JP5674684B2 - 上皮組織、急性および慢性創傷、細菌性バイオフィルムならびに他の適応症のための消毒剤としてのビスマス−チオール - Google Patents
上皮組織、急性および慢性創傷、細菌性バイオフィルムならびに他の適応症のための消毒剤としてのビスマス−チオール Download PDFInfo
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- JP5674684B2 JP5674684B2 JP2011548426A JP2011548426A JP5674684B2 JP 5674684 B2 JP5674684 B2 JP 5674684B2 JP 2011548426 A JP2011548426 A JP 2011548426A JP 2011548426 A JP2011548426 A JP 2011548426A JP 5674684 B2 JP5674684 B2 JP 5674684B2
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- bismuth
- compound
- wound
- bisedt
- antibiotic
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Description
創傷は、組織内の細胞間または組織間の連続性が、例えば、物理的、機械的、生物学的、病理学的および/または化学的力(例えば、熱傷、皮膚感染、刺創、銃弾もしくは散弾による創傷、皮膚潰瘍、放射線中毒、悪性腫瘍、壊疽、自己免疫疾患、免疫不全症、吸入もしくは感染による呼吸器系の損傷、有害な摂取もしくは感染による胃腸の損傷、循環器障害および凝固欠陥を含めた血液障害)または他の外傷性損傷などによって中断されたときに起こる。
無傷の機能的な皮膚および他の上皮組織(例えば、有機体とその外部環境との間にバリアを形成する概して無血管の上皮表面、例えば、皮膚において見られるもの、さらには呼吸器および消化管のライニング、腺組織などにおいても見られるもの)の維持は、ヒトおよび他の動物の健康および生存に有意である。皮膚は、ヒトおよび他の高等脊椎動物(例えば、哺乳動物)において最大の体器官であり、そのバリア機能、機械的強度および水への不浸透性を通して環境障害に対して保護している。皮膚は、有意な環境界面として、生理的平衡の維持を可能にする保護的な体被覆を提供する。
抗菌特性、特に抗細菌特性を有する多数の天然物(例えば、抗生物質)および合成化学物質が当該分野において知られており、化学的構造によって、および抗微生物効果、例えば、微生物を殺す能力(「殺生」効果、例えば、殺菌特性)、微生物成長を停止もしくは低下させる能力(「静的」効果、例えば、静菌特性)、あるいは微生物機能、例えば、部位のコロニー形成もしくは感染、エキソ多糖類の細菌性分泌および/もしくはプランクトンからバイオフィルム集団への転換、またはバイオフィルム形成の拡大を妨害する能力によって、少なくとも部分的に特徴付けられる。抗生物質、殺菌剤、消毒薬など(ビスマス−チオールまたはBT化合物を含む)は、このような組成物の選択および使用に影響する因子、例えば、殺菌または静菌効能、効果的な濃度および宿主組織への毒性のリスクを含めて、例えば、米国特許第6,582,719号に議論されている。
実施例
BT化合物の調製
以下のBT化合物を、Domenicoらの方法(米国再発行特許番号第37,793号、米国特許番号第6,248,371号、米国特許番号第6,086,921号、米国特許番号第6,380,248号)によって、もしくはBisEDTについて後述する合成プロトコルに従う微小粒子として調製した。使用する反応剤と、含硫化合物を有する三価の複合体を形成するビスマスの周知の傾向の化学量論的比に基づいて、単一のビスマス原子と関連する原子比を比較のために示す。括弧内の数は、ビスマスと1つの(または1より大きい)チオール薬剤との比である(例えば、Bi:チオール1/チオール2;表1参照)。
1)CPD 1 B−1 Bis−EDT(1:1)BiC2H4S2
2)CPD 1 B−2 Bis−EDT(1:1.5)BiC3H6S3
3)CPD 1 B−3 Bis−EDT(1:1.5)BiC3H6S3
4)CPD 1 C Bis−EDT(可溶なBi調製)(1:1.5)BiC3H6S3
5)CPD 2A Bis−Bal(1:1)BiC3H6S2O
6)CPD 2B Bis−Bal(1:1.5)BiC4.5H9O1.5S3
7)CPD 3A Bis−Pyr(1:1.5)BiC7.5H6N1.5O1.5S1.5
8)CPD 3B Bis−Pyr(1:3)BiC15H12N3O3S3
9)CPD 4 Bis−Ery(1:1.5)BiC6H12O3S3
10)CPD 5 Bis−Tol(1:1.5)BiC10.5H9S3
11)CPD 6 Bis−BDT(1:1.5)BiC6H12S3
12)CPD 7 Bis−PDT(1:1.5)BiC4.5H9S3
13)CPD 8−1 Bis−Pyr/BDT(1:1/1)
14)CPD 8−2 Bis−Pyr/BDT (1:1/0.5)
15)CPD 9 Bis−2ヒドロキシ、プロパンチオール(1:3)
16)CPD 10 Bis−Pyr/Bal(1:1/0.5)
17)CPD 11 Bis−Pyr/EDT(1:1/0.5)
