JP5303099B2 - Hair dye or hair bleach composition - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a hair dye or a hair decoloring composition that is excellent in depigmenting power, has good conformity to hair, and does not cause an increase in stickiness after application to hair or a reduction in combing properties.

  Conventionally, as a hair dye composition and a hair bleaching agent composition, a two-component type comprising a first agent containing an alkaline agent and a second agent containing an oxidizing agent, or a persulfate as a third agent, etc. Three-part compositions combining these granulated products are known. And in order to improve the hair dyeing power or decoloring power of these hair dye composition and decoloring agent composition, the trial which mix | blends an oil-based component is made | formed. For example, in order to promote the action of the oxidizing agent when alkanolamine is used as the alkali agent, an oil component is blended with the second agent, and the weight ratio of the oil component and the surfactant in the entire composition is set to a certain value or less. In order to suppress deterioration of operability due to the blending of the oil component, the oil component is blended with the second agent and the liquid / solid weight ratio in the oil component is within a certain range. (See Patent Document 2).

  However, with these technologies, a large amount of oil component is included, resulting in a feeling of stickiness, poor extensibility, and difficulty in conforming to the hair, and further, moisture decreases over time from the agent applied to the hair. As a result, there is a problem that the feeling of stickiness increases, the extensibility deteriorates and the combing property decreases.

Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-55174 JP 2003-81792 A

  Therefore, the present invention is excellent in depigmenting power by containing a large amount of an oil component, and is well-familiar with hair, and combing properties due to increased stickiness over time after application to hair and deterioration of extensibility. An object of the present invention is to provide an oxidized hair dye or hair decoloring composition that does not cause a decrease in hair color.

  The present inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by including a surfactant, an oil component and a polyhydric alcohol in a constant weight ratio in the composition.

That is, the present invention comprises the following components (a) to (d)
(a) Surfactant: 2 to 10% by weight
(b) Oil component: 10-35% by weight
(c) Polyhydric alcohol: 3 to 20% by weight
(d) Oxidizing agent: 0.1 to 12% by weight in terms of hydrogen peroxide
The weight ratio (b) / (a) of component (b) to component (a) is 1 to 10, and the weight ratio of component (c) to the sum of components (a) and (b) (c ) / [(A) + (b)] provides a hair dye or hair bleaching agent composition of 0.1 to 1.

  The hair dye or hair bleach composition of the present invention contains a specific amount of an oily component, and also contains a surfactant and a polyhydric alcohol in a specific range in an amount and a specific range by weight ratio. In addition, the hair is well-familiar and does not cause an increase in stickiness over time after application to the hair or a reduction in combing properties due to deterioration in extensibility.

  The hair dye or hair bleaching agent composition of the present invention is a two-component type comprising a first agent containing an alkaline agent and a second agent containing an oxidizing agent, or further as a third agent such as persulfate. It can take the form of a three-part type formed by combining a powdered oxidant made of a granulated product. Hereinafter, the “total composition” in the present invention refers to the whole composition immediately before use in which the first agent and the second agent are mixed in the case of the two-agent type, and in the case of the three-agent type, the first agent, The entire composition immediately before use in which the second agent and the third agent are mixed.

[Component (a): Surfactant]
The surfactant of component (a) is blended to impart emulsification stability to the composition of the present invention and prevent precipitation of oily components. As the surfactant, any of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant and an amphoteric surfactant can be used, and among them, a cationic surfactant and / or a nonionic surfactant are used. Agents are preferred.

  Anionic surfactants include sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene (hereinafter referred to as POE) sodium lauryl ether sulfate, sodium stearoylmethyl taurate, triethanolamine dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium tetradecenesulfonate, POE lauryl ether phosphate and The salt etc. are mentioned.

  Examples of the cationic surfactant include lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, stearyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and the like.

  Nonionic surfactants include POE alkyl ethers, POE alkylphenyl ethers, POE / polyoxypropylene (hereinafter referred to as POP) alkyl ethers, POE sorbitan fatty acid esters, POE propylene glycol fatty acid esters, and the like. Among these, POE alkyl ethers, POE alkylphenyl ethers, POE / POP alkyl ethers, POE sorbitan fatty acid esters, and the like are preferable, and POE alkyl ethers are more preferable because they are strong against acids and alkali agents. Specific examples of POE alkyl ethers include POE lauryl ether, POE cetyl ether, POE stearyl ether, and POE behenyl ether.

