JP5208369B2 - 神経細胞の死滅または神経機能の障害を治療するための薬学製剤及び併用療法 - Google Patents
神経細胞の死滅または神経機能の障害を治療するための薬学製剤及び併用療法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5208369B2 JP5208369B2 JP2006045529A JP2006045529A JP5208369B2 JP 5208369 B2 JP5208369 B2 JP 5208369B2 JP 2006045529 A JP2006045529 A JP 2006045529A JP 2006045529 A JP2006045529 A JP 2006045529A JP 5208369 B2 JP5208369 B2 JP 5208369B2
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Images
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Description
Xは、CO、SO2または(CH2)n(nは1ないし5の常数)であり、
R1は、水素、アルキルまたはアルカノイル(alkanoyl)であり、
R2は、水素またはアルキルであり、
R3は、水素またはアセチルであり、
R4は、非置換フェニルまたはニトロ、ハロゲン、ハロアルキル及び炭素数1ないし5のアルコキシから構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上に置換されたフェニルである;
R1、R2及びR3は、各々水素またはハロゲンであり、
R4は、ヒドロキシ、アルキル、アルコキシ、ハロゲン、ハロゲンに置換されたアルコキシ、アルカノイルオキシまたはニトロであり、
R5は、カルボキシ酸、炭素数1ないし4のアルキル基を有したエステル、カルボキシアミド、スルホン酸、ハロゲンまたはニトロである。
Xは、CO、SO2または(CH2)n(nは1ないし5の常数)であり、
R1は、水素、アルキルまたはアルカノイルであり、
R2は、水素またはアルキルであり、
R3は、水素またはアセチルであり、
R4は、非置換フェニルまたはニトロ、ハロゲン、ハロアルキル及び炭素数1ないし5のアルコキシから構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上に置換されたフェニルである;
R1、R2及びR3は、各々水素またはハロゲンであり、
R4は、ヒドロキシ、アルキル、アルコキシ、ハロゲン、ハロゲンに置換されたアルコキシ、アルカノイルオキシまたはニトロであり、
R5は、カルボキシ酸、炭素数1ないし4のアルキル基を有したエステル、カルボキシアミド、スルホン酸、ハロゲンまたはニトロである。
神経細胞(neuron)と神経膠細胞(glia)の混合培養のために妊娠14〜16日目(E14-16)のマウス胎児から大脳皮質(neocortex)を分離、回収してガラス(パスツール)ピペットを用いて組織を単一細胞に分離した後(trituration)、ポリ−D−リジンとラミニンでコーテイングされた24ウェルプレート(Falcon,Primaria)に約2×105/ウェル密度で細胞を分株して5%CO2と37℃に維持される培養器に入れた。分株培養液としては、2mM グルタミン、21mM グルコース、26.5mM 重炭酸塩、5% ウシ胎児血清(FBS)及び5% ウマ血清が補充されたMEM(Minimum Essential Medium,Gibco)を用いた。
実施例1で製造されたニューロン−神経膠細胞の混合培養からDIV 11〜15日目の培養細胞に酸化的毒性による神経細胞の死滅を誘導するために50μM FeCl2(Fenton反応によりOH・の生成を促進する)或いは10mM DL−ブチオニン(buthionine)−[S,R]−スルホキシミン(sulfoximine)(BSO、グルタチオン欠乏誘導物質)で処理した。DIV 11〜15日目の培養細胞に、50μM FeCl2或いは10mM BSOを単独で、また50μM FeCl2或いは10mM BSOに0.1〜30μMの2−Hydroxy−TTBA、0.01〜3μMの2−Hydroxy−TPEAまたは3〜300μMのビタミンEを同時に添加した。投与24時間後に細胞外に遊離されるLDHの活性を測定して神経細胞の死滅を定量した(mean±SEM,N=8培養ウェル/実験群)。*は、アノバ(ANOVA)及びスチューデント−ニューマン−クルーズテスト(Student−Newman−Keuls test)を用いた場合において、対照群(FeCl2単独またはBSO単独)に比べてp<0.05の有意差があることを示す。2−Hydroxy−TTBA或いは2−Hydroxy−TPEAは0.3uMで完璧に酸化毒性による神経細胞の死滅を抑制した(図1a及び1b)。ビタミンEは、2−Hydroxy−TTBA或いは2−Hydroxy−TPEAより高濃度で酸化的毒性による細胞死滅を抑制した。これは2−Hydroxy−TTBA或いは2−Hydroxy−TPEAが酸化的毒性に対する強力な細胞保護薬物であることが分かる。数々の細胞壊死抑制剤の細胞保護効果を酸化的毒性による細胞死滅を50%抑制する濃度、IC50値を求めて、その結果を下記表1に示した。表1の結果は、BAS、CBAS、FBAS、TBAS、PBAS、MBAS、NPAA、NPPAA、2−Hydroxy−TTBA及び2−Hydroxy−TPEAがビタミンEに比べて強力な細胞保護薬物であることを示す。
