JP5492977B2 - 熱電池の電解質組成物、電極−電解質複合材料およびそれを含む電池 - Google Patents
熱電池の電解質組成物、電極−電解質複合材料およびそれを含む電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 54
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000002001 electrolyte material Substances 0.000 claims description 80
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 55
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 49
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 49
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000374 eutectic mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 41
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 5
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Si] Chemical compound [Li].[Si] ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910020361 KCl—LiCl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron lithium Chemical compound [Li].[B] PPTSBERGOGHCHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 2
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000521 B alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013647 LiCl—LiF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUKVMZJGMBEQDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co](=S)=S Chemical compound [Co](=S)=S XUKVMZJGMBEQDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- NFMAZVUSKIJEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(sulfanylidene)iron Chemical compound S=[Fe]=S NFMAZVUSKIJEIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000339 iron disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 ratios Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/30—Deferred-action cells
- H01M6/36—Deferred-action cells containing electrolyte and made operational by physical means, e.g. thermal cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
- H01M4/5815—Sulfides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
- H01M6/182—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with halogenide as solid electrolyte
- H01M6/183—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte with halogenide as solid electrolyte with fluoride as solid electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/18—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte
- H01M6/20—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with solid electrolyte working at high temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/008—Halides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
- H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
Description
図2は、本発明の実施形態に係る電解質−セパレータのペレットとして電解質材料を含む単一電気化学セルの電圧出力を示す。このセルの電解質−セパレータの組成は、LiBrが約34重量%、LiClが約11重量%、LiFが約55重量%およびKBrが0重量%であった。セルのカソードは、従来のKCl−LiCl共融電解質に浸液したFeS2のペレットであった。アノードは、従来のKCl−LiClの共融電解質に浸液したリチウム−ケイ素合金の粉末であった。単一セル試験に従い、ペレットを互いに接触させたままの圧縮下で、セルスタックを500℃の温度に加熱した。1アンペアのベース負荷の電流引き込みを1秒間5アンペアのパルスで60秒ごとに付加した。このパルスは、電圧出力でくぼみとして現れる。この単一セル試験は短絡または寿命が異常に短縮することもなく、熱電池における電解質−セパレータのペレットとして機能する新しい電解質の有用性を示す。
図3は、二つの異なる単一セルの電圧出力を示す。上側の出力は、従来の構成材のみを用いた単一セルのものであり、ここで本発明の電解質が三つのセル構成材の何れにも存在せず、カソードおよびアノードは実施例1に記述した通りであり、電解質セパレータはMgOで結合したLiBr−LiCl−LiFの溶融電解質の混合物である。低い方の電圧出力は、LiBrが約36重量%、LiClが約6重量%、LiFが約48重量%およびKBrが約10重量%という組成の結合材の無い電解質材料を用いてカソードを浸液させた単一セル試験を示す(両方の出力が重ならずに見られるよう、その全ての電圧の値を0.25V引いてあり;即ち、図3に示される低い方の出力についての実際の電圧値は、図示される値よりも0.25V高い)。