  Amphoteric surfactants include 2-undecyl-N, N, N- (hydroxyethylcarboxymethyl) -2-imidazoline sodium, 2-cocoyl-2-imidazolinium hydroxide-1-carboxyethyloxy disodium salt, Examples include 2-heptadecyl-N-carboxymethyl-N-hydroxyethylimidazolinium betaine, cocoamidopropyl betaine, lauryldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, and lauramidopropyl betaine. Among these, cocoamidopropyl betaine, lauryldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, and the like are preferable because they are less irritating to the skin and eyes.

  The surfactant of component (a) can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The content of component (a) is 2 to 10% by weight, preferably 2 to 8% by weight, particularly 3 to 7% by weight, based on the stability of the composition and good feel.

[Component (b): Oily component]
The oily component of component (b) is blended in order to improve decoloring power and to moisturize the finished hair. The oil component can be divided into a liquid and a solid (including paste) depending on the properties at normal temperature (25 ° C., the same applies hereinafter), and can be arbitrarily selected.

Among these, those that are liquid at room temperature (b _L ) include hydrocarbon oils, animal and vegetable oils, higher alcohols, higher fatty acids, ester oils, silicone oils, and the like. Examples of the hydrocarbon oil include α-olefin oligomer, light isoparaffin, light liquid isoparaffin, squalane, polybutene, liquid isoparaffin, liquid paraffin and the like. Animal and vegetable oils include olive oil, camellia oil, tea seed oil, sasanqua oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, corn oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, rice germ oil, wheat germ oil Pearl oil, grape seed oil, almond oil, avocado oil, carrot oil, macadamia nut oil, castor oil, flaxseed oil, coconut oil, mink oil, egg yolk oil, jojoba oil and the like. Examples of the higher alcohol include isostearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, decyltetradecanol, oleyl alcohol, 2-hexyldecanol, linoleyl alcohol, and linolenyl alcohol. Examples of the higher fatty acid include isostearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and the like. Ester oils include diisopropyl adipate, diisobutyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, di-2-hexyldecyl adipate, diisostearyl adipate, isostearyl myristate, isotridecyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, octyldodecyl myristate, Cetyl octoate, isononyl isononanoate, isodecyl isononanoate, isotridecyl isononanoate, diisopropyl sebacate, isopropyl palmitate, hexyl laurate, decyl oleate, hexyl decyl dimethyloctanoate, octyl palmitate, lauryl lactate, octyldodecyl lactate, stearin Isocetyl acid, isocetyl isostearate, ethylene glycol dioctanoate, dipentaerythritol fatty acid ester, capri Cetyl, glyceryl tricaprylate, neopentyl glycol dicaprate, and diisostearyl malate, and the like. Examples of the silicone oil include methylpolysiloxane, methylphenylpolysiloxane, methylcyclopolysiloxane, polyether-modified silicone, amino-modified silicone, betaine-modified silicone, alkyl-modified silicone, and alkoxy-modified silicone.

  Among these, hydrocarbon oils, higher alcohols, and silicone oils are preferable because they have a high effect of moisturizing the finished hair.

Among the oily components of component (b), those that are solid at room temperature (including paste) (b _S ) include hydrocarbons, animal fats, waxes, higher alcohols, higher fatty acids, esters, and the like. . Examples of hydrocarbons include ozokerite, ceresin, paraffin, polyethylene powder, microcrystalline wax, and petroleum jelly, animal fats include beef tallow and cocoa butter, and waxes include beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and lanolin. . Examples of the higher alcohol include lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, aralkyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, and lanolin alcohol. Examples of the higher fatty acid include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, hydroxystearic acid, undecylenic acid, and ricinoleic acid. Examples of the esters include butyl stearate, stearyl stearate, cetyl myristate, myristyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl lactate, myristyl lactate, lanolin acetate, cholesteryl stearate, cholesteryl oleate, and the like.

  The oily component that is solid at room temperature is blended in order to provide emulsion stability and obtain an appropriate viscosity in addition to the functions described above. Among these, a linear saturated higher alcohol having 14 to 22 carbon atoms is preferable because of its high effect of imparting emulsion stability.

The oily component (b) can be used alone or in combination of two or more. From the viewpoint of operability and storage stability, the oily component (b _L ) that is liquid at room temperature and solid at room temperature the weight ratio of the oil component _{(b S) (b L)} / (b S) is less than 3, and more preferably less than 1 or 3. The total content of component (b) is from 10 to 35% by weight, preferably from 15 to 30% by weight, particularly preferably from 15 to 25% by weight, based on the high decoloring power and moderate viscosity.

  Furthermore, the component (b) is preferably contained in the second agent in an amount of 50% by weight or more, more preferably 55% by weight or more, particularly preferably 60% by weight or more, from the viewpoint of ensuring good storage stability.