18)CPD 12 Bis−Pyr/Tol(1:1/0.5)
19)CPD 13 Bis−Pyr/PDT(1:1/0.5)
20)CPD 14 Bis−Pyr/Ery(1:1/0.5)
21)CPD 15 Bis−EDT/2ヒドロキシ、プロパンチオール(1:1/1)
g/mL)を撹拌しながら液滴状にゆっくり添加し、続いて無水エタノール(4L)を徐々に添加した。若干の白色沈殿物が形成したが、撹拌の続行によって溶解した。1.5Lの無水エタノールと72.19mL(0.863モル)の1,2−エタンジチオールを60mLシリンジを使用して加え、5分間撹拌して1,2−エタンジチオール(CAS
540−63−6)のエタノール溶液(〜1.56 L, 〜0.55 M)を別途調製した。Bi(NO3)3/HNO3水溶液に、5時間かけて1,2−エタンジチオール/EtOH試薬を滴状にゆっくり添加し、一晩撹拌し続けた。形成した生成物をほぼ15分間かけて沈殿物とし、その後、蠕動ポンプを使用して濾液を300mL/分で除去した。生成物は次いで濾過によって直径15cmのブフナー漏斗の微細なろ紙上に集められ、エタノール、USP水およびアセトンの各体積500mLの3種で順次洗浄されて黄色のアモルファス粉末固形物としてBisEDT(694.51gm/モル)を得た。生成物を500mLの琥珀色ガラス瓶に入れ、高真空下48時間CaCl2上で乾燥させた。回収した材料(収量〜200g)は、チオール特有の臭気を放った。粗生成物を750mLの無水エタノールに再溶解させ、30分間撹拌し、次いで濾過し、3×50mLのエタノール、2×50mLのアセトンで順次洗浄し、500mLのアセトンで再び洗浄した。再洗浄した粉末を1MのNaOH(500mL)で混練し、濾過し、3×220mLの水、2×50mLのエタノールおよび1×400mLのアセトンによって洗浄し、156.74gmの精製BisEDTを産出した。本質的に同様な次のバッチによって約78〜91%の収率が得られた。
F−68(BASF、Mt. Olive、NJ) 中で再懸濁され、懸濁液は製造業者の推奨に従いNanosizer/Zetasizer
Nano−S粒子アナライザ(型ZEN1600(ゼータ電位測定能力無し)、Malvern Instruments、Worcestershire、英国)を使用した分析に先立ち、基準セッティングにて水槽超音波発生装置で10分間、音波破砕された。2つの測定のコンパイルされたデータから、微小粒子は体積平均径(VMD)約0.6ミクロンと4ミクロンとの間の全ての検出可能結果で単峰形分布を呈し、約1.3ミクロンにてピークVMDを持った。対照的に、BisEDTを従来の方法(Domenicoら、1997
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother、41(8):1697−1703)で調製すると、大多数の粒子は異種分散的であり極端に大きな寸法の粒子であって、VMDを基礎としたそれらの特性を排除するものとなった。
慢性創傷感染のコロニーバイオフィルムモデル:BT化合物による阻害
慢性創傷の中に存在する細菌がバイオフィルム生活様式を採用するので、BTは記載されている方法に主として従って調製されたバイオフィルムを使用している細菌性の細胞生存に対する影響のためのバイオフィルムに対して検査された(Anderlら、2003
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1251−56;Waltersら,2003 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:317;Wentlandら、1996
Biotchnol.Prog. 12:316;Zhengら、Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 46:900)。
簡潔に記すと、10%トリプシン性大豆寒天上でコロニーバイオフィルムを24時間成長させ、処理を含めてミュラーヒントンプレートへ移した。処理の後、バイオフィルムは2%w/vグルタチオン(BTを中和)を含むペプトン水へ分散され、計数用のプレートの上に点状に配置される前にペプトン水で順次希釈された。慢性創傷から分離された2つの細菌が、検定用のコロニーバイオフィルムの生成において分離して使用された。これらはグラム陰性菌株の緑膿菌、およびグラム陽性のメチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)である。
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1251−56;Waltersら,2003 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:317;Wentlandら、1996
Biotchnol.Prog. 12:316;Zhengら、Antimicrob Agents Chemother
46:900)。コロニーバイオフィルムは他のバイオフィルムモデルの多くのよく知られている特徴を呈した。例えば、それらは高度に水和したマトリックスにおいて高密度に凝集した細胞から構成された。他者によって報告されているように、(Brown
