JP5414791B2 - 光電子デバイスを製造するための重合可能な化合物 - Google Patents
光電子デバイスを製造するための重合可能な化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5414791B2 JP5414791B2 JP2011515254A JP2011515254A JP5414791B2 JP 5414791 B2 JP5414791 B2 JP 5414791B2 JP 2011515254 A JP2011515254 A JP 2011515254A JP 2011515254 A JP2011515254 A JP 2011515254A JP 5414791 B2 JP5414791 B2 JP 5414791B2
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
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- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 6
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- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 4
- LVEYOSJUKRVCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane Substances C=1C=CC=CC=1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)CCCP(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 LVEYOSJUKRVCCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 3
- 125000003837 (C1-C20) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- DMDCTXDRCWMWIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-methylphenyl)-triphenylstannane Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1[Sn](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 DMDCTXDRCWMWIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VVNVXMMCQOXDMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dibromonaphthalen-2-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(Br)C(O)=CC(Br)=C21 VVNVXMMCQOXDMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IXVJRSNDCGAVOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M tri(propan-2-yl)stannanylium;bromide Chemical compound CC(C)[Sn](Br)(C(C)C)C(C)C IXVJRSNDCGAVOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XZARFGCHPAZJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M tri(propan-2-yl)stannanylium;iodide Chemical compound CC(C)[Sn](I)(C(C)C)C(C)C XZARFGCHPAZJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PZBSVWLAICUFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribenzyl(phenyl)stannane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C[Sn](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(CC=1C=CC=CC=1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 PZBSVWLAICUFBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JNZRDLWZFWFSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribenzyltin Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C[Sn](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JNZRDLWZFWFSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOWIXKGLTIIPQR-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromo(ethyl)stannane Chemical compound CC[Sn](Br)(Br)Br GOWIXKGLTIIPQR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- SSGLIJVXYPSIEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromo(methyl)stannane Chemical compound C[Sn](Br)(Br)Br SSGLIJVXYPSIEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- HOXWDFOEIDECNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(ethyl)stannane Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](CC)(CCCC)CCCC HOXWDFOEIDECNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DFNPRTKVCGZMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M tributyl(fluoro)stannane Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](F)(CCCC)CCCC DFNPRTKVCGZMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YHHVXVNXTMIXOL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tributyl(iodo)stannane Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](I)(CCCC)CCCC YHHVXVNXTMIXOL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WMSCYGTVHFMKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(methyl)stannane Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](C)(CCCC)CCCC WMSCYGTVHFMKNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKYICRPCZUOYHC-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichloro(4-ethenylhex-5-enyl)stannane Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)CCCC(C=C)C=C WKYICRPCZUOYHC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- URNVMBADOXXKOA-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichloro(ethenyl)stannane Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)C=C URNVMBADOXXKOA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- YFRLQYJXUZRYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichloro(methyl)stannane Chemical compound C[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl YFRLQYJXUZRYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- FMRGMCNQJPJPPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trichlorostannane Chemical compound Cl[SnH](Cl)Cl FMRGMCNQJPJPPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- IRDOQVDUINOCMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(2-methylpropyl)stannane Chemical compound CC[Sn](CC)(CC)CC(C)C IRDOQVDUINOCMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CKGABOFCIIXWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(phenyl)stannane Chemical compound CC[Sn](CC)(CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 CKGABOFCIIXWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEVOQONRVNLPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(propyl)stannane Chemical compound CCC[Sn](CC)(CC)CC FEVOQONRVNLPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KQPIFPBKXYBDGV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triethylstannanylium;bromide Chemical compound CC[Sn](Br)(CC)CC KQPIFPBKXYBDGV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PRFPAWZEYOPUKM-UHFFFAOYSA-M triethylstannanylium;iodide Chemical compound CC[Sn](I)(CC)CC PRFPAWZEYOPUKM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000876 trifluoromethoxy group Chemical group FC(F)(F)O* 0.000 description 1