  In addition, the weight ratio (b) / (a) of the component (b) to the component (a) is in the range of 1 to 10 in terms of ease of conformity to the hair and good extensibility, Within the range of 3-5 is preferable.

[Component (c): Polyhydric alcohol]
Examples of the polyhydric alcohol of component (c) include alkylene glycols such as 1,3-butylene glycol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 200 to 5000). Glycerins such as glycerin, diglycerin and polyglycerin; and saccharides such as maltitol, sorbitol, xylitol and erythritol, among which glycerin and propylene glycol are particularly preferred.

  The polyhydric alcohol of component (c) can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The content of the component (c) is 3 to 20% by weight in the total composition in terms of ease of conformity to the hair, good extensibility, and prevention of deterioration of combing properties over time. 15% by weight, in particular 4 to 12% by weight, is preferred.

  In addition, the weight ratio (c) / [(a) + (b)] of the component (c) to the sum of the components (a) and (b) is such that it is easy to conform to the hair, has good extensibility, and changes over time. From the viewpoint of preventing the deterioration of combing properties, it is within the range of 0.1 to 1, preferably within the range of 0.1 to 0.7, particularly preferably within the range of 0.1 to 0.5.

[Component (d): Oxidizing agent]
The oxidizing agent of component (d) is included in the second agent in the two-component or three-component composition, and does not include the persulfate used in the third agent in the case of the three-agent type. Examples of the oxidizing agent include hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide generators such as urea peroxide, melamine peroxide, sodium perborate, potassium perborate, sodium percarbonate, and potassium percarbonate. Hydrogen is preferred. The content of the oxidizing agent is 0.1 to 12% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 9% in terms of hydrogen peroxide in terms of hydrogen peroxide, from the viewpoint of sufficient decolorization / hair dyeing effect and reduction of hair damage and scalp irritation. % By weight, especially 1 to 6% by weight is preferred.

〔dye〕
When the composition of the present invention is a depigmenting agent composition, it contains no dye, and when it is a hair dye composition, the first agent contains an oxidation dye intermediate or a direct dye.

(Oxidized dye intermediate)
As the oxidation dye intermediate, known precursors and couplers usually used in hair dyes can be used. Examples of the precursor include paraphenylenediamine, toluene-2,5-diamine, 2-chloro-paraphenylenediamine, N-methoxyethyl-paraphenylenediamine, N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -paraphenylenediamine, 2- (2-hydroxyethyl) -paraphenylenediamine, 2,6-dimethyl-paraphenylenediamine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylamine, 1,3-bis (N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -N- (4 -Aminophenyl) amino) -2-propanol, PEG-3,3,2'-paraphenylenediamine, paraaminophenol, paramethylaminophenol, 3-methyl-4-aminophenol, 2-aminomethyl-4-aminophenol , 2- (2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl) -4-aminophenol, orthoaminophenol, 2-amino-5-methylphenol, 2-amino-6-methylphenol, 2-amino-5-acetami Phenol, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid, 5-aminosalicylic acid, 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine, 2,5,6-triamino-4-hydroxypyrimidine, 4,5-diamino-1- (4 '-Chlorobenzyl) pyrazole, 4,5-diamino-1-hydroxyethylpyrazole and salts thereof.

  Examples of couplers include metaphenylenediamine, 2,4-diaminophenoxyethanol, 2-amino-4- (2-hydroxyethylamino) anisole, 2,4-diamino-5-methylphenetole, and 2,4-diamino. -5- (2-hydroxyethoxy) toluene, 2,4-dimethoxy-1,3-diaminobenzene, 2,6-bis (2-hydroxyethylamino) toluene, 2,4-diamino-5-fluorotoluene, 1 , 3-Bis (2,4-diaminophenoxy) propane, metaaminophenol, 2-methyl-5-aminophenol, 2-methyl-5- (2-hydroxyethylamino) phenol, 2,4-dichloro-3- Aminophenol, 2-chloro-3-amino-6-methylphenol, 2-methyl-4-chloro-5-aminophenol, N-cyclopentyl-metaaminophenol, 2-methyl-4-methoxy-5- (2- Hydroxyethylamino) phenol, 2-methyl-4-fluoro-5-a Nophenol, resorcin, 2-methylresorcin, 4-chlororesorcin, 1-naphthol, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, 4 -Hydroxyindole, 5-hydroxyindole, 6-hydroxyindole, 7-hydroxyindole, 6-hydroxybenzomorpholine, 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol, 2-bromo-4,5-methylenedioxyphenol, 3,4 -Methylenedioxyaniline, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) amino-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene, 2,6-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,6-dimethoxy-3,5-diaminopyridine 2,3-diamino-6-methoxypyridine, 2-methylamino-3-amino-6-methoxypyridine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine, 2,6-diaminopyridine and these Salts and the like.