ら、J Surg Res 56:562;Millwardら、1989 Microbios 58:155; Sutchら、1995 J Pharm Pharmacol
47:1094; Throwerら、1997 J Med Microbiol 46:425) コロニーバイオフィルムの細菌がより複雑化したin vitroバイオフィルム反応器において定量されたと同一の非常に低減した抗菌感受性を呈することが観察された。コロニーバイオフィルムは直ちに、そして再現性良くに多数生成された。非極限理論によれば、このコロニーバイオフィルムモデルは感染創傷のいくつかの特徴を共有した:細菌は、バイオフィルムの下から、かつ、最小の流動から供給される栄養素を有する空気界面で成長した。様々な栄養素源はコロニーバイオフィルムを培養するために用いられ、血液寒天培地を含み、in vivoの栄養素状態を模倣すると信じられている。
コロニーバイオフィルムは、直径25mmのポリカーボネートフィルタ皮膜の上へ、プランクトンの細菌性液体培養の5μL点に接種することによって調製された。皮膜は、一面につき10分間の紫外線に曝すことによって、接種前に殺菌した。接種材料は、細菌性の培地内で37℃にて一晩成長し、皮膜上への析出の前に新しい培地において希釈され600nmで0.1の光学濃度となった。皮膜は、次いで増殖培地を含む寒天プレートに静置された。次いで、寒天プレートは37℃のインキュベータにおいて、カバーされ、静置され、そして倒置された。24時間毎に、皮膜およびコロニーバイオフィルムは殺菌鉗子を使用して新しいプレートに移された。コロニーバイオフィルムは48時間の成長の後、概して実験のために使われ、その時には、一皮膜につきほぼ109の細菌があった。コロニーバイオフィルム方法は、多種多様な単一種および混合種のバイオフィルムを培養するために成功的に採用された。
メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌、MRSAまたはSA)について、5種類の抗生物質および13種類のBT化合物を検査した。PAに対して検査した抗菌剤には、本願明細書においてBisEDTとして言及したBTと化合物2B、4、5、6、8−2、9、10、11および15(表1参照)および抗生物質トブラマイシン、アミカシン、
イミペネム、セファゾリンおよびシプロフロキサシンが含まれた。SAに対して検査した抗菌剤には、本願明細書においてBisEDTとして言及したBTと化合物2B、4、5、6、8−2、9、10、11および15(表1参照)および抗生物質リファンピシン、ダプトマイシン、ミノサイクリン、アンピシリンおよびバンコマイシンが含まれた。「図面の簡単な説明」に記載の確立した微生物学的な方法論に従って抗生物質は最小成長阻止濃度(MIC)のおよそ10〜400倍の濃度で検査された。
慢性創傷感染の滴状流れバイオフィルムモデル:BT化合物による阻害
滴状流れバイオフィルムは細菌性バイオフィルムに対する候補抗菌化合物を形成して効能を検査するための技術を受け入れた標準モデルを表わす。滴状流れバイオフィルムは、滴状流れ反応器のチャネルに置かれるクーポン(基板)に生成する。凍結したガラス製の顕微鏡スライドを含む多くの異なるタイプの材料が細菌性バイオフィルム形成のための基板として使用される。栄養豊富な液状の媒体は滴状流れバイオリアクタ細胞チャンバーに入り、最上部の近くの細胞チャンバーに滴下し、次いで10℃の傾斜のクーポンの長さを流下する。
Appl Microbiol. 91:525; Xuら、1998 Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 64:4035)によって調製される。この設計は、蓋をした細菌チャンバーの傾斜したポリスチレンクーポン上でバイオフィルムを培養することを含む。典型的な培地は、1g/lのグルコース、0.5g/lのNH4NO3、0.25g/lのKCI、0.25g/lのKH2PO4、0.25g/lのMgSO4−7H2Oを含み、慢性創傷においてin vivoバイオフィルム成長条件と同様に血清蛋白質の豊富な、鉄限定条件を模倣するv/v成育ドナー牛の血清(ph
6.8)で補充される。この媒体は別離している4つの平行チャンバー内に含まれる4枚のクーポン上を滴状に(50mL/時間)流れ、各平行チャンバーは10cm×1.9cm、深さ1.9cmである。チャンバー内の反応器は、ポリスルホンプラスチック製である。各チャンバーは、堅く封止できる個々に脱離可能なプラスチックの蓋を装着している。バイオフィルム反応器は37℃にてインキュベータに収容され、かつ、細菌性細胞培地はインキュベータ内に保持されたアルミニウム放熱板を通過することによって暖められる。この方法は、特定のバイオフィルムにおいて観察される耐抗生物質の表現型を再生し、栄養素の継続的な補充を提供しつつ低流体せん断環境および慢性創傷の空気界面特性に対する接近を模倣し、かつ、導入した候補抗菌療法の効果を特性化し、監視することに関して多くの分析法と互換性を持つ。滴状流れ反応器は、多種多様な純粋および混合種のバイオフィルムを培養するために成功的に採用された。バイオフィルムは、抗菌剤の適用に先立ち典型的に2〜5日間成長させる。
ケラチノサイト引っ掻き傷修復の創傷バイオフィルム阻害:BT化合物によるバイオフィルム抑制
