JP5502328B2 - 植物体中でのシアル酸の合成 - Google Patents
植物体中でのシアル酸の合成 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5502328B2 JP5502328B2 JP2008553589A JP2008553589A JP5502328B2 JP 5502328 B2 JP5502328 B2 JP 5502328B2 JP 2008553589 A JP2008553589 A JP 2008553589A JP 2008553589 A JP2008553589 A JP 2008553589A JP 5502328 B2 JP5502328 B2 JP 5502328B2
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Description
本発明は、植物体におけるシアル酸の合成に関する。さらに、本発明はシアル酸を産生する方法及び植物体を提供し、これら植物体から産生されるシアル化タンパク質を提供する。
植物は、組換え医薬タンパク質を製造するための、コストの低い、且つ混入汚染について安全な製造現場となる可能性がある。アミノ酸配列、立体配置及び生物活性に関する限り、植物で産生された組換えタンパク質のほとんどは哺乳類で製造されたものと区別できない。さらに、哺乳類の糖タンパク質は、それらがトランスジェニック植物で発現された場合、効率的にグリコシル化される。しかしながら、植物は、動物の糖タンパク質で見い出されるものとは異なるN−グリカンを持つ分子を産生する(非特許文献1)。このことは、これらのタンパク質上の植物特異的な糖エピトープがヒトにおいて免疫応答を誘発する(非特許文献2)と共に、シアル化配列のような哺乳類型のエピトープが存在しないことが血流からのそれらの迅速なクリアランスを誘導する可能性があるので、植物で作製された医薬品の使用を限定する可能性がある。その結果、植物で作製された医薬のN−グリコシル化を制御することがヒトの治療法で使用することの前提条件となっている。
Lerouge, P., Cabanes−Macheteau, M., Rayon, C, Fitchette−Laine, A.−C, Gomord, V. and Faye, L. (1998) N−glycoprotein biosynthesis: recent development and future trends.Plant MoI. Biol, 38, 31−48 Bardor M, Faveeuw C, Fitchette A−C, Gilbert D, Galas L, Trottein F, Faye L and Lerouge P. (2003) Immureactivity in mammals of two typical plant glyco−epitopes, core−alpha(l,3)−fucose and core−xylose. Glycobiology, 13, 427−434 Ko, K., Tekoah, Y., Rudd, P.M., Harvey, D.J., Dwek, R.A., Spitsin, S., Hanlon, C.A., Rupprecht C, Dietzschold, B., Golovkin, M. and Koprowski, H. (2003) Function and glycosylation of plant−derived antiviral monoclonal antibody. Proc. Natl Acad. ScL USA, 101, 8013−8018 Sriraman, R., Bardor, M., Sack, M., Vaquero, C, Faye, L., Fischer, R., Finnern R. and Lerouge, P. (2004) Recombinant anti−hCG antibodies retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of transformed plants lack core xylose and core D(l,3)−fucose residues. Plant Biotech. J., 2, 279−287 Triguero, A., Cabrera, G., Cremata, J., Yuen, C−T., Wheeler J. and Ramirez N.I. (2005) Plant−derived mouse IgG monoclonal antibody fused to KDEL endoplasmic reticulum−retention signal is TV−glycosylated homogeneously throughout the plant with mostly high−mannose−type N−glycans. Plant Biotech. J. 3, 449−457 Palacpac, N. Q., Yoshida, S., Sakai, H., Kimura, Y., Fujiyama, K., Yoshida, T. and