- SBNYZUTZEUZATG-UHFFFAOYSA-K triiodo(methyl)stannane Chemical compound C[Sn](I)(I)I SBNYZUTZEUZATG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- MZGUIAFRJWSYJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethylstannanylium;bromide Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(C)Br MZGUIAFRJWSYJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YYPUUFWMUHDIRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethylstannanylium;fluoride Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(C)F YYPUUFWMUHDIRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XGRPNCOKLIMKBN-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethylstannanylium;iodide Chemical compound C[Sn](C)(C)I XGRPNCOKLIMKBN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NDUYAGLANMHJHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl(prop-2-enyl)stannane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Sn](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(CC=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 NDUYAGLANMHJHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWUPWQLKYNCKBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tripropylstannanylium;fluoride Chemical compound CCC[Sn](F)(CCC)CCC CWUPWQLKYNCKBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MHTXEMSDIHFLFI-UHFFFAOYSA-M tripropylstannanylium;iodide Chemical compound CCC[Sn](I)(CCC)CCC MHTXEMSDIHFLFI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JXVWKXZIZHZZMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-methylphenyl)stannanylium;bromide Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1[Sn](Br)(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)C1=CC=CC=C1C JXVWKXZIZHZZMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FOWIIDZSHHTUAW-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-methylphenyl)stannanylium;chloride Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1[Sn](Cl)(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)C1=CC=CC=C1C FOWIIDZSHHTUAW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FBZJTKXPWWYUSD-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-methylphenyl)stannanylium;iodide Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1[Sn](I)(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)C1=CC=CC=C1C FBZJTKXPWWYUSD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YQQBSHJWYVTQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-methylpropyl)stannanylium;bromide Chemical compound CC(C)C[Sn](Br)(CC(C)C)CC(C)C YQQBSHJWYVTQTA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NHSGFFFVCFHOBS-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-methylpropyl)stannanylium;chloride Chemical compound CC(C)C[Sn](Cl)(CC(C)C)CC(C)C NHSGFFFVCFHOBS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OUURAJKTQFMUFK-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-methylpropyl)stannanylium;fluoride