本実施例は、創傷治癒の確立したin vitroケラチノサイト引っ掻き傷モデルの改善を記載し、バイオフィルム提携の創傷病理学および創傷治癒及び特に急性もしくは慢性の創傷、或いは本願明細書において記載されているバイオフィルムを含む創傷治癒に関連性を有するモデルに到達する。慢性創傷バイオフィルムの効能のケラチノサイトひっかき傷モデルによれば、哺乳類(例えば、ヒト)のケラチノサイトの培養および細菌性バイオフィルム集団は、互いに液体接触している分離したチャンバーへ進み、ケラチノサイト創傷治癒事項での、バイオフィルムによって念入りに作られる可溶成分の、効果に影響する条件の効能の事前評価を許可する。
Invest. Dermatol、109:36; Piepkornら、Invest. Dermatol. 88:215−219)、ガラスカバー片上の集蜜的な単一層として成長する。ケラチノサイト単層は次いで引っ掻かれて均一幅の「創傷」を生じ、次に細胞修復処理の監視を受けた(例えばTaoら、2007
PLoS ONE 2:e697; Buthら2007 Eur. J Cell Biol. 86:747; Phanら 2000Ann、Acad. Med.Singapore、29:27)。人工的な創傷は次いで殺菌した両面チャンバーの底に置かれ、両面チャンバーは無菌技術を使用して組み立てられる。チャンバーの両側は、抗生物質および/またはビスマスチオールの有無にかかわらずケラチノサイト増殖培地(EpiLife)で満たされる。無接種システムがコントロールとして使われる。
PLoS ONE 2:e697; Buthら、2007 Eur. J Cell Biol. 86:747; Phanら、2000 Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 29:27)。
ケラチノサイト引っ掻き傷修復の創傷バイオフィルム阻害
単離したヒトケラチノサイトをガラスカバー片上で培養し、実施例4に記載した方法論に従って引っ掻き傷を付けた。創傷培養は、単独で或いはケラチノサイト培養と流体伝搬する皮膜支持体上で共培養されたバイオフィルムが存在する培養状態の下で維持された。この間にケラチノサイト細胞増殖および/または遊走によって引っ掻き傷帯域上のケラチノサイト単層が復旧する引っ掻き傷閉止時間間隔が次いで決定された。図3は、バイオフィルムの流体伝搬(ただし、直接接触なし)の存在が引っ掻かれたケラチノサイト単層の治癒時間に与えた効果を例示する。
ビスマスチオール(BT)−抗生物質の組合せ相乗効果
この実施例は様々な細菌性種および幾つかの抗菌耐性菌を含む菌株に対して1つ以上のビスマス-チオール化合物および1つ以上の抗生物質の組み合わせによって示された相乗効果の例を示す。
感受性研究は、NCCLSプロトコル(臨床検査標準(1997)のための国家委員会)に従って96穴組織培養プレート(Nalge
Nunc International, Denmark)のブロス希釈によって実行された。好気的に成長する細菌のための希釈抗菌感受性検査方法:Approved
Standard M7−A2 and Informational Supplement M100−S10. NCCLS, Wayne, PA, USA)。
Instruments、Winooski、VT、USA)を使用して630nmでの吸収によって評価された。最小阻止濃度(MIC)は、24時間成長を抑制している最も低い薬剤濃度として表した。生菌数(cfu/mL)は、栄養寒天上の標準プレーティングによって決定した。最小殺菌濃度(MBC)は、24時間のインキュベーションで99.9%の初期生存力を減らした薬剤の濃度として表した。
combinations 、In Antibiotics Laboratory Medicine(Lorian、V.Ed.)、pp. 330−96、Williams
and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, USA)。相乗作用はFICI又はFBCI指数で≦0.5、相互作用なしは>0.5−4、拮抗作用は>4と定義される(Odds、FC(2003)Synergy、antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them.Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy 52:1)。相乗作用は、従来は>抗生物質濃度の≧4倍減少としても定義された。
結果は、表2〜17において示される。
=アンピシリン;
BE = 0.3v/mLでのBisEDT;
菌株は、
Dr. MJ Casadabanの研究室、Department of
Molecular Genetics
and Cell Biology、シカゴ 大学、シカゴ、ILから得られた。抗生物質は、ウィンスロップ大学病院、
Mineola、NYの病院薬局から得られた。
Agr =アミノグリコシド耐性;
NN =トブラマイシン;PA =緑膿菌;
BE = BisEDT、0.3μg/mL; 菌株は、Dr. K. Pooleの研究室、Department of Microbiology
and Immunology、クイーンズ大学、オンタリオ、CNから得られた。
トブラマイシンは、ウィンスロップ大学病院、Mineola、NYの病院薬局から得られた。
NN =トブラマイシン;BE
= BisEDT、0.4μg/mL;