Seki, T. (1999) Stable expression of human beta 1,4−galactosyltransferase in plant cells modifies N−linked glycosylation patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4692− 4697 Bakker, H., Bardor, M., Molhoff, J., Gomord, V., Elbers, I., Stevens, L., Jordi, W., Lommen, A., Faye, L., Lerouge, P. and Bosch D. (2001) Humanized glycans on antibodies produced by transgenic plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA, 98, 2899−2904 Kelm, S. And Schauer, R. (1997) Sialic acids in molecular and cellular interactions. Int. Rev. Cytol. 175, 137−240 Matsumoto, S., Ikura, K., Ueda, M. and Sasaki, R. (1995) Characterization of a human glycoprotein (erythropoietin) produced in cultured tobacco cells. Plant MoI. Biol.27, 1163−1172 Wee, E.Q., Sherrier, D.J., Prime, T.A. and Dupree, P. (1998) Targeting of active sialyltransferase to the plant Golgi apparatus. Plant Cell, 10, 1759−1768 Seveno, M., Bardor, M., Paccalet, T., Gomord, V., Lerouge, P. and Faye, L. (2004)Glycoprotein sialylation in plants? Nature Biotech., 22, 5−6 Angatta, T. and Varki, A. (2002) Chemical diversity in the sialic acids and related a−keto acids: an evolutionary perspertive. Chem Rev., 102, 439−469 Maru, I., Ohnishi, J., Ohta, Y. and Tsukada, Y. (1998) Simple and large−scale production of N−acetylneuraminic acid from N−acetyl−D−glucosamine and pyruvate using N− acyl−D−glucosamine epimerase and N−acetylneuraminate layse. Carbohydr. Res.,306, 575−578 Tanner, M. E. (2005) The enzymes of sialic acid biosynthesis. Bioorg. Chem., 33, 216−228
本発明は、植物体におけるシアル酸の合成に関する。さらに、本発明は、シアル酸を産生する方法及び植物体、並びにこれら植物体から産生されるシアル化タンパク質に関する。
i)N−アセチルノイラミン酸(Neu5Ac)シンターゼ又はNeu5Acリアーゼをコードするヌクレオチド配列である、植物体で活性のある調節領域と作動可能に連結されたヌクレオチド配列を含む植物体を提供することと、
ii)植物体を生育させ、ヌクレオチド配列を発現させ、それによってシアル酸を合成することを含む、シアル酸、たとえば、Neu5Acの合成方法が提供される。
i)Neu5Acシンターゼ、Neu5Acリアーゼ、エピメラーゼ、CMP−Neu5Acシンターゼ、CMP−Neu5Acトランスポーター、ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼ及びシアリルトランスフェラーゼをコードする1又は1を超える第1のヌクレオチド配列、並びに目的のタンパク質をコードする第2のヌクレオチド配列を発現する植物体を提供することと、
ii)植物体を生育させ、第1及び第2のヌクレオチド配列を発現させ、それによって目的のタンパク質を産生し、その際、目的のタンパク質がシアル化されることを含む、
目的のタンパク質を産生する方法(B)を提供する。
i)Neu5Acシンターゼ、Neu5Acリアーゼ、エピメラーゼ、CMP−Neu5Acシンターゼ、CMP−Neu5Acトランスポーター、ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼ及びシアリルトランスフェラーゼをコードする1又は1を超える第1のヌクレオチド配列、及び目的のタンパク質をコードする第2のヌクレオチド配列を発現する構築物によって植物体又は植物体の一部を一過性に形質転換することと、