Chemical compound CC(C)C[Sn](F)(CC(C)C)CC(C)C OUURAJKTQFMUFK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WIBAFGKLTDOGDO-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(2-methylpropyl)stannanylium;iodide Chemical compound CC(C)C[Sn](I)(CC(C)C)CC(C)C WIBAFGKLTDOGDO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CTBDSNCNMRAGPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(3-methylphenyl)stannanylium;chloride Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC([Sn](Cl)(C=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)C=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)=C1 CTBDSNCNMRAGPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WUDNFUZLZCDJLG-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(4-methylphenyl)stannanylium;bromide Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1[Sn](Br)(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 WUDNFUZLZCDJLG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XZQXAXLXLVGYRH-UHFFFAOYSA-M tris(4-methylphenyl)stannanylium;chloride Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1[Sn](Cl)(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 XZQXAXLXLVGYRH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002371 ultraviolet--visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- OBYIEPMKXIBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecyl hydrogen sulfate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCOS(O)(=O)=O OBYIEPMKXIBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
有機半導体の分野においてもまた、特に、シャドウマスクの使用を避ける、直接構造方式の活性層の適用、およびエレクトロルミネッセンスデバイスに関して、架橋性物質への注目は増大している。
一つの試みが米国特許2007/0290194において提案され、当該特許においては、オキセタンで官能化された有機半導体および導電体を用いる架橋プロセスが提案されている。この方法において、架橋反応は、光開始剤として、少なくとも一つの添加されたオニウム化合物の存在下で、紫外線照射によって開始される。
−G. Zottiは、Synthetic Metals (1999) 105:135において、アクリレートモノマーを電気化学により重合して、完全に不溶性のポリマーを与えた。
−B. de Ruiterは、Synthetic Metals, (1996) 79:215-218において、アクリレートモノマーを酸化重合により重合したが、この方法は、アクリレートの化学的性質とラジカル鎖プロセスとの間の干渉を示し、ポリマー製造の制御を非常に困難にする(例えば、直鎖ポリマー鎖が得られにくく、非常に短い反応時間の間でさえ、高い多分散値を示す)。
−Zhuらは、Journal of Macromolecular Science (2004) 41:1467-1487において、エポキシで官能化されたポリチオフェン誘導体の合成について報告している。ポリ(3−ヘキシチオフェン)および酪酸メチルエステルのフラーレン誘導体から成る電池のゆっくりとした劣化が、相モルホロジーの変化に起因して観察された。
−Arは、チエニル、フェニル、ナフチル、ピロリル、ピリジル、カルバゾリル、フルオレニルおよびベンゾチアゾリルからなる群から選択される、同素環式または複素環式芳香基である。
−Lは、-O-、-CH(CH3)-O-、-(CH2)q-O-、-NH-、-CH(CH3)-NH-、-(CH2)q-NH-、-S-、-CH(CH3)-S-および-(CH2)q-S-から成る群から選択される。-CH(CH3)-O-または-(CH2)q-O-の酸素原子は、カルボニル基に隣接し、-CH(CH3)-NH-または-(CH2)q-NH-のNH基はカルボニル基に隣接し、-CH(CH3)-S-または-(CH2)q-S-の硫黄原子はカルボニル基に隣接する。
−qは、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11または12である。
−R1およびR2は独立して、水素、C1-12のアルキルおよびフェニルから成る群から選択され、ここで、当該フェニルは、水酸基、ハロゲン、メトニム(metonym)、C2−4アルコキシおよびトリフルオロメチルから成る群より独立して選択される、1または複数の置換基で場合により置換されている。
−R3は、水素、C1-12のアルキルおよびフェニルから成る群から選択される。
−R4は、水素、メチルまたはC2-4アルキルである。
