JP5530670B2 - Water supply / drainage improvement structure and water supply / drainage method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a structure for improving water supply / drainage in a field. The present invention also relates to a method for supplying and draining water to the field.

  In general, irrigation of farms is performed by drawing water from river lakes. The field is divided by shores and irrigation water is introduced as surface water from one corner of the field. Irrigation water as surface water travels slowly in the partitioned fields or is submerged in the soil.

  Unlike the irrigation method, irrigation water is sometimes supplied from the ground as underground irrigation (Patent Document 1). The method described in this publication is a technique for embedding a water management line as a water management system in the soil of a farm field and adjusting the water supplied to the water management line to properly use the cultivated land for paddy fields and field fields. .

JP 2003-38048 A

  The soil water level can be adjusted by supplying irrigation water from the soil. However, it is not enough to adjust the soil water level.

  As one of the problems, for example, when the crop is rice, it may be necessary to quickly supply soil water and drain the soil water quickly. With the technique described in the above publication, the soil water level can be adjusted, but it is difficult to quickly adjust the soil water level.

  Another problem is that the water temperature has a great influence on the growth and growth of crops. For example, it is preferable to keep the water temperature constant (10 to 15 degrees in the case of rice cultivation) at the germination time. In other words, it is necessary to manage the water temperature according to the crop growth situation. The technique described in the publication does not suggest any water temperature management.

  An object of the present invention is to quickly supply soil water while controlling the soil water level such as underground irrigation, and quickly drain the soil water to quickly adjust the soil water level.

  Another object of the present invention is to provide a farmland water supply / drainage improvement method capable of managing the water temperature while managing the soil water level such as underground irrigation.

  It is another object of the present invention to provide a field formation method suitable for the farmland water supply / drainage improvement method.

  Another object of the present invention is to provide a preferable water supply / drainage method in the farmland water supply / drainage improvement method.

According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a long groove excavated from the ground surface so as to extend in the longitudinal direction of the field, a perforated water supply / drain pipe laid at the bottom of the long groove, and the water supply / drain pipe in the long groove and the hydrophobic material layer formed, the a present culvert having a plow layer coating the hydrophobic material layer is formed to the earth's surface communicates with the said hydrophobic material layer intersects with the present culvert in higher than the water lines and an auxiliary culvert or Akiramizo, and surface water supply device for supplying water to the field of the earth surface, and underground water supply device provided upstream of the water lines, underground drainage device provided downstream of the supply and drain pipes It features a structure for improving water supply and drainage in fields with

When the underground drainage device is closed and the underground water supply device is opened, the irrigation water is supplied to the field basement through the main drainage drainage pipe. The supplied irrigation water overflows from the perforated water supply / drainage pipe. Irrigation water is supplied to the hydrophobic material layer so as to fill the underdrain. The auxiliary culvert or alum does not interfere with the water supply / drainage pipe, that is, is formed so as to communicate with the hydrophobic material layer from the bottom to the top of the main culvert. Irrigation water supplied to the hydrophobic material layer is then penetrate or flow into the auxiliary culvert or Akiramizo. In addition, water is supplied from the surface water supply device to the ground surface of the field. Irrigation water spreads through the main culvert as well as auxiliary culvert or lucid to the field. In the present invention, the hydrophobic material layer is formed as the irrigation water supply channel, and the auxiliary culvert or alum is formed so as to communicate with the hydrophobic material layer, so that the irrigation water spreads quickly in the field.

When draining the field with the underground water supply device closed and the underground drainage device open, the auxiliary culvert or alum is connected to the hydrophobic material layer of the culvert. It will drain quickly from the culvert. That is, if the drainage of the hydrophobic material layer of the main culvert is fast, it will also be swiftly drained from the auxiliary culvert or alum that communicates with it.

  As described above, in the field water supply / drainage improvement structure according to the present invention, a necessary amount of irrigation water can be quickly supplied when necessary, and excess irrigation water can be quickly discharged.