菌株は、Dr. J.J.LiPumaの研究室、Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases、ミシガン大学、Ann
Arbor、Mlから得られた。また、Veloiraら2003。トブラマイシンは、ウィンスロップ大学病院、Mineola、NYの病院薬局から得られた。
NN =トブラマイシン;BE
= BisEDT、0.4μg/mL; 菌株は、Dr. J.J.LiPumaの研究室、Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases、ミシガン大学、Ann
Arbor、Mlから得られた。また、Veloiraら2003。トブラマイシンは、ウィンスロップ大学病院、Mineola、NYの病院薬局から得られた。
NN =トブラマイシン;BE
= BisEDT、0.8μg/mL; Lipo−BE−NN =リポソーマルBE−NN;菌株は、Dr. A. Omriの研究室、Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry、Laurentian大学、オンタリオ、CNから得られた。
(M菌株は、類粘液セパシア菌である;PA=緑膿菌; SA=黄色ブドウ球菌)。
トブラマイシンは、ウィンスロップ大学病院、Mineola、NYの病院薬局から得られた。
NN =トブラマイシン;BE
= BisEDT、0.8μg/mL;Lipo−BE−NN =リポソーマルBE−NN;菌株は、Dr. A. Omriの研究室、Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry、Laurentian大学、オンタリオ、CNから得られた。
(M菌株は、類粘液セパシア菌である;PA=緑膿菌; SA=黄色ブドウ球菌)。
トブラマイシンは、ウィンスロップ大学病院、Mineola、NYの病院薬局から得られた。
BE= BisEDT;NaPYR
=ピリチオンナトリウム;
化学薬品はSigma−AIdrichから得られた;
相乗作用は太字
指示された菌株は、アメリカ培養細胞系統保存機関(ATCC、
Manassas、VA)からであった。
抗生物質耐性のある菌株を含むグラム陽性およびグラム陰性菌に対する比較ビスマスチオール(BT)および抗生物質効果
本実施例では、BisEDTおよびコンパレータ薬剤のin vitro活性を皮膚および軟組織感染の原因となるグラム陽性およびグラム陰性菌の多発性臨床分離株に対して評価した。
検査化合物および検査濃度域は、次の通りであった:BisEDT(Domenicoら、1997;
Domenicoら、Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.
45(5):1417−1421。および、実施例1)16〜0.015μg/mL; リネゾリド(ChemPacifica社、#35710)、64〜0.06μg/mL;ダプトマイシン(Cubist
Pharmaceuticals #MCB2007)、32〜0.03μg/mLおよび16〜0.015μg/mL; バンコマイシン(Sigma−Aldrich, St. Louis, MO、#
V2002)64〜0.06μg/mL; セフタジジム(Sigma #C3809)64〜0.06μg/mLおよび32〜0.03μg/mL;イミペネム(米国薬局方、NJ、#1337809)16〜0.015μg/mLおよび8〜0.008μg/mL;
シプロフロキサシン(米国薬局方、# IOC265)、32〜0.03μg/mLおよび4〜0.004μg/mL; ゲンタマイシン (Sigma #G3632)32〜0.03μg/mLおよび16〜0.015μg/mL。
ゲンタマイシンを除いて、全ての検査物はDMSOに溶解させた。ゲンタマイシンは水に溶解させた。原液は、試験プレートにおける最も高い濃度の40倍で調製した。検査系においてDMSOの最終濃度は2.5%とした。
検査微生物は次のように臨床検査室から得られた:CHP、Clarian Health Partners、Indianapolis、IN;UCLA、カリフォルニアロサンゼルス大学医療センター、Los
Angeles、CA;GR Micro、London, UK;PHRI TBセンター、公共健康研究大学結核センター、New
York, NY;ATCC、アメリカ合衆国培養細胞系統保存機関、Manassas、VA;Mt Sinai Hosp、シナイ山病院、New
York, NY;UCSF、カリフォルニア大学サンフランシスコ総合病院、San Francisco, CA;Bronson Hospital、ブロンソン・メソジスト・ホスピタル、Kalamazoo, Ml;品質管理分離集団は、アメリカ合衆国培養細胞系統保存機関(ATCC、Manassas、VA)からであった。微生物には、各微生物にとって適切な寒天培地上に分離のための縞状のすじをつけた。コロニーは分離プレートから綿棒によってつまみ上げられ、凍結保護物質を含む適切なブロスの懸濁液に入れられた。懸濁液は低温貯蔵バイアルに等分され、−80℃にて維持された。略語は、以下の通りである:BisEDT、ビスマス−1,2−エタンジチオール; LZD、リネゾリド;DAP、ダプトマイシン;VA、バンコマイシン;CAZ、セフタジジム;IPM、イミペネム;CIP、シプロフロキサシン;GM、ゲンタマイシン;
