JP5509076B2 - 免疫抑制剤の検出方法 - Google Patents
免疫抑制剤の検出方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5509076B2 JP5509076B2 JP2010519901A JP2010519901A JP5509076B2 JP 5509076 B2 JP5509076 B2 JP 5509076B2 JP 2010519901 A JP2010519901 A JP 2010519901A JP 2010519901 A JP2010519901 A JP 2010519901A JP 5509076 B2 JP5509076 B2 JP 5509076B2
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
- G01N33/9493—Immunosupressants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
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- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Description
一般的な説明
現行方法は、内因性血液成分により、とりわけ、リポタンパク質、および特にトリグリセリドおよびコレステロールにより引き起こされる妨害の軽減に焦点を合わせている。本方法は、アッセイの前に、例えば、リポタンパク質を含み得る血液成分のようなサンプルの他の成分から疎水性薬物を抽出または分離しない完全自動化均一系アッセイに適用される。「抽出手作業がない」アッセイにおいて、全血サンプルのようなサンプルは、媒体中で溶血素と混合され、溶血が可能となるインキュベート期間に続いて、疎水性薬物についてのアッセイを実施するための試薬を媒体に添加し、そしてアッセイを実施する。薬物のためのアッセイにおいて、疎水性薬物のアベイラビリティーを向上させるバイオアベイラビリティー剤と共に疎水性薬物を含有することが疑われるサンプルをインキュベートし、その後、アッセイの間、薬物に対する抗体に結合させることにより、疎水性薬物のバイオアベイラビリティーを向上させ、サンプルの他の成分が存在する薬物の存在および/または量を検出し得ることが見出されている。
溶血剤は、赤血球の膜の完全性を崩壊させ、それにより、細胞の細胞内内容物を放出させる化合物または化合物の混合物である。多数の溶血剤が当該分野で公知である。溶血剤としては、例えば、非イオン性界面活性剤、陰イオン性界面活性剤、両性界面活性剤、低イオン強度水溶液(低張液)、細菌性試薬(bacterial agent)、補体依存性溶解を引き起こす抗体などが挙げられる。溶血剤として利用され得る非イオン性界面活性剤は、合成界面活性剤および天然界面活性剤の両方を含む。合成界面活性剤の例としては、TRITONTM X−100、TRITONTM N−101、TRITONTM X−114、TRITONTM X−405、TRITONTM SP−135、TWEEN(R) 20(ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンラウレート)、TWEEN(R) 80(ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノオレエート)、DOWFAX(R)、ZONYL(R)、パルミチン酸ペンタエリスリチル(pentaerythrityl palmitate)、ADOGEN(R) 464、ALKANOL(R) 6112界面活性剤、アリルアルコール1,2−ブトキシラート−ブロック−エトキシラートHLB 6、BRIJ(R)、エチレンジアミンテトラキス(エトキシラート−ブロック−プロポキシラート)テトロール、IGEPAL(R)、MERPOL(R)、ポリ(エチレングリコール)、2−[エチル[(ヘプタデカフルオロオクチル)スルホニル]アミノ]エチルエーテル、ポリエチレン−ブロック−ポリ(エチレングリコール)、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンテトラオレエート、ポリオキシエチレンソルビトールヘキサオレエート、TERGITOL(R)
NP−9、GAFAC(R)(RHODAFAC(R)、アルキルポリオキシエチレングリコールホスフェートエステル、例えば、α−ドデシル−オメガ−ヒドロキシポリ(オキシ−1,2−エタンジイル)ホスフェート)、およびEP110(R)などが挙げられる。溶血剤として利用され得る天然界面活性剤としては、例えば、サポニン、 ナトリウムもしくはカリウムの中和脂肪酸、中和リン脂質、ジアシルグリセロール(diacylglyerol)、中和ホスファチジルセリン、ホスファチジン酸、中和ホスファチジルエタノールアミン(ethanoliamin)、ホスファチジルコリン、ホスファチジルイノシトール、ホスファチジルコリン、胆汁塩、非エステル化コレステロール、中和スフィンゴシン、セラミドなどが挙げられる。1つもしくはそれ以上の合成界面活性剤または1つもしくはそれ以上の天然界面活性剤の組み合わせおよび合成界面活性剤と天然界面活性剤の組み合わせもまた利用され得る。