Further, in the present invention, together with the culvert plurality of rows are parallel to each other, in parallel auxiliary underdrain or Akiramizo multiple rows with each other, wherein the present underdrain auxiliary culvert or Akiramizo are orthogonal, provides field of plumbing improved structure .

Providing a plurality of main culverts, auxiliary culverts or alums can increase the speed of water supply and drainage in the field.

In the present invention, the surface water supply device includes a water intake for water from canals in the field of the earth surface, the underground water supply device comprises a water intake pipe communicating with said canal and the water lines, The water intake is provided between adjacent intake pipes, and the intake pipe is provided between adjacent intake pipes .

  The temperature of irrigation water is not constant, although it depends on seasonal factors, weather, and time of day. There is a difference in water temperature between the irrigation water supplied from the underground water supply device and the irrigation water supplied from the surface water supply device. Therefore, by irrigation water supply to the farm in two systems, it is within the range of the difference between the temperature of irrigation water supplied from the underground water supply device and the temperature of irrigation water supplied from the surface water supply device. Water can adjust the water temperature in the field, and thus the soil temperature. By doing so, it becomes easy to provide irrigation water having a water temperature suitable for crops.

  Moreover, in this invention, the said hydrophobic material layer provides the water supply / drainage improvement structure of a field which consists of any one raw material of gravel, a shell, volcanic gravel, and a shredded tile, or the combination of two or more raw materials.

  Naturally, each of the hydrophobic materials has high permeability, but among these hydrophobic materials, crushed tiles are preferable. In particular, a crushed roof tile adjusted to a particle size adjustment of 5 mm to 30 mm is most preferable.

Further, in the present invention, a long groove excavated from the ground surface so as to extend in the longitudinal direction in the field, a perforated water supply / drain pipe laid on the bottom of the long groove, and formed on the water supply / drain pipe in the long groove and the hydrophobic material layer, wherein the present culvert having a plow layer coating the hydrophobic material layer, said auxiliary culvert formed to the earth's surface communicates with the said hydrophobic material layer intersects with the present culvert in higher than plumbing line or fields having a Akiramizo, and surface water supply device for supplying water to the field of the earth surface, and underground water supply device provided upstream of the water lines, underground drainage device provided downstream of the supply and drain pipes A method for water supply and drainage in a farm, characterized in that water supply and drainage are repeated at a lower water level than the hydrophobic material layer of the main underdrain.

  By making the soil water level lower than the hydrophobic material layer, not only is the irrigation water supplied quickly, but the soil water level is rapidly lowered. Rapid water supply and drainage, especially when the temperature is likely to adversely affect crops, such as during high temperatures in summer, quickly adjust the temperature in the soil by repeating water supply and drainage quickly can do.

  According to the present invention, it is possible to supply soil water quickly and drain the soil water quickly. Moreover, according to this invention, the water temperature of the soil water of a farm field can be managed.

It is a perspective view containing the partial cross section of the agricultural field in which this culvert was laid. It is a perspective view including the partial cross section of the agricultural field in which the auxiliary culvert (material heartbreak) and the bullet culvert which cross | intersect this culvert were formed. It is the top view of the agricultural field in which the main underdrain, the auxiliary underdrain, or the auxiliary heart breaking was formed, and the sectional view on the AA line of the top view. It is sectional drawing which shows an example of an underground water supply structure. It is sectional drawing which shows an example of an underground drainage structure. It is sectional drawing which shows the supply behavior of the irrigation water at the time of water supply, and sectional drawing which shows the drainage behavior of the irrigation water at the time of drainage. This graph shows the water supply / drainage cycle in units of one day, showing changes in groundwater level, changes in water temperature when using underground irrigation water or surface irrigation water, and changes in water temperature when using underground irrigation water and surface irrigation water. ing.

  Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the farmland water supply / drainage improvement method of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. 1 to 3 show a method of forming a culvert or timber rupture in a field. FIG. 1 mainly shows a culvert, FIG. 2 shows a material broken core that intersects the culvert, and FIG. 3 shows a water supply structure to a farm field. For example, in the field 10 such as farmland, parallel culverts are formed. The culvert may be either material or non-material.