−XおよびYは独立して、XおよびYがともに水素でないことを条件として、水素、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素、ボロン酸、ボロン酸エステル、および有機スズから成る群から選択される。第1の要旨の好ましい形態において、Lは、-O-、-CH(CH3)-O-、-(CH2)q-O-、-NH-または-S-から成る群から選択される。ここで、-CH(CH3)-O-および-(CH2)q-O-の酸素原子は、カルボニル基に隣接している。
を、構造式(IV)で示されるエチレン不飽和塩化カルボニル:
または、構造式(V)で示されるアセチレン不飽和塩化カルボニル:
と反応させることを含む方法を提供する。
上記で規定される構造式(I)または構造式(II)で示される化合物に後で官能化され得るモノマーと、それに共重合可能なコモノマーとを共重合して、後で官能化され得るコポリマーを製造する工程、および当該後で官能化され得るコポリマーを後で官能化して、第5の要旨のポリマーを製造する工程。
ここで、コモノマーは、C1-20-アルキル、C1-20-アルコキシ、C1-20-アルキル硫酸エステル、フェニルおよびベンジルから成る群から独立して選択される、1または複数の置換基で場合により置換されている、二価の同素環式または複素環式芳香基Ar'である。構造式(I)で示される化合物に後で官能化され得るモノマーの例は、3-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)チオフェンのエステル、例えば、3-(2-アセトキシエチル)チオフェンである。
特に断りのない限りにおいて、置換基に関してここで用いられる用語「C1-12アルキル」は、1〜4の炭素原子を有する直鎖の(枝分かれしていない)又は枝分かれした鎖の飽和非環式の一価の炭化水素基を指し、例えば、メチル、エチル、プロピル、n−ブチル、1−メチル−エチル(イソプロピル)、2-メチルプロピル(イソブチル)、および1,1-ジメチルエチル(tert-ブチル)である。同様に、用語「C1-20アルキル」は、1〜20の炭素原子を有する直鎖の(枝分かれしていない)又は枝分かれした鎖の基を指し、例えば、ペンチル、ヘキシル、ヘプチル、オクチル、ノニル、デシル、ドデシル、テトラデシル、ヘキサデシル、オクタデシル等である。
本発明の第1の要旨の範囲内において、発明の概要で説明したように、下記のより具体的な形態が特に重要である:
−LがXまたはYに近接する、構造式(I)または構造式(II)で示される化合物;
−R1およびR2がともに水素であり、R4がメチルである構造式(I)で示される化合物であって、本発明の第3の要旨に関して以下に説明されるように、メタクリロイルクロライドから誘導されたものであってよい化合物;
−R1およびR4が水素であり、R2がメチルまたはエチルまたはn−プロピルまたはn−ブチルであり、あるいはR2がフッ素、塩素、水酸基、メトキシ、トリフルオロメチルまたはC2−4アルコキシで場合により単置換されたフェニルである、構造式(I)で示される化合物。そのような化合物は、本発明の第3の要旨に関して以下に説明されるように、クロトニルクロライド、ペンタ−2−エノイルクロライド、ヘキサ−2−エノイルクロライド、ヘプタ−2−エノイルクロライド、フェニルプロパ−2−エノイルクロライド、ケイ皮酸クロライド、2−クロロケイ皮酸クロライド、4−フルオロケイ皮酸クロライド、4−メトキシケイ皮酸クロライド、またはそれらの類似物から誘導されたものであってよい;
−R1、R2およびR4が水素である、構造式(I)で示される化合物であって、化合物は、本発明の第3の要旨に関して以下に説明されるように、アクリロイルクロライドから誘導されたものであってよい化合物;および
−R3が、水素、メチル、エチル、n−プロピル、またはフェニルである、構造式(II)で示される化合物であって、本発明の第3の要旨に関して以下に説明されるように、プロピオール酸クロライドおよびその類似物から誘導されたものであってよい化合物。
−構造式(IV)で示されるエチレン不飽和のカルボニルクロライドは、クロトニルクロライド、アクリロイルクロライド、メタクリロイルクロライド、ペンタ−2−エノイルクロライド、ヘキサ−2−エノイルクロライド、ヘプタ−2−エノイルクロライド、ケイ皮酸クロライド、2−クロロケイ皮酸クロライド、4−フルオロケイ皮酸クロライド、および4−メトキシケイ皮酸クロライドから成る群から選択されてよい;
−構造式(V)で示されるアセチレン不飽和のカルボニルクロライドは、プロピオール酸クロライド、フェニルプロピオール酸クロライド、2−ブチン酸クロライド、2−ペンチン酸クロライド、および2−ヘキシン酸クロライドから成る群から選択されてよい;
−構造式(III)で示されるヒドロキシル基置換の同素環式または複素環式の芳香族化合物は、2,5-ジブロモ-3-ヒドロキシエチルチオフェン、2,5-ジブロモ-3-ヒドロキシメチルチオフェン、2,5-ジブロモフェノール、2-ブロモフェノール、3-ブロモフェノール、4-ブロモフェノール、2,5-ジブロモ-1-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)ベンゼン、2-ブロモベンジルアルコール、3-ブロモベンジルアルコール、4-ブロモベンジルアルコール、4-ヒドロキシフェニルボロン酸、4-(ヒドロキシメチル)フェニルボロン酸、3-(ヒドロキシメチル)フェニルボロン酸、2,6-ジブロモ-4-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)ピリジン、2,6-ジブロモ-3-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)ピリジン、(S)-2,6-ジブロモ-4-(1-ヒドロキシエチル)ピリジン、(R)-2,6-ジブロモ-4-(1-ヒドロキシエチル)ピリジン、2,6-ジブロモ-4-(ヒドロキシメチル)ピリジン、2,6-ジブロモ-3-(ヒドロキシメチル)-ピリジン、2,6-ジブロモ-3-(3-ヒドロキシプロピル)-ピリジン、3,6-ジブロモ-9H-2-ヒドロキシカルバゾール、3,6-ジブロモ-9H-4-ヒドロキシカルバゾール、2,7-ジブロモ-9-ヒドロキシフルオレン、2,7-ジブロモ-9-ヒドロキシメチルフルオレン、1,4-ジブロモ-2-ナフトール、1,4-ジブロモ-2-ナフタレンメタノール、および4,7-ジブロモ-2-ヒドロキシベンゾチアゾールから成る群から選択されてよい。構造式(III)で示される、そのような同素環式または複素環式の芳香族化合物が市販されていない場合、それは、構造式Ar−LHを有する、容易に入手できる水酸基含有化合物において、Xおよび/またはY置換基を、公知の合成手順を用いて、例えば塩素化、臭素化、ヨウ素化、またはボロン酸化(boronation)により挿入することにより、製造され得る。