MSSA、メチシリン感受性黄色ブドウ球菌;CLSI QC、臨床検査標準委員会品質管理菌株;MRSA、メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌;CA−MRSA、共同体獲得性のメチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌;MSSE、メチシリン感受性表皮ブドウ球菌;MRSE、メチシリン耐性表皮ブドウ球菌;VSE、バンコマイシン感受性腸球菌。
Scientific, Bath, OH)。分離プレートを35℃にて一晩インキュベートした。品質管理微生物も含まれた。MIC分析評価のために採用された培地は、大部分の微生物のためのミュラーヒントンIIブロス培地 (MHB II− Becton Dickinson, # 212322)であった。MHB IIには、化膿性連鎖球菌およびストレプトコッカス・アガラクチアの成長に適応させるために2%の溶解した馬の血液(Cleveland
Scientific Lot # H13913)を補充した。媒体は、微量希釈パネルの各穴に5μL薬液を添加して生成した希釈液を相殺するために102.5%の正常重量で調製された。更に、ダプトマイシンによる検査のために培地は追加の25mg/L
Ca2+で補完した。
承認された規準(第7版)。臨床検査標準委員会文献M7−A7 [ ISBN 1−56238−587−9 ]。臨床検査標準委員会、940 West Valley Road、Suite
1400、Wayne,Pennsylvania 19087−1898 USA, 2006)によって記載されている手順に従って、一連の希釈および液体移動を行うために自動液体ハンドラを使用した。
自動液体ハンドラには、Multidrop 384(Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland)、Biomek 2000およびMultimek 96(Beckman Coulter, Fullerton CA)が含まれていた。標準96穴微量希釈プレート(Falcon 3918)の列2〜12の穴は、Multidrop
384上のゲンタマイシン用に150μLのDMSOまたは水で満たされた。薬剤(300μL)がこれらのプレートの適当な並びの第1列に分配された。これらは、検査プレート(娘プレート)を調製する母プレートになる。Biomek
2000は、母プレートの第11列を経た一連の移動を完了した。第12列の穴は薬剤を含まず、娘プレートの微生物成長制御穴であった。娘プレートには、Multidrop
384を使用している適当な検査媒体(上記した)の185μLが積載されていた。娘プレートはMultimek 96器具に調製されており、器具は母プレートの各穴から娘プレートのそれぞれの対応する穴へ5μLの薬液を単一工程で移動した。
Coulter)分割した殺菌貯蔵容器に分配し、プレートに接種をするためにBiomek 2000を用いた。作業面を逆転させたBiomek 2000に娘プレートを配置し、接種は低薬剤濃度から高薬剤濃度の順に行った。Biomek
2000は各穴に10μLの標準化接種材料を配分した。これにより、娘プレートにほぼ5x105コロニー形成単位/mLの最終的な細胞濃度を齎した。こうして、娘プレートの穴には最終的に185μLのブロス、5μLの薬液、および10μLの細菌性接種材料が含有された。プレートは3枚高に積み重ねられ、天板上を蓋でおおわれ、プラスチックの袋に入れられ、35℃にてほぼ18時間大部分の分離物用にインキュベートされた。20時間のインキュベーションの後、連鎖球菌プレートが読み取られた。プレートビューアを使用してマイクロプレートを底から観察した。各検査媒体について、非接種溶解度制御プレートを薬剤沈降の証明用に観察した。微生物の可視的成長を阻害した薬剤の最低濃度としてMICを読み取り、記録した。
両媒体における全ての検査濃度において、全市販薬剤は可溶であった。BisEDTは32μg/mLの微量沈殿物を示したが、検査した全微生物の阻害濃度はその濃度より充分低かったので、MIC読み取りは影響を受けなかった。各分析日に、適当な品質管理菌株がMIC分析に含まれていた。これらの菌株用に誘導されるMIC値は、各薬剤用に公開された品質管理範囲(臨床検査標準委員会。抗菌感受性検査のための性能規準;
第18 Informational Supplement。CLSI文献M100−S18 [ ISBN 1−56238−653−0 ]。臨床検査標準委員会、940
West Valley Road、Suite 1400、Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087−1898
USA、2008) と比較して適切とされた。
第18 Informational Supplement。CLSI文献M100−S18 [ ISBN 1−56238−653−0 ]。) と比較して適切とされた。品質管理範囲が公開される品質管理菌株の141の値の中で、140(99.3%)の値が特定の範囲内であった。1つの例外は、イミペネム対黄色ブドウ球菌29213であり、単一の検査で1つの値(≦
0.008μg/mL)を示し、公開されたQC範囲より1希釈下回った。その検査での他の全品質管理結果は、特定の品質管理範囲内であった。