  In this embodiment, the main undermining is exemplified as a material underdrain, and the material underdrain is exemplified as an auxiliary underdrain, but the underground underdrain may be a non-material underdrain, or may be clear. The material rupture may be a culvert such as a bullet culvert, or it may be lucid.

  As shown in FIG. 1, first, mutually parallel excavation grooves are formed by a trencher or the like. The interval and depth of the excavation grooves vary depending on the soil condition, but are generally 7.5 to 12 m and a depth of 1200 to 800 mm. For the excavation width, the pipe diameter is selected in consideration of the amount of water supply and drainage in the field, but in this embodiment, for example, it is set to 150 mm to 200 mm. The excavation groove is preferably an inverted trapezoid that opens upward. This is because water supply to the farm field 10 and drainage from the farm field 10 are promoted.

  A perforated plastic tube is then laid substantially horizontally at the bottom of each excavation groove. The plastic tube is laid in the longitudinal direction as well as the excavation groove. This plastic pipe functions as the water supply / drainage pipe 14 and functions as water supply and drainage to the field 10 through the main underdrain and the material broken core. The configuration of both ends of the plastic tube will be described later.

  Next, a hydrophobic material is put on the water supply / drain pipe 14 to form the hydrophobic material layer 16. The hydrophobic material is introduced leaving a height to be introduced with the soil layer 18 as covering soil. The soil layer 18 is 150 mm to 200 mm in this embodiment, but is not particularly limited to this value. In the present invention, it is important that the hydrophobic material layer in the underdrain communicates with the core breakage.

  Directly below the soil layer 18, as a hydrophobic material, ceramic chips (such as crushed roof tiles adjusted to a particle size adjustment of 5 to 30 mm), shells (scallop shells, oyster shells), and clinkers (coal shells) are added to the hydrophobic material. Layer 14 is formed. By supplying each hydrophobic material in one or two layers, water in the ground and water on the farmland surface can be quickly supplied and drained. Also, by controlling the water content in the soil and the depth of the farmland surface with a controlled drainage basin, it is possible to supply water to the planted crops properly, and to improve the quality of the planted crops and to improve the production of crops. .

  Next, as shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of material core fractures 20 that are orthogonal to the main culvert 12 and parallel to each other are formed. The interval between the timber ruptures 20 is generally 4 m to 6 m according to the survey data on the growth of the crop and the yield of the crop. Further, the excavation width of the material core fracture 20 is generally 70 mm to 100 mm.

  The primary purpose of the depth of the timber core rupture 20 is to irrigate the farmland in terms of water supply, and the bottom of the timber rupture 20 is hydrophobic so as to communicate with the hydrophobic material layer 16 in this underdrain. It is in a position deeper than the top surface of the material. Since the core breaker 20 needs to avoid interference with the water supply / drainage pipe 14 at the time of formation, the bottom portion thereof is positioned higher than the water supply / drainage pipe 14. Specifically, in the present embodiment, the depth of the core broken material 20 is, for example, 500 mm to 700 mm.

  The function of the core breaker 20 is to supply the soil water supplied from the main culvert to the field quickly and quickly, and to drain the soil water staying in the field surface and quickly. Other water supply / drainage means such as a bullet culvert 22 may be provided instead of or in addition to the core breaker 20. As described above, the main culvert 12 and the material culvert 20 are formed in the field, and the auxiliary culvert is cross-fused to the hydrophobic material layer 16 of the main culvert 12 like the material culvert 20 (and also the bullet culvert 22). As a result, the water supply from the underdrain 12 and the drainage into the underdrain 12 are quickly raised or lowered to the underground crack portion and the surface of the ground through the material core fracture 20 to quickly supply and drain the water. Can be done.

  FIG. 3 shows a plan view and a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of the field where the main culvert 12 and the timber core fracture 20 are formed. In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the agricultural field 10 that takes water in two systems from the irrigation channel 24 is illustrated.