(a)必要とされるコモノマーのモルの半分について、2つの同一の(即ち、X=Yの)反応性ハロゲン(例えば、I、BrまたはCl)を有し、必要とされるコモノマーのモルのもう半分について、ボロン酸およびボロン酸エステルから成る群から選択される、2つの同一の反応性基を有する、あるいは
(b)1つの反応性ハロゲン(例えば、I、BrまたはCl)、およびボロン酸またはボロン酸エステルから成る群から選択される1つの反応性基を有する(即ち、XおよびYは異なる)
を含む。
(a)必要とされるコモノマーのモルの半分について、2つの同一の(即ち、X=Yの)反応性ハロゲン(例えば、I、BrまたはCl)を含み、必要とされるコモノマーのモルのもう半分について、2つの同一の反応性有機スズ基を含む、あるいは
(b)一つの反応性ハロゲン(例えば、I、BrまたはCl)、および1つの反応性有機スズ基を含む(即ち、X=Yは異なる)。
特に断りのない限り、すべての化学品は、商業的な供給源から入手したままの状態で使用した。THFおよびジエチルエーテルは、青い色が現れるまでナトリウムワイヤーおよびベンゾフェノンで乾燥させた後、蒸留した。3−ブロモチオフェンは、ショートパス蒸留を用いて、精製した。NMRスペクトルは、Varian Inova 300分光計にて、5mmプローブを用いて、1Hについては300MHzにて、また、13C NMRについては75MHzにて記録した。水素原子が重水素で置換されたCHCl3は、Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Incから入手した。1Hおよび13Cのテトラメチルシラン(TMS)から低磁場でのケミカルシフトを、δ=7.24ppmでの内部標準としての残留CHCl3のピークを用いて報告した。紫外可視スペクトルは、石英基板上にCHCl3溶液からドロップキャストされたフィルムを用いて、Varian CARY 500紫外線可視近赤外分光計において、600nm/分にて、200〜800nmで記録した。フーリエ変換赤外分光(FT−IR)を、公称解像度が4cm−1であるPerkin Elmer Spectrum One FT-IR 分光計にて実施した。FTIR用のサンプルは、KBr中のペレットか、あるいはCHCl3の溶液からドロップキャストされたフィルムであった。ガスクロマトグラフィー/質量分光測定法(GC−MS)を、TSQ-70およびVoyager質量分光計にて実施した。分子ふるい(またはサイズ排除)クロマトグラフィー(SEC)は、1重量%のポリマー溶液にて実施し、当該溶液は、0.45μmの孔を有するPTFEシリンジフィルターでろ過した。流量1.0ml/分にて、THF中40℃で、2つの混合Bカラム(10μm、2×30cm、Polymer Labs)および屈折率検出器(Shodex)を取り付けた、SpectraシリーズP100(Spectra Physics)ポンプを用いた。分子量分布は、ポリスチレン標準に対して測定した。トルエンを流量マーカーとして使用した。
TLC(ヘキサン):Rf=0.81;
1H NMR(300MHz, CDCl3):δ7.23(s, H)、6.95(d, H)、6.92(d, H)、2.63(t, CH2)、1.63(q, CH2)、1.32(m, 3 CH2)、0.90(t, CH3);
13C NMR(75MHz, CDCl3):δ142.8, 130.8, 110.2, 107.2, 31.5, 29.4, 29.3, 28.7, 22.5, 14.0;
GC/MS(m/z):168[M]+、153[M-CH3]+、139[M-CH2CH3]+、125[M-(CH2)2CH3]+、111[M-(CH2)3CH3]+、97[M-(CH2)4CH3]+、85[M-(CH2)5CH3]+;
FT-IR:3000- 2800cm-1(C-H伸縮 アルキル)、1600-1500cm-1 (C=C伸縮 芳香環)。
100mlDMF中のNBS(2.2等量、23.26g、0.130モル)の溶液を、100mlDMF中の1(10g、0.059モル)の溶液に滴下して加え、暗所にて0℃にて撹拌した。添加が終了したとき、反応は、室温にまで温められた。48時間撹拌した後、溶液を、100mlの氷冷された2.5MのNaOH溶液に添加して撹拌した後、3×100mlのジエチルエーテルで抽出した。有機相を100mlの2.5MのNaOH溶液、H2Oおよび飽和NaClで洗浄し、MgSO4で乾燥して、黄色の液体を得た。黄色の液体は、ショートパス蒸留を用いて精製され、81%の無色の液体(15.50g、0.048モル)をもたらした。
1 H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl3):δ6.76(s, H)、2.49(t, CH2)、1.53(q, CH2)、1.29(m, 3 CH2)、0.89(t, CH3);
GC/MS(m/z):326[M]+、255[M-(CH2)4CH3]+、247[M-Br]+、177[M-Br, (CH2)4CH3]+、111[M-(CH2)3CH3]+、95[M-2Br,(CH2)4CH3]+;
FT-IR:3000-2800cm-1(C-H伸縮 アルキル);1600-1500cm-1(C=C伸縮 芳香環)。
1H-NMR(300MHz;CDCl3;):δ6.82(s, 1H)、3.72(t, 2H)、2.73(t, 2H)、2.52(s, 1 H);
13C-NMR(75MHz, CDCl3):δ139.0, 131.2, 110.7, 109.3, 61.5, 32.2;
GC/MS m/z 288, 286, 284[M]+ 257, 255, 253[M-CH2OCH]+ 257,255,253[M-CH2OC(O)CH3]+ 189,187[M-Br, OCOCH3]+。
2(1当量、36.2g、0.143モル)を、1.3当量の無水酢酸(18.93g、0.185モル)および140mlのピリジンとともに、5時間還流させながら撹拌した後、M2を得た。混合物をHClを加えて中和し、3×100mlのジエチルエーテルで抽出し、3×100mlのH2Oで洗浄した。抽出物をMgSO4上で乾燥させて、濾過し、濃縮した。混合物を、ショートパス蒸留により精製し、36.2gのM2(113ミリモル、78%)を、p=1×10−3ミリバールおよびT=95℃にて与えた。