  Two or more precursors and couplers may be used in combination, and the content thereof is preferably 0.01 to 5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 4% by weight, based on the total composition.

(Direct dye)
Examples of direct dyes include acid dyes, nitro dyes, disperse dyes, and basic dyes. Examples of acid dyes include Blue No. 1, Purple No. 401, Black No. 401, Orange No. 205, Red No. 227, Red No. 106, Yellow No. 203, Acid Orange 3, etc., and nitro dyes include 2-nitro -p-phenylenediamine, 2-amino-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol, 3-nitro-p-hydroxyethylaminophenol, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, 4-amino-3-nitrophenol, 4- Hydroxypropylamino-3-nitrophenol, HC Blue No.2, HC Orange No.1, HC Red No.1, HC Yellow No.2, HC Yellow No.4, HC Yellow No.5, HC Red No.3 N, N-bis- (2-hydroxyethyl) -2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine and the like, and disperse dyes include Disperse Violet 1, Disperse Blue 1, Disperse Black 9 and the like. Basic dyes such as Basic Blue 99 and Basic Kuburaun 16, Basic Brown 17, Basic Red 76, Basic Red 51, Basic Yellow 57, Basic Yellow 87, Basic Orange 31, and the like.

  Two or more direct dyes may be used in combination, or may be used in combination with an oxidation dye intermediate. The content thereof is preferably 0.001 to 5% by weight, particularly 0.01 to 3% by weight in the total composition.

[Alkaline agent]
The composition of the present invention contains an alkaline agent in the first agent in the two-component or three-component composition. Alkaline agents such as ammonia and salts thereof; alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine, isopropanolamine, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol, 2-aminobutanol and salts thereof; alkanediamines such as 1,3-propanediamine and the like Salts; carbonates such as guanidine carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate; bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, and the like. These alkaline agents may be used in combination of two or more, and the content thereof is 0.05% in the total composition from the viewpoint of sufficient decolorization / hair dyeing effect and reduction of hair damage and scalp irritation. To 15% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, particularly preferably 0.2 to 5% by weight.

  Of the above alkaline agents, ammonia, alkanolamines and salts thereof are preferred. As the ammonium salt, ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydrogen carbonate are preferable, and as the alkanolamine and its salt, monoethanolamine and its salt are preferable. Furthermore, the content of these is most preferably in the following range.

  The total amount of (1) content when ammonia and its salt are converted as ammonia in the total composition and (2) content when monoethanolamine and its salt are converted as monoethanolamine is sufficient decolorization. -From the point of hair dyeing effect and reduction of hair damage, scalp irritation and olfactory irritation, it is preferably 0.05 to 15% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, especially 0.2 to 5% in the total composition. It is preferable that it is weight%. The weight ratio of (1) / (2) is preferably 0.01: 1 to 2: 1, more preferably 0.02: 1 to 1: 1, and particularly preferably 0.05: 1 to 0.5: 1. .

[Medium]
In the composition of the present invention, water and, if necessary, an organic solvent are used as a medium. Examples of organic solvents include lower alkanols such as ethanol and 2-propanol, aromatic alcohols such as benzyl alcohol and benzyloxyethanol, cellosolves such as ethyl cellosolve and butyl cellosolve, and carbitols such as ethyl carbitol and butyl carbitol. Is mentioned.

[Dosage form etc.]
The composition of the present invention is a two-component composition comprising a first agent containing an alkaline agent and a second agent containing an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide, as well as the currently used oxidative hair dye or decoloring agent. As a three-part type that combines a powdered oxidizer consisting of a granulated product such as persulfate (ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, etc.) as a third agent for improving the decolorizing power as a mold Provided. The dosage forms of the first agent and the second agent can be, for example, liquid, emulsion, cream, gel, paste, mousse, etc., and can also be aerosol. It is desirable to mix the first agent and the second agent (or the third agent in the case of the three-agent type), and to make the viscosity difficult to spill when applied to the hair, 25 ° C, type B with helical stand The viscosity measured with a rotational viscometer (B8R type viscometer, TOKIMEC) is preferably 2000 to 100,000 mPa · s. Here, the viscosity is a value after rotating for 1 minute at 10 rpm using a rotor TC.