実施例1で製造されたニューロン−神経膠細胞の混合培養から分株後11〜15日目(DIV11〜15)の培養細胞を細胞枯死を誘導するために、20μM シクロスポリン(cyclosporine)A(CsA)またはカリキュリン(caliculin)A(Cal A)を単独で、また20μM CsAまたはCal Aに3〜30mMのリチウムを同時に添加した。投与24時間後に細胞外に遊離されるLDHの活性を測定して神経細胞の死滅を定量した(mean±SEM, N=12培養ウェル/実験群)。*は、アノバ(ANOVA)及びスチューデント−ニューマン−クルーズテスト(Student−Newman−Keuls test)を用いた場合において、対照群(Cal A或いはCsA)に比べてp<0.05の有意差があることを示す。実験した結果、リチウムは容量によってCal A 或いはCsAによる細胞枯死を減少させる効果を示した(図2a)。リチウムの代わりに100uM ビタミンE、100uM 2−Hydroxy−TTBA或いは100uM 2−Hydroxy−TPEAを用いた実験において、上記ビタミンE、2−Hydroxy−TTBA或いは2−Hydroxy−TPEAはCsAによる神経細胞の死滅を抑制することができなかった(図2b)。これはリチウムと、BAS、CBAS、FBAS、TBAS、PBAS、MBAS、NPAA、NPPAA、2−hydroxy−TTBA、2−hydroxy−TPEAなどの細胞壊死抑制剤とは、細胞枯死と酸化的毒性とによる細胞壊死をそれぞれ選択的に抑制できるということを証明する結果である。
ALS疾患が進みながら発生する活性酸素種(reactive oxygen species、以下「ROS」と称する)の程度を運動神経が死滅し運動上の障害が生じる以前のALS動物モデル(Tg(+), G93A mice)と、同じ年齢の普通のマウス(Tg(−)、Wild type)とを比較評価した。酸化的毒性を観察するためにニトロチロシン(Nitrotyrosine)免疫染色法を用いて8週齢のG93A マウスと同じ年齢の普通のマウスとの腰髄部位の運動神経細胞のニトロチロシンの蛍光強度を観察した。また、他の酸化毒性測定技法で酸化されたMitoTracker CM−H2XRosの蛍光強度の程度をニトロチロシン免疫染色法を用いて8週齢の動物の組織を観察した(図3a)。これはALS動物モデルの運動神経細胞で自由ラジカルの生成と蛋白質酸化の蓄積が伴うことを示すことであり、腰髄部位の運動神経細胞外の他の細胞では観察されない。生後4週齢後から2週間隔でG93A マウスと同じ年齢の普通のマウスとの腰髄部位の運動神経細胞での蛍光強度を観察したとき、G93A マウスは普通のマウスよりニトロチロシン蛍光強度が既に4週から普通のマウスより3倍も高く、8週齢でその差が4倍以上であり最も有意な値として年齢別頂点に達することを示した。G93A マウスが14週齢に至ってはニトロチロシン免疫反応の強度の差は減少した(図3b)。また、運動神経細胞の死滅の程度をG93A マウスを年齢毎に観察したとき、既に8週から弱く運動神経細胞の数が減り始め動物が死ぬ直前まで次第に減少することが観察された(図3c)。
Fas ligand(FasL)−関連枯死を通じた神経細胞の死滅はアルツハイマー痴呆やパーキンソン病のような退行性神経疾患で既に観察されたことがある(Morishima et al., 2001,Su et al, 2003; Hartman et al., 2002)。
本発明者らは酸化毒性による神経細胞の壊死と神経細胞の枯死を各々選択的に抑制する薬物を投与したとき、神経細胞の保護効果が相乗作用をするかどうかに対して追加実験を通じて観察した。実施例1で製造されたニューロン−神経膠細胞の混合培養からDIV11〜15目の培養細胞に30uM Fe2+と10mM BSO(グルタチオン欠乏誘導物質)を添加して酸化毒性を誘導した。その後、24時間が過ぎれば神経細胞は壊死による死に至る。このとき、2−hydroxy−TTBAを1μMを添加すれば酸化毒性による神経細胞の消失は完璧に抑制されその効果はビタミンEの220倍以上高い。同じ方法で、抗精神性薬物として用いられ神経細胞の枯死を選択的に保護すると報告された(Kang et al., 2003; Chuang et al., 2002)リチウム(Li+)を添加したところ酸化的毒性に対する効果は全くないことが確認された(図5a)。図5aは、培養された大脳皮質神経細胞に30μM FeCl2または10mM BSOを単独で、また FeCl2またはBSOに1μM 2−hydroxy−TTBAまたはビタミンEを同時に添加し、添加24時間後に細胞外に遊離されるLDHの活性を測定して神経細胞の死滅を定量した結果である(mean±SEM, N=12培養ウェル/実験群)。図5aにおいて、 *は、アノバ(ANOVA)及びスチューデント−ニューマン−クルーズテスト(Student−Newman−Keuls test)を用いた場合において、対照群(FeCl2及びBSO単独)に比べてp<0.05の有意差があることを示す。