ii)目的のタンパク質を産生し、その際目的のタンパク質がシアル化されることを含む
目的のタンパク質を産生する方法(方法D)を提供する。
本発明は、植物体におけるシアル酸の合成に関する。さらに、本発明は、シアル酸を発現する方法及び植物体、並びにこれら植物体から産生されるシアル化タンパク質を提供する。
合成FLAG配列ポリペプチド(Arg−Tyr−Lys−Asp−Asp−Asp−Asp−Lys:配列番号1)に対するポリクローナル抗体をEurogentec(Seraing, Belgium)のウサギで調製した。C18Bond−ElutカートリッジはVarian(Sugarland, TX)から得た。タバコ細胞及びM.sativaのクローニング実験及び形質転換には、それぞれ、Escherichia coliDH−5α及びAgrobacterium tumefaciensLBA4404を用いた。Gomordら(1998)で記載されたように、Nicotiana tabacum Bright Yellow2(BY2)細胞を増殖させた。
Neu5Acリアーゼ及びNeuB2の遺伝子をPCRで増幅した。Neu5Acリアーゼの遺伝子は、以下のプライマーを用いたPCRによってE.coliのK1ゲノムDNAから増幅させた:
リアーゼP1:
5’−AATAGGCCATTACGGCCATGGCAACGAATTTACGTGG−3’(配列番号6)、および
リアーゼP2:
5’−AATAGGCCGAGGCGGCCTCACCCGCGCTCTTGCAT−3’(配列番号7)。
neuB2遺伝子については、以下のプライマーを用いてDNA断片を得た:
neuB2−P1:
5’−AATAGGCCATTACGGCCATGAAAAAAACTTTAATC−3’(配列番号8)、および
neuB2−P2:
5’−AATAGGCCGAGGCGGCCTTACTCACGGATAAGCTC−3’(配列番号9)。
リアーゼ−FLAG−P1:
5’−CGGGGTACCAGAATGGCAACGAATTTACGTGGC−3’(配列番号2)、および
リアーゼ−FLAG−P2:
5’−GCCGAGCTCTCACTTGTCATCGTCATCCTTGTAATCCATCCCGCGCTCTTGCATCAACTG−3’(配列番号3)、
neuB2−FLAG−P1:
5’−CGGGGTACCAGAGAGATGAAAAAAACTTTAATCATCGC−3’(配列番号4)、および
neuB2−FLAG−P2:
5’−GCCGAGCTCTCACTTGTCATCGTCATCCTTGTAATCCATCTCACGGATAAGCTCATCTTC−3’(配列番号5)。
タバコBY2細胞は、MurashigeとSkoog(1962)の培地で維持し、形質転換に用いた。pBLTI121に由来する構築物をアグロバクテリウム(LBA4404)(Hofgen and Willmitzer, 1988)に移入した。100μg/mLのカナマイシンを含有するYEB培地にてトランスジェニックアグロバクテリウム細胞を選抜し、Gromordら(1998)で記載されているように浮遊培養しているタバコの細胞を形質転換するのに用いた。抗生剤(カナマイシン100μg/mL及びセフォタキシム250μg/mL)を含有するMS培地にて形質転換体を選抜し、維持した。各形質転換体からゲノムDNA及びmRNAを調製し、PCR及びRT−PCRによって目的の遺伝子がタバコの浮遊培養細胞に挿入され、そこで発現されていることを確認した。免疫スクリーニングの後、組換えタンパク質を産生している微小カルスを用いてトランスジェニック細胞の浮遊培養を開始した(Gomord et al., 1998)。
以下の改変と共に、Tianら(Tian et al., 2002)に記載されるように本質的に、アルファルファの形質転換を行った。Agrobacterium tumefaciensAGL1を用いて、アルファルファ遺伝子型R2336を形質転換した。共培養の工程は、0.8〜1のODで未稀釈の培養物と共に行い、1.5%スクロースの代わりに3%のスクロースをSh2K培地で使用した。
4日間培養したBY2浮遊培養細胞1g又はM.sativaの新鮮な葉600ngを回収して、プロテイナーゼ阻害剤(ペプスタチン1μg/mL、E64:1μg/mL及びPMSF:1mM、シグマ)を含有する溶液A(100mMのTris−HCl緩衝液(pH=7.4)にて粉砕した。細胞抽出物を4℃にて10000gで10分間遠心し、硫酸アンモニウム(最終濃度80%)でタンパク質を沈殿させ、スペクトラ/Por(10000Daで切り捨て)と共に、溶液B(Neu5Acリアーゼアッセイ用には100mMのTris−HCl緩衝液(pH=7.4)又はNeuB2用にはpH=8.5、及び10mMのMgCl2)に対して透析した。次いで、タンパク質を酵素アッセイ又は免疫検出に利用した。
変性緩衝液(20mMのTris−HCl、pH6.8、3%のβ−メルカプトエタノール、5%(v/v)のグリセロール及び1%(w/v)のSDS)にてタンパク質を可溶化し、5分間煮沸して、15%ポリアクリルアミドゲル中でのSDS−PAGEによって分離した。次いで、タンパク質をニトロセルロース膜上に移した。免疫検出のために、FLAGエピトープに対して生成したウサギ抗血清によって膜を探査した。西洋ワサビのペルオキシダーゼを結合したヤギ抗ウサギ抗体と共にインキュベートし、続いて4−クロロナフトールを用いた顕色又は化学発光反応によってタンパク質を検出した。