本方法の実施形態に従うバイオアベイラビリティー剤は、少なくとも10の炭素原子の鎖を含むイオン性界面活性剤または少なくとも15の繰り返しのエチレンオキシド単位もしくはプロピレンオキシド単位または繰り返しのエチレンオキシドとプロピレンオキシドの断片の組み合わせの鎖を含む非イオン性界面活性剤を含み、繰り返し断片はそれぞれエチレンオキシド単位とプロピレンオキシド単位を含む。1つまたはそれ以上の上記の界面活性剤を含む他の化学物質および材料との組み合わせもまた、バイオアベイラビリティー剤の定義に包含される。いくつかの実施形態において、バイオアベイラビリティー剤は液体である。
サンプル、溶血剤、およびバイオアベイラビリティー剤が媒体中で混合され、上記のように媒体は、通常、水性媒体である。上記の全ては、媒体中で同時に混合してもよく、または1つまたはそれ以上の上記の試薬を連続して添加してもよい。水性媒体は、単なる水であってもよく、または例えば、有機溶媒のような共溶媒を0.1〜約40容量%含んでいてもよく、この有機溶媒としては、例えば、アルコール、エーテル、エステルなどが挙げられ得る。媒体はまた、当該分野で公知であるような1つまたはそれ以上の防腐剤を含んでいてもよく、これらとしては、例えば、アジ化ナトリウム、硫酸ネオマイシン、PROCLIN(R) 300、ストレプトマイシンなどが挙げられる。媒体のpHは、通常、約4〜約11の範囲、より通常は、約5〜約10の範囲、そして好ましくは約6.5〜約9.5の範囲である。
上記のインキュベーション期間に続いて、サンプル中の疎水性薬物の存在および/または量を決定するための試薬が媒体に添加される。試薬の性質は、実行されるアッセイの特定の種類に依存する。一般に、アッセイは、疎水性検体の存在および/または量の決定方法または測定方法である。種々のアッセイ方法が、限定ではなく例として以下に議論される。
本発明の開示に従う方法の次の工程において、媒体は、疎水性薬物および疎水性薬物に対する抗体を含む複合体の存在について試験される。複合体の存在および/または量は、サンプル中の疎水性薬物の存在および/または量を示す。
以下の実施例は、限定ではなく例として本発明の特定の実施例を記載し、そして本発明の範囲を限定するためではなく、単に記載することを意図する。
【0103】
以下の実施例は、限定ではなく例として本発明の特定の実施形態をさらに記載し、そして本発明の範囲を限定するのではなく、記載することを意図する。本明細書中に開示される部およびパーセンテージは、他に示されない限り容量である。
PLURONIC(R) 25R2をBASF Corporation(Wilmington NC)から購入した。他の全ての化学物質をSigma−Aldrich Company(St.Louis MO)から購入した。
手動でない前処理を利用する液体妨害を低減させた疎水性薬物についての自動化免疫測定
PLURONIC(R) 25R2を含む前処理溶液の調製
6.8mg/mL PIPESTM 1.5ナトリウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA 二ナトリウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.09%の最終濃度までのPLURONIC(R) 25R2を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終反応混合物中のPLURONIC(R) 25R2の濃度は、約0.021%であった。
6.8mg/mL PIPES 1.5ナトリウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA 二ナトリウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.2%の最終濃度までのドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(SDS)を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終ACMIA反応混合物中のSDSの濃度は、約0.047%であった。
6.8mg/mL PIPES 1.5リチウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA二リチウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.05%の最終濃度までのドデシル硫酸リチウム(LDS)を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終ACMIA反応混合物中のLDSの濃度は、約0.012%であり、これはLDS CMC(0.24%)より低かった。
6.8mg/mL PIPES 1.5ナトリウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA 二ナトリウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.5%の最終濃度までのTRITONTM X405を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終ACMIA反応混合物中のTRITONTM X405の濃度は、約0.117%である。