[PH]
The pH (25 ° C.) of the composition of the present invention is preferably 8 to 12 for the first agent and 2 to 5 for the second agent. The total composition at the time of use (mixing) is decolorization / hair dyeing effect and skin. From the point of irritation, 8 to 12, particularly 8 to 10 is preferable. As a pH adjuster, in addition to the above alkaline agents, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid, organic acids such as citric acid, glycolic acid and lactic acid, hydrochlorides such as monoethanolamine hydrochloride, monopotassium dihydrogen phosphate, Examples thereof include phosphates such as disodium monohydrogen phosphate.

[Other optional ingredients]
In addition to the above components, other components that are usually used as cosmetic raw materials can be added to the composition of the present invention. Such optional ingredients include natural or synthetic polymers, hydrolyzed proteins, amino acids, preservatives, chelating agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, plant extracts, vitamins, fragrances, UV absorbers, etc. Can be mentioned.

[Treatment method]
In order to dye or decolorize hair using the composition of the present invention, for example, the first agent and the second agent (or the third agent in the case of the three-component type) of the composition of the present invention are mixed immediately before use. Then, it may be applied to the hair, left for a predetermined time, rinsed and dried. The application temperature to the hair is preferably 15 to 45 ° C., the application time is 3 to 45 minutes, more preferably 5 to 30 minutes, and particularly preferably 10 to 30 minutes.

Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-6
Two-component oxidative hair dyes shown in Table 1 were prepared and evaluated for “light color”, “dyeability”, “no liquid dripping”, “easy to apply” and “combing properties”. The amount of purified water in the first agent and the second agent is such that the total amount of each is 100.

〔Evaluation method〕
(1) Brightness An equal mixture of the first agent and the second agent was applied to a black hair tress at a bath ratio of 1: 1, left for 30 minutes, washed with water and shampooed. After drying, the lightness of the tress was measured with a Minolta CR400 color difference meter, and the difference (Δb) in b value from before dyeing was measured and evaluated.

(2) Dyeability After using a gray hair trace and performing the dyeing process in the same manner as (1), color measurement with a Minolta CR400 color difference meter to measure the color difference (ΔE) with the gray hair trace before dyeing, evaluated.

(3) Absence of liquid dripping An equal amount mixture of the first agent and the second agent was applied to a wig using a brush, and liquid dripping from the brush and the hair was observed and evaluated during application and when left standing. The evaluation was performed by 10 expert panelists, and the average value was shown.
3: No liquid dripping 2: Slight liquid dripping 1: Liquid dripping

(4) Ease of application An equal mixture of the first agent and the second agent was applied to the wig using a brush, and the ease of application was evaluated. The evaluation was performed by 10 expert panelists, and the average value was shown.
5: Very easy to apply 4: Slightly easy to apply 3: Neither can be applied 2: Slightly difficult to apply 1: Very difficult to apply

(5) Combing property An equal amount of a mixture of the first agent and the second agent was applied to an appropriate amount of wig, left standing for 15 minutes, and then combed to evaluate the ease of combing. The evaluation was performed by 10 expert panelists, and the average value was shown.
5: Easy to comb 4: Slightly easy to comb 3: Not to say 2: Difficult to comb slightly 1: Difficult to comb

Claims (3)

Next ingredients (a) to (d)
(a) Surfactant including cationic surfactant and nonionic surfactant: 2 to 10% by weight
(b) Oil component including higher alcohol and / or hydrocarbon oil: 15 to 35% by weight
(c) Polyhydric alcohol containing at least one selected from the group consisting of alkylene glycols, glycerols and saccharides: 3 to 20% by weight
(d) Oxidizing agent containing hydrogen peroxide: 0.1 to 9 % by weight in terms of hydrogen peroxide
And the cationic surfactant is at least selected from the group consisting of lauryltrimethylammonium chloride, stearyltrimethylammonium chloride, behenyltrimethylammonium chloride, distearyldimethylammonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and stearyltrimethylammonium bromide. The nonionic surfactant is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene alkyl ethers, and the component (b) with respect to component (a) ) Weight ratio (b) / (a) is 3 to 10, and the weight ratio (c) / [(a) + (b)] of component (c) to the sum of components (a) and (b) is A hair dye or hair bleach composition that is 0.1 to 1. The component (b) contains an oily component (b _L ) which is liquid at normal temperature and an oily component (b _S ) which is solid at normal temperature, and their weight ratio (b _L ) / (b _S ) is less than 3. Item 2. A hair dye or hair bleach composition according to Item 1.   A first agent containing an alkaline agent and a second agent containing an oxidizing agent of component (d) are used as a constituent preparation, and 50% by weight or more of component (b) is contained in the second agent. 3. A hair dye or hair bleach composition according to 1 or 2.