可溶性の酵素活性は、4mMのPEP、4mMのNADH、20mMのNaHCO3及び10mMのDTEと共に細胞抽出物をインキュベートすることによって測定される。10分後、340nmでの吸収の減少によってNADHの酸化を測定した。Neu5Acリアーゼのリアーゼ活性は、形質転換体細胞抽出物をNeu5Acと共にインキュベートした後、ManNAcの形成を測定することによってアッセイした。プロテイナーゼ阻害剤(ペプスタチン1μg/mL、E64:1μg/mL及びPMSF:1mM、シグマ)及び40mMのNeu5Acを含有する溶液B(100mMのTris−HCl緩衝液(pH=7.4)及び10mMのMgCl2)にて37℃で細胞抽出物を2時間インキュベートした。Neu5Acリアーゼのシンターゼ活性は、形質転換体細胞抽出物をManNAcとピルビン酸塩と共にインキュベートした後、Neu5Acの形成を測定することによってアッセイした。プロテイナーゼ阻害剤(ペプスタチン1μg/mL、E64:1μg/mL及びPMSF:1mM、シグマ)及び20mMのManNAcと40mMのピルビン酸塩を含有する溶液B(100mMのTris−HCl緩衝液(pH=7.4)及び10mMのMgCl2)にて37℃で細胞抽出物を2時間インキュベートした。NeuB2のシンターゼ活性は、形質転換体細胞抽出物をManNAcとPEPと共にインキュベートした後、Neu5Acの形成を測定することによってアッセイした。プロテイナーゼ阻害剤(ペプスタチン1μg/mL、E64:1μg/mL及びPMSF:1mM、シグマ)及び10mMのManNAcと10mMのPEPを含有する溶液B(100mMのTris−HCl緩衝液(pH=7.4)及び10mMのMgCl2)にて37℃で細胞抽出物を2時間インキュベートした。80℃にて5分間加熱することによって反応を停止し、C18Bond−Eluntカートリッジにて水による連続溶出によって精製し、GC−EI−MS分析用に凍結乾燥して得た。
4日間培養したタバコBY2細胞を10mMのNeu5Ac又は30mMのManNAcと共にBY2培地中で37℃にて2日間インキュベートし、それぞれ、Neu5Acリアーゼ又はNeu5Acシンターゼのin vivoでの活性をアッセイした。2日後、Neu5Ac又はManNAcを含まないBY2培地でBY2細胞を洗浄し、回収した。70%エタノール中にて70℃で15分間加熱し、酵素を不活化し、次いで陶器のホモゲナイザーで粉砕した。70℃にて70%エタノールで2回、ホモジネートを洗浄した。残ったペレット及び上清をそれぞれ、細胞壁及び細胞質の遊離の単糖類の代表とみなした。次いで、ガスクロマトグラフィによって上清分画の単糖類を分析した。
酵素のアッセイについては、反応混合物を先ずC18Seppakカートリッジにおける精製工程に提示した。単糖類は100%の水中に溶出された。凍結乾燥の後、500μLの2Mの無水メタノール−HClによる80℃での16時間の加メタノール分解に試料を提示した。メタノールを蒸発した後、20μLの無水酢酸及び20μLのピリジンを添加することによって試料を再びアセチル化した。得られたN−アセチルメチルグリコシド(メチルエステル)を乾燥し、次いでそのTMS−誘導体に変換し、ガスクロマトグラフィで分離した。ガスクロマトグラフは、水素炎イオン化検出器、固定相としてのCP−Sil5CPを伴ったWCOT溶融石英のキャピラリーカラム(長さ25m、i.d.0.25mm)及びガスベクターとしてのヘリウムを備えていた。オーブンの温度プログラムは、120℃にて2分間、1分間当たり10℃で160℃まで、1分間当たり1.5℃で220℃まで、次いで1分間当たり20℃にて280℃までであった。ピークの積分及び標準の単糖類によって確立された反応因子を用いた相当する分子の値の決定によって糖の定量を行った。
(アグロバクテリウムの増殖)
上述の所望のDNA構築物を担うバイナリーベクターを含有するアグロバクテリウムのクローンは、それぞれ25μg/mL及び50μg/mLのカルベニシリン及びカナマイシンを含有する2mLのYEB培地又はLB培地にて28℃で24時間増殖させた。これら培養物10μLを出発植菌として用いて、25mLのYEB誘導培地(YEB培地、pHを5.6に調整した10mMの2(N−モルフォリノ)エタンスルホン酸(MES)、25mg/Lのカルベニシリン、20μMのカナマイシン)の培養を生成した。回転振盪器(220rpm)インキュベーターにて28℃で18時間、又は600nmでの光学密度が0.8〜1に達するまで後者を増殖させた。
温室にてNicotiana benthamiana及びNicotiana tabacumの植物体を泥炭系基材中で種子から生育させた。苗木は当初苗床で育て、その後ポットに移した。植物体には一日2回水を与え、各散布にて180ppmの窒素を与えた。温室の条件は、植物体のレベルで20ワット/m2の人工照明にて長日条件(16時間明/8時間暗のサイクル)のもと、昼間25℃及び夜間21℃に保持された。様々な生育段階で植物体を利用することができるが、5〜8週の生育にて優先的に選択された。