6.8mg/mL PIPES 1.5ナトリウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA 二ナトリウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.2%の最終濃度までのGAFAC(R)を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終ACMIA反応混合物中のGAFAC(R)の濃度は、約0.047%である。
6.8mg/mL PIPES 1.5ナトリウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA 二ナトリウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.05%の最終濃度までのEP110(R)を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終ACMIA反応混合物中のEP110(R)の濃度は、約0.0117%である。
6.8mg/mL PIPES 1.5ナトリウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA 二ナトリウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.1%の最終濃度までのZWITTERGENT(R)を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終ACMIA反応混合物中のZWITTERGENT(R)の濃度は、約0.0234%である。
6.8mg/mL PIPES 1.5ナトリウム塩、0.3mg/mL EDTA 二ナトリウム、1.0mg/mLサポニン、5μg/mLのFK−506 カルバメート化合物(またはタクロリムスエステル)、0.2% Proclin 300、0.024mg/mL 硫酸ネオマイシンおよび0.99mg/mL NaN3を含む緩衝液(pH 6.5)に0.1%の最終濃度までのTWEEN(R)20を添加することにより、この前処理基礎液を調製した。最終ACMIA反応混合物中のTWEEN(R)20の濃度は、約0.0234%である。
公知の技術に従って標準的なヘテロ二官能性連結剤、すなわちSMCC(スクシニミジルトランス−4−(N−マレイミジルメチル)シクロヘキサン−1−カルボキシレート)リンカーを使用して、モノクローナル抗タクロリムス抗体をβ−ガラクトシダーゼに抱合させた。抗体抱合体溶液(pH 6.5)は、約7.5μg/mL抗タクロリムス抗体−βガラクトシダーゼ抱合体、30mg/mL プロテアーゼを含まないウシ血清アルブミン、0.126mg/mL MgCl2、0.03mg/mLのエチレングリコール、3
5.14mg/mL PIPES 1.5ナトリウム塩、50mg/mL NaClおよびβ−gal突然変異タンパク質(不活性化したβ−ガラクトシダーゼ)を含んでいた。
FK−タクロリムス−BGG(ウシガンマグロブリン)−デキストラン抱合体を作製し、クロム粒子でスラリーを調製し、次いでコーティング粒子をタブレット化することにより、FK−タクロリムスクロム粒子(免疫測定固相)の生成を進めた。各FK−タクロリムスタブレットは、FK−タクロリムスクロムスラリー(約2mg)、30% ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)(10.5mg)、トレハロース二水和物(30.4mg)およびCARBOWAX(R) 100μm(3.6mg)を含んでいた。
タクロリムスについてのACMIAアッセイの原理および操作は以下の通りであった:
上記の界面活性剤の1つを含む前処理試薬をDIMENSION(R) RxL/HM機器の反応容器に添加した。次いで、タクロリムスを含む全血(20μl)を添加した。血液と超音波サンプルプローブを始めに混合することにより、全血を標準カップからサンプリングした。全血サンプルとタクロリムスカルバメート前処理溶液を混合することにより、全血の溶解およびタクロリムスカルバメート分子によるそれらの結合部位からのタンパク質結合タクロリムス分子の置換を確実にした。従って、放出されたタクロリムス分子は、反応混合物中の抗タクロリムス抗体にアクセス可能となる。次に、抗タクロリムス抗体−β−ガラクトシダーゼ抱合体(50μL)を添加し、そしてサンプル中のタクロリムスの反応を可能にした。固定化したタクロリムス−BGG(ウシガンマグロブリン)−デキストランを有するクロム粒子を添加し(50μL)、そして未反応抱合体への結合を可能にした。抗タクロリムス抗体−β−ガラクトシダーゼ抱合体を結合したタクロリムスは、クロムに結合しないが、磁場を上記の反応混合物に適用し、クロム粒子から溶液を分離させた場合、上清中に残っていた。反応容器から光度計のキュベットに上清を移し、そしてクロロフェノールレッド−β−D−ガラクトピラノシド(CRPG)の存在下、抱合体の酵素率(enzymatic rate)を測定することによって、タクロリムス−結合抱合体を検出した。この比率を二重クロマチック的に577および700nmで測定した。