TLC(ヘキサン:ジエチルエーテル、8:2) Rf =0.81,
1H-NMR (300MHz, CDCl3):δ6.79 (s, 1H)、4.17 (t, 2 H)、2.82 (t, 2H)、2.02 (s, 3H);
13C-NMR (75MHz, CDCl3):δ170.7、138.1、130.8、110.7、109.6、62.8、28.7、20.8;
GC/MS (m/z) 330,328,326[M]+ 270, 268, 266[M-OCOCH3]+ 257, 255, 253[M-CH2OC(O)CH3]+ 205, 207[M-Br]+ 187,189[M-Br,OCOCH3]+ 176, 174[M- Br, CH2OC(O)CH3]+ 108 [M-2Br, CH2OC(O)CH3]+, 95 M-2Br, CH2CH2OC(O)CH3]+ νmax(フィルム)/cm-1。
実施例1(比較) ポリ(3−ヘキシルチオフェン)(P3HT)の合成
参照用システムとしての太陽電池に使用するためのP3HTを、高度に立体規則性のポリ(3−アルキルチオフェン)(regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene))を製造するRieke法を用いて合成した。80mlTHF中のM1(1当量、10.04g、0.031モル)の溶液を、活性亜鉛に、−78℃にて添加した。形成された有機亜鉛溶液を、40mlTHF中の0.002当量のNi(dppp)Cl2(0.035g、6.4×10−5モル)の溶液に添加し、不活性雰囲気下で、60℃にて18時間撹拌した。粗ポリマーを、MeOH/2M HCl混合物(2/1、v/v)にて沈澱させ、メタノールおよびヘキサンを用いて固体相抽出により精製した。精製したポリマーをクロロホルムで抽出し、MeOH中で沈澱させた後、濾過し、乾燥させて、3.63g(67%)の共役ポリマーを得た。
−GPC(THF):Mn =27,800;Mw=53,500; 多分散インデックス, D=1.9
−GPC(THF): Mn=34,400; Mw = 65,500; 多分散インデックス, D = 1.9 平均207の繰り返し単位/鎖を与える;
−1H-NMR(CDCl3):δ=7.00(1Harom,AcET, s)、6.96 ppm (1Harom,3HT, s)、4.35 ppm (2Hb,AcET, t)、3.14 ppm (2Ha,AcET, t)、2.79 ppm (2 Ha,3HT, t), 2.05 ppm (3Hc,AcET, s) 1.70 ppm (2 Hb,3HT, t)、1.45 ppm (2 Hc,3HT, m)、1.40 ppm (2 Hd,3HT, m)、1.35 ppm (2 He,3HT, m)および0.90 ppm (3 Hf,3HT, t);
−UV可視:555nmにてλmax; 600nmにてショルダー;
−赤外分光:下記表1参照。
−GPC(THF):Mn=31,300、Mw=68,100、D=2.2、平均190の繰り返し単位/鎖を与える;
−1H-NMR(CDCl3):δ=7.03(1Harom,ET, s)、6.96ppm (1Harom,3HT, s)、3.94ppm (2Hb,ET, t)、3.09ppm(2Ha,ET, t)、2.79ppm(2 Ha,3HT, t)、1.70ppm(2 Hb,3HT, t)、1.45ppm(2 Hc,3HT, m)、1.40ppm(2 Hd,3HT, m)、1.25ppm(2 He,3HT, m)、および0.90ppm(3 Hf,3HT, t);
−紫外線/可視:551nmにてλmax、 600nmにてショルダー;
−赤外線スペクトル:下記表1参照。
−GPC(THF):Mn=33,100、Mw=74,500、D=2.2 平均193の繰り返し単位/鎖を与える;
−1H-NMR(CDCl3):δ=7.67ppm(1Hd,cin, d)、7.47ppm(2He,cin, m)、7.32ppm(2Hf,cin, m)、7.05 ppm(1Hg,cin, m)、6.96ppm(1Harom,3HTおよびcin, s)、6.42ppm(1Hc,cin, d)、4.49ppm(2Hb,cin, t)、3.23ppm(2Ha,cin, t)、2.79ppm(2Ha,3HT, t)、1.70ppm(2Hb,3HT, m)、1.40ppm (2 Hc,3HT, m)、1.35ppm(2Hd,3HT, m)、1.25ppm(2He,3HT, m)、および0.90 ppm(3Hf,3HT, t);および
−M2モノマー単位に由来する積分(integrations)は、M1モノマー単位に由来する比較され得る積分の約10%に相当し、10モノマー単位のうち1つが官能化された側鎖を有することを示している。P1側鎖のアセチルエステルのδ=2.05 ppmのメチル基が消失していたことは、加水分解が終了したことを証明した。完全な官能化はまた、異なるエステルに起因する、P3におけるCH2-プロトンの信号のケミカルシフトの変化によっても示された。官能化されたポリマーにおける二重結合および芳香族プロトンの信号の出現によって、側鎖におけるケイ皮酸エステルの存在を確認した。
−紫外線/可視:275nmおよび551nmにてλmax、600nmにてショルダー;
クロロフィルム溶液からドロップキャストされたポリマーフィルムの275nmのλmaxは、コポリマーの側鎖中のケイ皮酸エステルの存在に起因するものであった。共役ポリマーの吸収領域において、600nmにおけるショルダーは、より高い強度を有していたが、より少ないシャープさで現れた。そのようなP3のフィルムを2時間UVに曝した後、275nmのピークの強度は、約10%減少し、幾らかのケイ皮酸部分が光で誘発された[2+2]付加環化反応により消失したことを示した。したがって、ポリマー鎖における平均約200のモノマー単位について、他の鎖に結合した平均2つの側鎖が存在しており、これは不動化の原因となり、そのような露光後の熱的安定性を向上させた;
−赤外線スペクトル:下記表1参照。
合成は、下記のスキームに従って進行し、LがNHである構造式(I)で示されるモノマーからの反復ユニットを含むコポリマーを与える。
合成は、下記のスキームに従って進行し、LがSである構造式(I)で示されるモノマーからの反復ユニットを含むコポリマーを与える。