  The water supply / drainage pipe 14 communicates with the irrigation channel 24 through the intake pipe 25. The water supply / drainage pipe 14 extends at the bottom of the main culvert 12, and when water is supplied to the water supply / drainage pipe 14, the water spreads uniformly from the layer of the hydrophobic material 16 to the field 10 through the material core fracture 20. I will try. The water flowing into the water supply / drainage pipe 14 is supplied to the farm 10 as soil water.

  In the present embodiment, a water intake 26 is provided in the farm field 10. The water intake 26 is formed by losing a part of the bank / basket of the field 10. Water passing through the water intake 25 is supplied to the field 10 as surface water.

  By taking water in two systems, the temperature of the farm 10 can be easily adjusted. That is, since the soil water is supplied from the basement of the field 10 through the ground to the field surface where the crop is planted, it is difficult to be accompanied by a temperature change of the field 10. On the other hand, the surface water is supplied directly from the irrigation channel 24 to the surface of the farm field 10, and therefore is easily accompanied by a temperature change of the farm field 10. Utilizing the fact that there is a difference in the influence on the temperature change of the field 10, the water temperature of the field 10 can be managed by supplying water to the field 10 in two systems.

  FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment in which soil water is supplied from the water supply pipeline 30 to the agricultural field 10 instead of the water channel.

  On the upstream side of the water supply / drainage pipe 14, a soil water supply device for the farm is provided. The water supply apparatus includes, for example, a water supply basin 28 and a gate valve 32 attached to the water supply basin 28. In the agricultural field 10, a hollow water supply rod 28 that opens upward is laid. A gate valve 32 is installed at the bottom of the water tank 28. The gate valve 32 is opened and closed by operating the adjustment handle 34 from the surface of the field 10. When the gate valve 32 is operated in the open state, water is supplied from the water supply pipeline 30 to the water supply / drainage pipe 14, and the water is uniformly supplied to the field 10 from the layer of the hydrophobic material 16 through the material core fracture 20. Try to spread.

  As shown in FIG. 5, a drainage device is provided on the downstream side of the water supply / drainage pipe 14. The drainage device includes a drainage amount adjustment water tank 36 communicating with the water supply / drainage pipe 14, a bypass 39 and a pipe branched by the drainage amount adjustment water tank 36. The drainage amount adjustment water tank 36 has a soil water discharge function (also functions as a water supply valve by not discharging the water) and a soil water level adjustment function.

  The drainage amount adjusting water tank 36 includes a shutter valve 37 at the downstream end of the water supply / drainage pipe 14. When the shutter valve 37 is in the open state, the water supply / drainage pipe 14 is connected to the drainage channel 38 via a pipe communicating with the drainage channel. As a result, when there is soil water already stored, the soil water is quickly discharged.

  When the shutter valve 37 is closed, the water supply / drainage pipe 14 communicates with the drainage amount adjustment water tank 36, and the water in the water supply / drainage pipe 14 rises in the drainage amount adjustment water tank 36. When the water level in the drainage adjustment water tank 36 reaches a predetermined height, the water overflows into the water tank 36 and is discharged to the drainage channel 38 via the bypass 39 and the pipe.

  The drainage amount adjustment water tank 36 has a rod or the like inside, and the discharge water level can be adjusted by operating this rod. That is, the water level of the soil water in the field 10 can be adjusted by operating the drainage adjustment water tank 36.

  Next, with reference to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the water supply / drainage method in a farm field is demonstrated. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the supply behavior of irrigation water during water supply, and a cross-section showing the discharge behavior of irrigation water during drainage. Fig. 7 is a graph showing the water supply / drainage cycle in units of one day. Changes in groundwater level, changes in water temperature when using underground irrigation water or surface irrigation water, and when using underground irrigation water and surface irrigation water It shows changes in water temperature.

  By operating the water supply device, irrigation water is supplied to the water supply / drainage pipe 14 as shown in FIG. The irrigation water overflows from the perforated plastic tube and is first supplied to the hydrophobic material layer 16. Irrigation water ascends the hydrophobic material layer 16 in the main culvert 12 to a predetermined water level. The predetermined water level is a water level determined based on other seasonal and temperature factors according to the crop.