= 0.03μg/mL)に対してBisEDTより有力であった。しかしながら、MRSAとCAMRSAはイミペネム耐性であり、一方BisEDTはMSSAに対してと等価の活性を顕示した。BisEDTはメチシリン感受性およびメチシリン耐性表皮ブドウ球菌(MSSEおよびMRSE)に対して高活性で、MIC90値でそれぞれ0.12および0.25μg/mLであった。BisEDTは検査した他のイミペネムを除くどの薬剤よりもMSSEに対して活性であった。BisEDTは、MRSEに対して検査した最も活性な薬剤であった。BisEDTは、2μg/mLのMIC90値を有するバンコマイシン感受性フェカーリス菌(VSEfc)に対して、ダプトマイシン、バンコマイシンおよびイミペネムと等価の活性を顕示した。重要なことに、BisEDTは1μg/mLのMIC90値を有するバンコマイシン耐性フェカーリス菌(VREfc)に対して検査した最も活性な薬剤であった。
その活性は、ダプトマイシンと等価物または同様であり、バンコマイシンより1希釈高い活性であった。BisEDTおよびリネゾリドはバンコマイシン耐性フェシウム菌(VREfm)に対して検査した最も活性な薬剤であり、それぞれ2μg/mLのMIC90値を顕示した。化膿性連鎖球菌(0.5μg/mLのMIC90値)に対するBisEDTの活性は、バンコマイシンと等価で、リネゾリドより大きく、ダプトマイシンおよびセフタジジムより僅かに小さかった。化合物は、0.5μg/mL以下で検査された全菌株を阻害した。これらの研究において、BisEDTに最少感度の種は、観察されたMIC90値が16μg/mLのストレプトコッカス・アガラクチアであった。BisEDTは検査したゲンタマイシンを除く全薬剤よりも小活性であった。
Claims (15)
- ビスマス‐チオール組成物を調整する方法であって、ビスマス-チオール(BT)化合物を含む複数の固体微小粒子を含み、ここで前記固体微粒子は単分散でありかつ微粒子化、粉砕、または超臨界流体処理をせずに生成された固体微小粒子であって、実質的に全ての前記固体微小粒子が0.4μm〜5μmの体積平均径を有し、
(a)実質的に固形の沈降物が含まれていない溶液を得るために十分な条件および時間の下、(i)少なくとも50mMの濃度でビスマスを含むビスマス塩を含み、かつ親水性、極性又は有機溶解剤を含まない酸性水溶液と(ii)体積で25%のエタノールを含む混合物を得るに十分な量のエタノールとを混合する工程;および
(b)前記(a)の混合物にチオール含有化合物を含むエタノール溶液を添加して反応液を得る工程であって、前記チオール含有化合物が、前記BT化合物を含有する前記微小粒子を含む沈降物の形成に十分な条件および時間の下前記ビスマスに対してモル比で1:3〜3:1にて前記反応液中に存在する工程を含む方法。 - 不純物を除去するために前記沈降物を回収することを更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ビスマス塩がBi(NO3)3である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記酸性水溶液が重量で少なくとも5%、10%、15%、20%、22%または22.5%のビスマスを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記酸性水溶液が重量で少なくとも0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%、2.5%、3%、3.5%、4%、4.5%、または5%の硝酸を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記チオール含有化合物が1,2−エタンジチオール、2,3−ジメルカプトプロパノール、ピリチオン、ジチオエリスリトール、3,4−ジメルカプトトルエン、2,3−ブタンジチオール、1,3-プロパンジチオール、2−ヒドロキシプロパンチオール、1−メルカプト−2−プロパノール、ジチオエリスリトール、ジチオスレイトールおよびα−リポ酸からなる群から選択される1つ以上の試薬を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 細菌性病原体による上皮組織表面の感染を処置するための薬剤であって、請求項1に記載のBT組成物を含み、ここで処置には、前記上皮組織表面と有効量の前記BT組成物とを、
(i)前記細菌性病原体による前記上皮組織表面の感染予防、
(ii)前記細菌性病原体の実質的に全プランクトン様細胞の細胞生存または細胞増殖の阻害、
(iii)前記細菌性病原体によるバイオフィルム形成の阻害、および、
(iv)前記細菌性病原体の実質的に全バイオフィルム形態細胞のバイオフィルム生存またはバイオフィルム成長の阻害、
の1つ以上のために、十分な条件および時間で接触せしめ、
前記BT組成物は、ビスマスチオール(BT)化合物を含有する体積平均径が0.4μm〜5μmの複数の微粒子を含み、
前記処置は前記上皮組織表面を相乗作用のある抗生物質と、同時にまたは順次に接触させること、及び、前記上皮組織表面をBT組成物と接触させる工程に関して任意の順序で接触させることを更に含み、