図6a〜図6dは、マウスを13匹ずつ5グループに分けて8週齢になったときから餌に、2−hydroxy−TTBA(30mg/kg)、0.2% リチウムカーボネート、または同時に2−hydroxy−TTBA(30mg/kg)と0.2% リチウムカーボネートとを混用した薬物を添加して各マウスらが死ぬまでの行動実験を一週間に二回ずつ実行した結果である(mean±SEM, N=13/実験群)。図6a〜図6dにおいては、*は対照群に比べてp<0.05の有意差があることを示すものであり、#は2−hydroxy−TTBA及びリチウムの複合投与群と2−hydroxy−TTBA(或いはリチウム)投与群との間にp<0.05の有意差があることを示す。
ルーゲリック病(Lou Gehrig Disease)は、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)または運動ニューロン疾患(MND : motor neuron disease)などと呼ばれる病気であって、運動神経細胞の退行性変化による漸次的な損傷がこの疾患の特徴である。ルーゲリック病における選択的な運動神経死滅の原因に対して様々な仮説が立てられた。
アルツハイマー性痴呆は、痴呆の原因のうち最も多い形態である。病理組織学的には、神経纖維の多発性病変(neurofibrillary tangle)、アミロイドプラーク(amyloid plaque)と深刻な神経細胞の死滅などがアルツハイマー性痴呆の特徴である。最近アルツハイマー性痴呆で観察される神経細胞の死滅が酸化的ストレスと連関しているという論文が多く報告されている。
パーキンソン病は黒質に存在するドーパミン神経細胞の死滅が伴って、振顫、筋肉硬直、運動緩徐、非正常的姿勢、運動不能などの多様な症状を示す退行性神経系疾患である。
ハンチントン病(HD)は主に脳線条体の連合ニューロン(interneurons)の死滅を伴うが、このようなHDの病理学的特性はNMDA受容体のアゴニストを処理すれば類似に再現されるため、HDで現れる選択的神経細胞の死滅はNMDA受容体を媒介とすると知られている(Koh et al., 1986; Beal MF et al., 1986)。
脳卒中は脳の血液循環障害(血栓症、塞栓症、狹窄症)によって起こる疾患であって、その結果神経細胞の死滅が起こるようになる。脳卒中が起これば興奮性神経伝達物質であるグルタメートが神経細胞の連接部位で蓄積されCa2+透過性グルタメート受容体の過度活性により神経細胞の死滅が速く進まれる。実際に、NMDA受容体の拮抗剤は脳卒中の80%を占める虚血性脳卒中による脳細胞死滅を顕著に減少させると知られている(Simon RP et al., 1984)。脳卒中が起こった後ミトコンドリア内の電子伝達系(electron transport system)が損傷され活性酸素の生成が増加するようになる。増加した活性酸素は、細胞膜脂質の破壊、遺伝子の損傷、蛋白質変性などを誘導して神経細胞の壊死が起こり、これに対して抗酸化剤は虚血性神経細胞の壊死を抑制する効果がある(Yamaguchi T et al., 1998)。また、これ以外にも脳卒中後虚血部位(ischemic area)の半陰影地域(penumbra zone)でDNAラダー(ladder)とTUNEL染色のような細胞枯死の特徴も観察されることから細胞の枯死と壊死とが同時に起こることが分かる(Hu X et al., 2002)。
興奮性神経毒性は外傷性脳損傷(TBI)及び脊椎損傷(TSCI)後に現れる脳細胞の退化にも密接に関与する。NMDA受容体の拮抗剤はTBI及びTSCI後に現れる神経細胞の死滅を減少させると知られている(Faden AI et al., 1988; Okiyama et al., 1997)。
緑内障(glaucoma)の場合、眼圧の増加により網膜への血流が塞がれることによって網膜神経細胞は虚血状態になり、このとき神経伝達物質であるグルタメートが神経連接に過量分泌され興奮性毒性が起こり、最近虚血による枯死の証拠が多く発表されている。また、血液の再貫流の際に生成される活性酸素による網膜神経細胞の死滅が起こるようになると知られている(Osborne NN et al., 1999; Tempestini A et al., 2003)。また、最近細胞壊死抑制剤(抗酸化剤及びNMDA受容体の拮抗剤)及び細胞枯死抑制剤を緑内障の動物実験に用いて視神経細胞の死滅を抑制する結果が報告されている(Neufeld AH et al., 2002; Richer S et al., 2004; Kim TW et al., 2002; Hartwick AT et al, 2001;)。
Claims (4)
- 細胞壊死抑制剤、及びリチウムまたはこれの薬学的に許容可能な塩を含み、
