上述のジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体を用いて、OLEDが作製された。ITOで被覆した(ITO層の厚さが90nmである)ガラス基板を、エタノール、アセトン、及びイソプロパノールでそれぞれ5分間、超音波槽で浄化された。そして、上記基板は、オゾンプラズマ中で5分間浄化され、次いで吸引機へ移動される。高減圧(10−3Pa未満の圧力)下で、熱真空蒸着により、F4‐TCNQ(5wt%)でドープされた10nm膜厚のCuPc、10nm膜厚の未ドープCuPc(銅フタロシアニン)、30nm膜厚の、C60におけるCuPcが1:2(w/w)である混合物、40nm膜厚の未ドープのC60層、ジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体からなる10nm膜厚の層、100nm膜厚のアルミニウムカソードが、この順序で設けられる。アルミニウムの蒸着に関し、蒸着チャンバー内の圧力は、有機層の蒸着に関する圧力よりも若干高いが、10‐2Paよりも低い。
実施例3に記載のように、有機太陽電池素子を作製した。ただし、ジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体に代えて、バソクプロイン(BCP)からなる10nm膜厚の層を用いた。
pn接合が安定である素子が、次のようにして、ITOアノード上に作製される。
a)2‐(6‐ジシアノメチレン‐1,3,4,5,7,8‐ヘキサフルオロ‐6H‐ナフタレン‐2‐イリデン)マロノニトリルでドープされた、p型ドープされた正孔輸送層としての50nm2,2’,7,7’‐テトラキス‐(N,N‐ジメチルフェニルアミノ)‐9,9’‐スピロビフルオレン(4%モル)
b)中間層としての10nmNPB、
c)20nmスピロ‐DPVBI、
d)10nm2,4,7,9‐テトラフェニル‐1,10‐フェナントロリン、
e)NDOPでドープされた、n型ドープされた電子輸送層としての45nmジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体(実施例A)(5%モル)、
f)2‐(6‐ジアミノメチレン‐1,3,4,5,7,8‐ヘキサフルオロ‐6H‐ナフタレン‐2‐イリデン)マロノニトリルでドープされた、p型ドープされた正孔輸送層としての50nm2,2’,7,7’‐テトラキス‐(N,N‐ジメチルフェニルアミノ)‐9,9’‐スピロビフルオレン(4%モル)、
g)中間層としての10nmNPB、
h)20nmスピロ‐DPVBI、
i)10nm2,4,7,9‐テトラフェニル‐1,10‐フェナントロリン、
j)NDOPでドープされた、n型ドープされた電子輸送層としての20nm2,4,7,9‐テトラフェニル‐1,10‐フェナントロリン(5%モル)、
k)ミラー電極としての100nmアルミニウム。
安定なpn接合を試験するための素子が、次のようにして、ITOアノード上に作製された。
a)HBL(正孔ブロック層)としての50nmジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体(実施例A)、
B)NDOPでドープされた、n型ドープされた電子輸送層としての50nmジルコニウムテトラキノキサリン錯体(実施例A)(5%モル)、
c)未ドープの中間層としての5nmCuPc、
d)2‐(6‐ジシアノメチレン‐1,3,4,5,7,8‐ヘキサフルオロ‐6H‐ナフタレン‐2‐イリデン)マロノニトリルでドープされた、50nm a‐NPD、
e)カソードとしての100nm Al。
pn接合の安定性を調べるために、次の実施例を作製した。
(実施例Aに代えて)実施例Cの化合物で実施例1を繰り返し、結果として1000cd/m2での駆動電圧が2.10Vであった。
(実施例Aに代えて)実施例Cの化合物で実施例5を繰り返し、結果として8.8Vでの光度が1000cd/m2であった。
(実施例Aに代えて)実施例Bの化合物で実施例5を繰り返した。その結果として、9.5Vでの光度が1000cd/m2であった。
実施例1に従って、50mm×50mm寸法のOLEDを作製した。さらに、コントロールとして、50mm×50mm寸法のOLEDを作製し、Zrキノキサリン化合物を2,4,7,9‐テトラフェニル‐1,10‐フェナントロリンに換えた。
Claims (11)
- 各キノキサリン配位子は、水素でない、少なくとも1つの置換基Rを有する、請求項1に記載のキノキサリン化合物。
- Rは、アリール、及びヘテロアリールから選択され、
環結合を含まない、全てのsp2混成の炭素原子は、互いに独立して、H、C1‐C20アルキル、C1‐C20アルケニル、C1‐C20アルキニル、‐ORx、‐NRxRy、‐SRx、‐NO2、‐CHO、‐COORx、‐F、‐Cl、‐Br、‐I、‐CN、‐NC、‐SCN、‐OCN、‐SORx、‐SO2Rx(Rx及びRyはそれぞれ、請求項1に規定されている)に置換される、請求項1または2に記載のキノキサリン化合物。 - 有機太陽電池素子において励起子ブロッカーまたは電子輸送層として利用するか、有機発光ダイオードにおいて電子輸送層または発光層として利用するか、あるいは、その両方として利用する、請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載のキノキサリン化合物の利用。
- 少なくとも1つのドーパントでドープされた、少なくとも1つの有機マトリクス材料を含み、上記マトリクス材料は、請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載のキノキサリン化合物である、有機半導体材料。
- 請求項6に記載の半導体材料を含む、有機発光ダイオード、有機薄膜トランジスタ、または有機太陽電池素子。
- 上記キノキサリン化合物は、有機的にn‐ドープされており、層構造に存在し、この層構造において、全ての層の材料は、ガラス転移温度が85℃以上である、請求項7に記載の有機発光ダイオード、有機薄膜トランジスタ、または有機太陽電池素子。
- 長期間安定性を増加させるか、あるいは短絡抵抗を改善するための、有機発光ダイオード、有機薄膜トランジスタ、または有機太陽電池素子における請求項6に記載の有機半導体材料の利用。
- n側の接合は、電子輸送層に請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載のキノキサリン化合物を含むか、p側とn側との間の中間層に請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載のキノキサリン化合物を含むか、あるいは、その両方の層に請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載のキノキサリン化合物を含む、pn接合。
- 電子素子、光電素子、または電子発光素子における請求項10に記載のpn接合の利用。
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