本発明では2つの一過性の発現の方法:アグロ−植菌又はアグロ浸潤が使用された。両方の方法では、目的の転移DNA(t−DNA)を担う2つ又は3つのアグロバクテリウムの培養物の混合物が、葉の細胞間間隙に入ることが強いられる。上皮の物理的障壁をいったん越境すると、アグロバクテリウムは近隣の細胞に感染し、植物細胞にt−DNAのコピーを転移させる。この方法によって、核内のt−DNAの継代は一過性であり、t−DNAに存在する遺伝子はエピソームに転写され、mRNAが翻訳され、感染細胞における目的のタンパク質の産生がもたらされる。アグロ浸潤が制御された減圧を用いるのに対して、アグロ植菌法は、シリンジによる加圧を用いてアグロバクテリウム混合物を植物体の内部に挿入する。
バイオマスを回収した後、又は−80℃にて凍結した後、葉を直接分析した。約0.1〜1gのアグロ−植菌された又はアグロ−浸潤させた葉のバイオマスを秤量し、総タンパク液抽出物の生成に使用した。
(タバコBY2細胞におけるE.coliのNeu5Acリアーゼの発現)
Escherichia coliK1(受入番号:D00067)由来のNeu5Acリアーゼをコードする遺伝子をタバコBY2細胞に導入した。E.coliK1のNeu5Acリアーゼを含有するプラスミドpBLTI121によるアグロバクテリウムを介在させた形質転換の後、トランスジェニックBY2のカルスを生成した。別の構築物はそのC末端にFLAGエピトープでタグを付け、形質転換体における組換えタンパク質を免疫的に検出できるようにした。カナマイシン耐性によって選抜された形質転換体をmRNAについてRT−PCRによって分析した。Neu5Acリアーゼ転写物を発現している48形質転換体から36及びNeu5Acリアーゼ−FLAG転写物を発現している50形質転換体から30が得られた。さらに高いmRNAの発現レベルを抱くカルスを、Neu5Acリアーゼ活性の性状分析用の浮遊培養に移した。Neu5Acリアーゼ−FLAGの存在は、ウエスタンブロット分析によって、形質転換されたBY2細胞の細胞質タンパク質抽出物にて割り出された。抗FLAG抗体を用いて形質転換した細胞にて32kDaの見かけのMWを持つ単一のタンパク質バンドが特異的に免疫検出された(図1a)。
Neu5Acシンターゼである、Campylobactor jejuniに由来するNeuB2(受入番号:NC002163)は、ManNAcとPEPの縮合によるNeu5Acの形成を触媒する。neuB2のDNAを含有するプラスミドpBLTI121によるアグロバクテリウムが介在する形質転換の後、トランスジェニックBY2カルスを生成した。タンパク質の免疫的検出のために、第2の構築物にはそのC末端にFLAGエピトープによるタグを付けた。カナマイシン耐性について選抜した形質転換体をRT−PCRによってmRNAレベルで分析した。最も高いmRNA発現レベルを抱くカルスを分析用の浮遊培養に移した。次いで、NeuB2−FLAGの配列によって形質転換されたBY2細胞から単離した可溶性タンパク抽出物のウエスタンブロット分析によって形質転換されたBY2細胞におけるNeuB2の蓄積を測定した。図3aで説明されるように、抗FLAG抗体は、シンターゼの予測分子量と一致するMW=37kDaにて単一タンパク質バンドを特異的に認識した。neuB2はまた、アグロバクテリウムが介在する形質転換及びin vitroの植物体の再生によってアルファルファ植物体にも導入された(Tian at al., 2002)。34の形質転換された植物体から、29がneuB2の転写物を発現していることが明らかにされた。
Claims (5)
- シアル酸を合成する方法であって、
i)細菌のN−アセチルノイラミン酸(Neu5Ac)シンターゼ又はNeu5Acリアーゼをコードする核酸配列からなるヌクレオチド配列を含む形質転換植物体を提供する工程であって、該ヌクレオチド配列は、該植物体中で活性のある調節領域と作動可能に連結されている、工程、
ii)該形質転換植物体を生育させ、該ヌクレオチド配列を発現させ、それによってシアル酸を合成する工程
を包含する、方法。 - 前記シアル酸がNeu5Acであり、前記生育させる工程の後、該Neu5Acが前記形質転換植物体から回収される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記調節領域が、構成的プロモーター、誘導性プロモーター、組織特異的プロモーター及び発育プロモーターからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- シアル酸を合成する方法であって、
細菌のN−アセチルノイラミン酸(Neu5Ac)シンターゼ又はNeu5Acリアーゼをコードする核酸配列からなるヌクレオチド配列によって植物体又は該植物体の一部を一過性に形質転換する工程であって、該ヌクレオチド配列は、該植物体で活性のある調節領域と作動可能に連結されている、工程と、
該ヌクレオチド配列を発現させ、それによってシアル酸を合成する工程と
を包含する、方法。 - 前記シアル酸がNeu5Acであり、前記発現する工程の後、前記Neu5Acが前記植物体又は前記植物体の一部から回収される、請求項4に記載の方法。
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