上記細胞壊死抑制剤は、下記化学式2で表されるテトラフルオロベンジル誘導体とこれの薬学的に許容可能な塩、から構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上であることを特徴とする、ルーゲリック病、アルツハイマー性痴呆、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病、脳卒中、外傷性脳損傷及び外傷性脊髄損傷から構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上の脳疾患、または、緑内障、老人性黄斑変性及び糖尿病性網膜症から構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上の眼疾患の治療または予防用薬学製剤:
R1、R2及びR3は、それぞれ水素またはハロゲンであり、
R4は、ヒドロキシ、アルキル、アルコキシ、ハロゲン、ハロゲンに置換されたアルコキシ、アルカノイルオキシまたはニトロであり、
R5は、カルボキシ酸、炭素数1ないし4のアルキル基を有したエステル、カルボキシアミド、スルホン酸、ハロゲンまたはニトロである。 - 上記テトラフルオロベンジル誘導体は、2−ヒドロキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸、2−ニトロ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸、2−クロロ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸、2−ブロモ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸、2−ヒドロキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−メチルベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸、2−メチル−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸、2−メトキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸、5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−2−トリフルオロメトキシ安息香酸、2−ニトロ−4−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)フェノール、2−クロロ−4−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)フェノール、2−ヒドロキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)ベンズアミド、2−ヒドロキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)ベンゼンスルホン酸、メチル2−ヒドロキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)安息香酸塩、2−エタノイルオキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)安息香酸、2−プロパノイルオキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)安息香酸、2−シクロヘキサンカルボニルオキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)安息香酸及びこれらの薬学的に許容可能な塩から構成された群より選択された何れか一つであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の薬学製剤。
- 上記テトラフルオロベンジル誘導体は、2−ヒドロキシ−5−(2,3,5,6−テトラフルオロ−4−トリフルオロメチル−ベンジルアミノ)−安息香酸またはこれの薬学的に許容可能な塩であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の薬学製剤。
- 細胞壊死抑制剤、及びリチウムまたはこれの薬学的に許容可能な塩を含み、
上記細胞壊死抑制剤は、下記化学式2で表されるテトラフルオロベンジル誘導体とこれの薬学的に許容可能な塩、から構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上であることを特徴とする、ルーゲリック病、アルツハイマー性痴呆、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン病、脳卒中、外傷性脳損傷及び外傷性脊髄損傷から構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上の脳疾患、または、緑内障、老人性黄斑変性及び糖尿病性網膜症から構成された群より選択された何れか一つ以上の眼疾患の治療または予防用薬学キット:
R1、R2及びR3は、それぞれ水素またはハロゲンであり、
R4は、ヒドロキシ、アルキル、アルコキシ、ハロゲン、ハロゲンに置換されたアルコキシ、アルカノイルオキシまたはニトロであり、
R5は、カルボキシ酸、炭素数1ないし4のアルキル基を有したエステル、カルボキシアミド、スルホン酸、ハロゲンまたはニトロである。
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