  The irrigation water penetrates the timber core fracture 20 before reaching the soil layer 18. Part of the irrigation water also penetrates into the soil layer 18. Irrigation water that has penetrated from the hydrophobic material layer 14 of the main culvert 12 into the timber core breaker 20 spreads across the field 10 horizontally and horizontally due to a capillary phenomenon or the like. By providing a plurality of main culverts 12 and a plurality of material heartbreaks 20 throughout the field, irrigation water can be supplied to the field 10 quickly and evenly.

  By operating the drainage device, as shown in FIG. 6B, irrigation water is drained from the field 10 through the water supply / drainage pipe 14. First, water is quickly drained from the hydrophobic material layer 16, and irrigation water is also quickly drained through the hydrophobic material layer 16 from the core material rupture 20 communicating with the hydrophobic material layer 16.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 7, the soil water level and the soil water temperature are adjusted by operating the soil water supply device, the surface water supply device, and the drainage device. In FIG. 7, the horizontal axis represents the daily time cycle, and the vertical axis corresponds to the height of the main culvert 12.

  Since there is a reduced water depth in the field 10, the soil water level gradually decreases even if irrigation water is supplied. The right slope of the soil water level indicates the water reduction depth. Depending on the type of crop, for example, in the case of rice, temperature control of soil water is important depending on the growing conditions. In the present embodiment, the operation of water supply / drainage is performed on the basis of sunrise and sunset, and water supply / drainage is performed for water temperature management.

  Specifically, the irrigation water is supplied from the soil by operating the soil water supply device before sunrise (5-7 am). The irrigation water rises rapidly through the hydrophobic material layer 16 of the main culvert 12 and then penetrates through the cracked portion of the soil layer through the material core breakage 20 and spreads across the field 10 in a plane. In the case of rice cultivation, it is thought that the taste is affected by the rapid rise and fall of soil water.

  At sunset time, the drainage device is operated to drain irrigation water from the soil. In the case of rice cultivation, it is thought that the taste will be affected by forced drainage beyond the reduced water depth. Rather than draining all irrigation water from the field 10, it is preferable to drain the irrigation water in the soil. This is because by operating the drainage device and leaving a certain amount of irrigation water in the soil, the temperature in the soil will not drop rapidly during the next water supply.

  In FIG. 7, the dotted line indicates the temperature of the irrigation water supplied to the farm 10. The thick dotted line is the temperature of irrigation water when only the underground water supply device is used, and the thin dotted line is the temperature of the irrigation water when the underground water supply device and the surface water supply device are used together.

  For example, it is conceivable that the temperature of the farm 10 temporarily rises due to a Fern phenomenon or the like. In that case, the temperature of the irrigation water in the field 10 can be adjusted by using two systems of water supply devices, that is, an underground water supply device and a surface water supply device.

  In the above embodiments, specific devices and operations have been exemplified, but the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the above embodiments. A person skilled in the art can easily change the various devices and change the operation, and can make appropriate changes according to seasonal factors and the environment.

  The effects according to the present invention are listed here.

  (1) By supplying irrigation water to the field from the upstream side of this culvert drainage pipe, weeds in the field can be suppressed by enclosing the seeds of weed mixed with irrigation water into the ground.

  (2) In the case of drought in upland fields, cropping fields, etc., water can be supplied from the water supply and drainage pipes using the farmland water supply and drainage improvement method, and water can be supplied to the ground using the drainage control fountain. In addition, by supplying moisture evenly, it is possible to secure a stable crop harvest regardless of the weather.

  (3) Liquid fertilizer can be easily supplied to the root area of the crop by preparing liquid fertilizer and the like from the water supply device and supplying the field from the upstream of the water supply / drainage pipe to the field.