PLURONIC(R) 25R2、SDS、LDSおよびTRITONTM X405を使用して、通常のコレステロールまたはトリグリセリドおよび高コレステロールまたは高トリグリセリドを含む全血サンプル中のタクロリムス濃度を測定するために、DIMENSION(R) ANALYZERで実施されるACMIAアッセイのための前処理溶液(上で詳細に議論されるような)を別々に作製した。アッセイの対照として上記の界面活性剤を含まない別の前処理溶液を作製した(「対照」)。上記の界面活性剤を混ぜたか、混ぜていない前処理溶液を使用して、DIMENSION(R) 臨床化学分析器上でのタクロリムスACMIAアッセイのための試薬カートリッジを調製した。上記の界面活性剤を使用しない場合、コレステロールおよびトリグリセリドの両方は、全血サンプル中のタクロリムス回収率を減少させた。以下の表において、タクロリムス回収率(ng/ml)を報告する。(妨害の減少量を示すので)、コレステロール妨害率は負数として報告され、そして通常のコレステロールの検体回収率と高コレステロールの検体回収率との間の差を通常のコレステロールの検体回収率で割って100倍する。例えば、以下の対照から、コレステロールの妨害率は、(10.6−3.9)÷10.6×100である。(妨害の減少量を示すので)、トリグリセリドの妨害率は、負数として報告され、そして通常のトリグリセリドの検体回収率と高トリグリセリドの検体回収率との間の差を通常のトリグリセリドの検体回収率で割って100倍する。例えば、以下の対照から、トリグリセリドの妨害率は、(10.0−6.5)÷10.0×100である。
Claims (11)
- 疎水性薬物を含有することが疑われるサンプル中の疎水性薬物のバイオアベイラビリティーを向上させるための方法であり、該方法は、以下:
(a)媒体中で、
(i)該サンプルおよび
(ii)該疎水性薬物に対するバイオアベイラビリティー剤、ここで、該バイオアベイラビリティー剤は、(1)一方の末端に硫酸イオン、亜硫酸イオン、カルボン酸イオン、リン酸イオン、亜リン酸イオン、アミンオキシド又はアンモニウムイオンを有し、他方の末端にアルキル又はアルキルフェノールを有する少なくとも10の炭素原子の鎖を含むイオン性界面活性剤、または(2)少なくとも15の繰り返しのエチレンオキシド単位もしくはプロピレンオキシド単位またはエチレンオキシド単位とプロピレンオキシド単位との組み合わせの鎖を含む非イオン性界面活性剤を含み、該バイオアベイラビリティー剤は両性イオンでなく、そして該媒体中の該バイオアベイラビリティー剤の濃度は容量で0.0001%〜0.5%である、
との組み合わせを提供し、そして
(b)1秒〜60分間、10℃〜45℃で該媒体をインキュベートすることを包含する、方法。 - 媒体中の組み合わせがさらに溶血剤を含む、疎水性薬物を含有することが疑われるサンプル中の疎水性薬物を決定するための、請求項1に記載の方法であり、該方法は、さらに以下:
(b)該サンプル中の細胞を溶血させ、そして該疎水性薬物のバイオアベイラビリティーを向上させる条件下で該媒体をインキュベートし、
(c)該サンプル中の該疎水性薬物の存在および/または量を決定するための媒体試薬、ここで、該試薬は、該疎水性薬物に対する少なくとも1つの抗体を含む、
を添加し、そして
(d)該サンプル中の該疎水性薬物と該疎水性薬物に対する抗体を含む複合体の存在、該疎水性薬物の存在および/または量を示す該複合体の存在および/または量について該媒体を試験することを包含する、方法。 - 疎水性薬物が免疫抑制剤である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- バイオアベイラビリティー剤が、少なくとも20の繰り返しのエチレンオキシド単位もしくはプロピレンオキシド単位またはエチレンオキシド単位とプロピレンオキシド単位との組み合わせを含む非イオン性界面活性剤である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- バイオアベイラビリティー剤が、界面活性剤PLURONIC(R) 25R2またはTRITONTM X−405である、請求項4に記載の方法。
- バイオアベイラビリティー剤が、少なくとも10のメチレン単位を含むイオン性界面活性剤である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- バイオアベイラビリティー剤が、ドデシル硫酸ナトリウムまたはドデシル硫酸リチウムである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 工程(c)において、疎水性薬物アナログが媒体に添加される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 疎水性薬物の少なくとも1つの抗体および疎水性薬物アナログが標識を含む、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 工程(c)において、第二の抗体が媒体に添加され、該第二の抗体が疎水性薬物と該疎水性薬物に対する抗体の複合体に結合する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 疎水性薬物の少なくとも1つの抗体および第二の抗体が標識を含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
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