図7〜8のTEM写真において、2時間110℃の後に、薄いフィルムBにおいて相分離が観察された。この相分離は、同じ条件で加熱されたフィルムAについて観察されたもの(図3および図5)と同様であった。この相分離は、薄いフィルムBが予備的に紫外線で硬化されたときには防止された:フィルムのナノモルホロジーはそれから、安定であった(図9〜図10)。析出した状態(またはフィルム形成された状態)の、即ち、熱処理前のフィルムAおよびBを、比較の目的のために、図2および6にそれぞれ示す。図4は、図3で見られる黒斑の電子回折を示す。回折パターンは、黒斑がPCBM結晶であることを示す。
太陽電池を、ITOパターンを有するガラス基板に作製した。基板は、石けん水、Mili-Q水、アセトン中で超音波処理することにより洗浄し、イソプロパノール中で加熱した後、UV/O3処理した。30nm厚さのPEDOT:PSS(Baytron P)層を、水性分散体から、ITO電極上にスピンコートした。これを、130℃にて15分間乾燥させた。約250nm厚さで、10モル%のケイ皮酸エステル官能化モノマーを含む実施例2のコポリマー(P3)とPCBM活性層との1/1(w/w)混合物を、クロロベンゼン溶液から、スピンコートし、ホットプレート上で130℃にて10分間アニールした。それから、イッテルビウム上部電極を活性層上に、電極が100nmの厚さになるまで、真空中(1×106ミリバール)で蒸着させた。各太陽電池の活性面積は3mm2であった。ITO接触子を洗浄した後、I〜Vの測定を、AM1.5Gシミュレーション下で、150Wキセノンショートアークランプを備えたOrielシミュレータを用いて、窒素雰囲気中で実施した。これらの電池は、0.60の曲線因子を示した。短絡電流(Jsc)は8.74mA/cm2に達した。0.59Vの開回路電圧(Voc)とともに、これは、P3HT/PCBM混合物についての3.95%という値に対して、3.22%という出力効率に至った。図11は、I〜Vの曲線を示し、表2は、P3HT/PCBMおよびP3/PCBM混合物についての初期デバイス特性を比較している。
加速寿命測定を、PCBMと、P3HTおよび実施例2の10%ケイ皮酸エステル官能化コポリマー(P3)との1:1(w/w)混合物を用いた太陽電池について、P3混合物の場合に実施例6で使用したLawtronics ME5照射ユニットにおいて2時間照射した後、特別に開発された加熱チャンバーにおいて、80℃、100℃および150℃にて、少なくとも100時間維持して、実施した。使用した上部電極は、概して、20nmのCaおよび80nmのAlであった。デバイスを測定と測定との間、暗所に置いた。所定のパラメータに関する相対値を、時間t0での初期値に対する時間tでの値の比として与えた。これらの実験において、P3HT/PCBM混合物およびP3/PCBM混合物を用いた太陽電池の性能は、明らかに異なっていた。
7:3モル比の3-ヘキシルチオフェンおよび3-ケイ皮酸オキシエチルチオフェンのランダムコポリマー(P6)を、2,5-ジブロモ-3-アセチルエタノールチオフェン(M2)に対する3-ヘキシルチオフェンのモル比を除いては、P3と全く同様にして製造し、2,5-ジブロモ-3-アセチルエタノールチオフェン(M2)およびケイ皮酸エチルチオフェンはそれぞれ、7:3であった。
1:1(w/w)のP3HT/PCBM混合物および1:1(w/w)のP3/PCBM混合物に加えて、1:1(w/w)のP6/PCBM混合物を用いて太陽電池を製造したことを除いては、実施例9の太陽電池を、実施例6に関して説明するように製造した。太陽電池は、温度125℃および150℃にて、少なくとも100時間保持したが、P3/PCBM混合物およびP6/PCBM混合物の場合には、実施例6で用いたUVランプで2時間照射してから保持した。これらの実験において、これらのポリマー混合物を用いて作製した太陽電池の性能は明らかに異なっていた。
Claims (6)
- 共役ポリマー、および
n型またはp型の化合物
を含む混合物であって、
当該共役ポリマーが、構造式:
または構造式:
(式中、
−Arは、チエニル、フェニル、ナフチル、ピロリル、ピリジル、カルバゾリル、フルオレニルおよびベンゾチアゾリルからなる群から選択される、同素環式または複素環式芳香基である;
−Lは、-O-、-CH(CH3)-O-、-(CH2)q-O-、-NH-、-CH(CH3)-NH-、-(CH2)q-NH-、-S-、-CH(CH3)-S-および-(CH2)q-S-から成る群から選択される。-CH(CH3)-O-または-(CH2)q-O-の酸素原子は、カルボニル基に隣接し、-CH(CH3)-NH-または-(CH2)q-NH-のNH基はカルボニル基に隣接し、-CH(CH3)-S-または-(CH2)q-S-の硫黄原子はカルボニル基に隣接する;
−qは、1、2、または3である;
−R1およびR2は独立して、水素、C1-4のアルキルおよびフェニルから成る群から選択され、ここで、当該フェニルは、独立して、ハロゲンおよびメトキシから成る群より選択される、1または複数の置換基で場合により置換されている;
−R3は、水素、C1-4のアルキルおよびフェニルから成る群から選択される:
−R4は、水素またはメチルである)
で示される、1または複数の繰り返し単位
を含むものである、
混合物に光を照射することにより得られる、架橋されたポリマー物質が、活性層に含まれる、太陽電池。 - 前記共役ポリマーが、C1-20-アルキル、C1-20-アルコキシ、C1-20-アルキル硫酸エステル、フェニル、およびベンジルから成る群から独立して選択される、1または複数の置換基で場合により置換されている、二価のAr'を含む、1または複数のモノマー基または繰り返し単位をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の太陽電池。
- Ar'がアリーレンまたはヘテロアリーレンである、請求項2に記載の太陽電池。
- 基Ar'および基Arが同じである、請求項2または3に記載の太陽電池。
- Ar'およびArがともに2,5-チエニレンである、請求項4に記載の太陽電池。
- Ar'が前記共役ポリマーの0.5モル%〜99.5モル%を占める、請求項2〜5のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。
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