(4) Irrigation water supply / drainage The farmland water supply / drainage improvement structure crosses and fuses water supply / drainage pipes and timber core breakage and uses ceramic chips, shells, clinkers, etc. as hydrophobic materials to manage water (water supply The irrigation water can be quickly supplied to the surface of the paddy field through the water supply / drainage pipe, the broken material core, and the crack in the soil.

  When draining, it can be quickly drained through underground cracks, broken materials, and drainage pipes. As a result, the dry soil effect of fields such as farmland is improved, and mechanization work is facilitated, saving labor and reducing product costs.

(5) Countermeasures against high temperatures The farmland water supply / drainage improvement structure and water supply / drainage method can be used for low temperature irrigation or constant temperature irrigation by irrigating irrigation water from underground where the ground temperature is low.

  (6) The increase in water temperature can be suppressed by forcibly expanding the water reduction depth by the drainage adjustment water tank and moving water vertically in the field.

  (7) From June to September, the sun's sunshine raises the temperature of the surface water of the paddy field to generate methane gas, which normally promotes global warming 23 times that of carbon dioxide. In the present invention, the amount of drainage is adjusted by a drainage adjustment water tank, and the soil water in the paddy field is infiltrated longitudinally to ensure a significant water reduction depth. As a result, the stagnation of soil water is eliminated, the water is moved vertically, and the chemical reaction between the organic matter (carbon content C) in the paddy field and the hydrogen (H) of the water is made difficult to suppress the generation of methane gas. It also has the effect of suppressing global warming.

10 fields 12 culverts 14 water supply and drainage pipes
16 Hydrophobic material layer 18 Soil layer 20 Material breakage

Claims (7)

A long groove excavated from the ground surface so as to extend in the longitudinal direction of the field, a perforated water supply / drain pipe laid at the bottom of the long groove, a hydrophobic material layer formed on the water supply / drain pipe in the long groove, and A main culvert having a soil layer covering the hydrophobic material layer;
Auxiliary culvert or alum formed at the upper side of the water supply / drain pipe and communicating with the hydrophobic material layer intersecting with the main culvert and reaching the ground surface ,
A surface water supply device for supplying water to the ground surface of the field;
An underground water supply apparatus provided upstream of the water supply and drainage pipe;
An underground drainage device provided downstream of the water supply and drainage pipe;
A structure for improving water supply and drainage in farms. The structure for improving water supply and drainage in a farm according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of rows of main culverts are parallel to each other, a plurality of rows of auxiliary culverts or alums are parallel to each other, and the main culvert and the auxiliary culverts or alum are perpendicular to each other. The surface water supply device includes a water intake for supplying water from the water channel to the ground surface of the field,
The underground water supply apparatus includes a water intake pipe communicating with the water channel and the water supply / drain pipe,
The field water supply / drainage improvement structure according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the water intake is provided between adjacent water intake pipes, and the water intake pipe is provided between adjacent water intakes .   The water supply / drainage improvement structure for a farm field according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the hydrophobic material layer is made of any one material of gravel, shells, volcanic gravel, and crushed tiles, or a combination of two or more materials. A long groove excavated from the ground surface so as to extend in the longitudinal direction of the field, a perforated water supply / drain pipe laid at the bottom of the long groove, a hydrophobic material layer formed on the water supply / drain pipe in the long groove, and A main culvert having a soil layer covering the hydrophobic material layer, an auxiliary culvert or alum formed at the upper level of the water supply / drainage pipe, crossing the main culvert and communicating with the hydrophobic material layer and reaching the ground surface, and the field A surface water supply device for supplying water to the ground surface, an underground water supply device provided upstream of the water supply / drainage pipe, and a groundwater drainage device provided downstream of the water supply / drainage pipe. And
A water supply / drainage method for a farm, wherein water supply and drainage are repeated at a lower water level than the hydrophobic material layer of the main underdrain.   The water supply / drainage method for a field according to claim 5, wherein water supply is started before sunrise and water supply is stopped immediately after sunrise.   The method for supplying and draining a field according to claim 6, wherein the field is drained more than the depth of water reduction after sunset.

Images