Claims (33)
- 少なくとも25質量%の臭化リチウムと、
少なくとも4質量%の塩化リチウムと、
少なくとも42質量%のフッ化リチウムと
を含み、5質量%未満の結合剤を含む、熱電池に用いる電解質材料。 - 少なくとも25質量%の臭化リチウムと、
少なくとも4質量%の塩化リチウムと、
少なくとも42質量%のフッ化リチウムと
を含み、結合剤を含まない、熱電池に用いる電解質材料。 - 少なくとも1質量%の臭化カリウムを含む請求項1に記載の電解質材料。
- 12質量%以下の臭化カリウムを含む請求項3に記載の電解質材料。
- 前記臭化リチウム、塩化リチウム、フッ化リチウムおよび臭化カリウムが、共融混合物を形成する請求項3または4に記載の電解質材料。
- 5質量%未満のMgOを含む、請求項1,3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の電解質材料。
- 0.1質量%未満の結合剤を含む請求項1,3〜6のいずれか一項に記載の電解質材料。
- 臭化リチウム、塩化リチウム、フッ化リチウムおよび任意の臭化カリウムからなる請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の電解質材料。
- 41質量%以下の臭化リチウムと、
14質量%以下の塩化リチウムと、
64質量%以下のフッ化リチウムと
を含む請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の電解質材料。 - カソード材料またはアノード材料を含む電極と、
5質量%未満の結合剤を含み、
少なくとも25質量%の臭化リチウムと、
少なくとも4質量%の塩化リチウムと、
少なくとも42質量%のフッ化リチウムと
を含む電解質材料とからなる熱電池用電極−電解質複合体。 - カソード材料またはアノード材料を含む電極と、
少なくとも25質量%の臭化リチウムと、
少なくとも4質量%の塩化リチウムと、
少なくとも42質量%のフッ化リチウムと
を含み、結合剤を含まない電解質材料とからなる熱電池用電極−電解質複合体。 - 前記電解質材料が、少なくとも1質量%の臭化カリウムを含む請求項10に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- 前記電解質材料が、12質量%以下の臭化カリウムを含む請求項12に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- 前記臭化リチウム、塩化リチウム、フッ化リチウムおよび臭化カリウムが、共融混合物を形成する請求項12または13に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- 前記電解質材料は5質量%未満のMgOを含む、請求項10,12〜14のいずれか一項に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- 前記電解質材料は、0.1質量%未満の結合剤を含む請求項10,12〜15のいずれか一項に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- 前記電解質材料が、該電解質材料中に存在する臭化リチウム、塩化リチウム、フッ化リチウムおよび任意の臭化カリウムからなる請求項10〜16のいずれか一項に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- 前記電極がカソード材料を含み、該カソード材料がFeS2、CoS2およびその混合物からなる群より選択される請求項10〜17のいずれか一項に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- 前記電極がアノード材料を含み、該アノード材料がリチウム、リチウム合金およびその混合物からなる群より選択される請求項10〜17のいずれか一項に記載の電極−電解質複合体。
- アノード材料と、カソード材料と、電解質材料とを含み、該電解質材料は5質量%未満の結合剤を含み、
少なくとも25質量%の臭化リチウムと、
少なくとも4質量%の塩化リチウムと、
少なくとも42質量%のフッ化リチウムと
を含む、熱電池。 - アノード材料と、カソード材料と、電解質材料とを含み、該電解質材料は結合剤を含まず、
少なくとも25質量%の臭化リチウムと、
少なくとも4質量%の塩化リチウムと、
少なくとも42質量%のフッ化リチウムと
を含む、熱電池。 - 前記電解質材料が、少なくとも1質量%の臭化カリウムを含む請求項20に記載の熱電池。
- 前記電解質材料が、12質量%以下の臭化カリウムを含む請求項22に記載の熱電池。
- 前記臭化リチウム、塩化リチウム、フッ化リチウムおよび臭化カリウムが、共融混合物を形成する請求項22または23に記載の熱電池。
- 前記電解質材料は5質量%未満のMgOを含む、請求項20,22〜24のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
- 前記電解質材料は、0.1質量%未満の結合剤を含む請求項20,22〜25のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
- 前記電解質材料が、該電解質材料中に存在する臭化リチウム、塩化リチウム、フッ化リチウムおよび任意の臭化カリウムからなる請求項20〜26のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
- 前記電解質材料が、
41質量%以下の臭化リチウムと、
14質量%以下の塩化リチウムと、
64質量%以下のフッ化リチウムと
を含む請求項20〜27のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。 - 前記電解質材料とカソード材料がカソード−電解質複合体を形成し、該カソード材料がFeS2、CoS2およびその混合物からなる群より選択される請求項20〜28のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
- 前記電解質材料とアノード材料がアノード−電解質複合体を形成し、該アノード材料がリチウム、リチウム合金およびその混合物からなる群より選択される請求項20〜28のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
- 前記電解質材料が、電解質セパレータの一部を形成する請求項20〜30のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
- 前記アノード材料、カソード材料および電解質材料でスタック配列をなし、前記アノード材料の外表面及び前記カソード材料の外表面に、発火及び熱の放射が可能な火工材料を含む請求項20〜31のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
- 前記カソード材料、アノード材料および電解質材料が電気化学セルを形成し、前記電池が複数の電気化学セルを含む請求項20〜32のいずれか一項に記載の熱電池。
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