前記相乗作用のある抗生物質及び前記BT組成物の組合せは、BisEDTとアミカシン、Bis−ジメルカプロールとリファンピシン、Bis/Pyr/BDTとリファンピシン、BisEDTとナフシリン、BisEDTとパロモマイシン、BisEDTとゲンタマイシン、BisEDTとガチフロキサシン、BisEDTとクリンダマイシン、BisEDTとセファゾリン、BisEDTとクロラムフェニコール、BisEDTとアンピシリン、BisEDTとドキシサイクリンまたはBisEDTとトブラマイシンの組合せを備えることを特徴とする薬剤。 - 前記細菌性病原菌が黄色ブドウ球菌(S.aureus)、MRSA(メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌)、表皮ブドウ球菌、MRSE(メチシリン耐性表皮ブドウ球菌)、結核菌、鳥結核菌、緑膿菌、薬剤耐性緑膿菌、大腸菌、腸管毒素原性大腸菌、腸管出血性大腸菌、肺炎桿菌、クロストリジウム・ディフィシル、ヘリコバクター・ピロリ、レジオネラ・ニューモフィラ、大便連鎖球菌、メチシリン受容性大便連鎖球菌、エンテロバクター・クロアカエ、ネズミチフス菌、尋常変形菌、エンテロコリチカ菌、ビブリオ・コレラ、フレキシナ赤痢菌、バンコマイシン耐性腸球菌(VRE)、セパシア菌群、野兎病菌、炭疽菌、ペスト菌、緑膿菌、およびアシネトバクター・バウマンニから成る群から選択される、請求項7に記載の薬剤。
- 前記細菌性病原菌が抗生物質耐性を呈する、請求項7に記載の薬剤。
- 前記細菌性病原菌がメチシリン、バンコマイシン、ナフシリン、ゲンタマイシン、アンピシリン、クロラムフェニコール、ドキシサイクリンおよびトブラマイシンからなる群から選択される抗生物質に耐性を呈する、請求項7に記載の薬剤。
- 前記上皮組織表面が表皮、真皮、気道、胃腸管および腺性ライニングからなる群から選択される組織を含む、請求項7に記載の薬剤。
- 前記接触工程が1回または複数回実行される、請求項7に記載の薬剤。
- 少なくとも1つの接触工程が前記上皮組織表面に噴霧、灌注、浸漬、および塗布することのうちの1つを含む、請求項12に記載の薬剤。
- 少なくとも1つの接触工程が吸入、摂取、および経口灌注のうちの1つを含む、請求項12に記載の薬剤。
- 少なくとも1つの接触工程、局所、腹腔内、経口、非経口、静脈内、動脈内、経皮、舌下、皮下、筋肉内、経口腔、鼻腔内、経吸入、眼内圧、耳介内、脳室内、皮下、脂肪内、関節内、および髄腔内から選択される経路の投与を含む、請求項12に記載の薬剤。
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JP2016117741A (ja) * | 2010-02-03 | 2016-06-30 | マイクロビオン コーポレーション | 細菌バイオフィルムの処置および他の使用をはじめとする、生体医学的使用のための消毒薬としてのビスマス−チオール |
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US20190201371A1 (en) | 2019-07-04 |
US20230149340A1 (en) | 2023-05-18 |
CA2751386A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
BRPI1007885A2 (pt) | 2016-02-16 |
WO2010091124A2 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
EP2393491A4 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
AU2010210620B2 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
US11564903B2 (en) | 2023-01-31 |
US20110003001A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
JP2012516855A (ja) | 2012-07-26 |
CN102341105A (zh) | 2012-02-01 |
WO2010091124A3 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
CN102341105B (zh) | 2014-09-17 |
US20210260017A1 (en) | 2021-08-26 |
EP3695835A1 (en) | 2020-08-19 |
EP2393491A2 (en) | 2011-12-14 |
US20130171210A1 (en) | 2013-07-04 |
US8389021B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 |
HK1166707A1 (en) | 2012-11-09 |
CA2751386C (en) | 2018-03-06 |
US10835510B2 (en) | 2020-11-17 |
EP2393491B1 (en) | 2020-04-22 |
JP2015007113A (ja) | 2015-01-15 |
AU2010210620A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
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