JP5164167B2 - 免疫調節性腫瘍壊死因子受容体25(tnfr25)のアゴニスト、アンタゴニスト及び免疫毒素 - Google Patents
免疫調節性腫瘍壊死因子受容体25(tnfr25)のアゴニスト、アンタゴニスト及び免疫毒素 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、その全体が引用により本明細書に取り込まれる2005年8月30日出願の特許文献1に係る出願を基礎とする優先権を主張する。
ヒト免疫系に係る多くの疾患は、免疫応答の減衰を特徴とするカテゴリーと、免疫応答の過剰を特徴とするカテゴリーとの2種類の広範なカテゴリーに分類される。免疫不全は、免疫応答の減衰を特徴とする。先天的な(生まれつきの)免疫不全の形態と、後天的な免疫不全の形態とがある。貪食細胞が病原体を破壊する能力に問題を有する慢性肉芽腫症は、前者の例である。CD4+T細胞を破壊するHIVウイルスにより引き起こされる感染症であるAIDS(後天性免疫不全症候群)は、後者の例である。免疫応答の減衰を特徴とする場合がある付加的な疾病は、癌である。健康な個体とは対照的に癌患者の免疫系は、腫瘍細胞を効果的に認識及び/又は破壊する能力をもはや有さない。
Chinnaiyan et al.,Science 274:990,1996 Bodmer et al.,Immunity 6:79,1997 Kitson et al.,Nature 384:372,1996 Marsters et al.,Curr Biol 6:1669,1996 Screaton et al,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4615,1997 Migone et al.,Immunity 16:479,2002 Wen et al.,J Biol Chem 25:25,2003 Screaton et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4615,1997
Micheau and Tschopp.Cell 114:181,2003 Chinnaiyan et al.,Science 274:990,1996 Bodmer et al.,Immunity 6:79,1997 Kitson et al.,Nature 384:372,1996 Marsters et al.,Curr Biol 6:1669,1996 Screaton et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4615,1997 Wen et al.,J Biol Chem 25:25,2003
本発明のある局面は、腫瘍壊死因子受容体25(TNFR25)抗原と結合し、TNFR25のアゴニストとして働く場合がある抗体に関する。ある実施態様では前記抗体は、gp96−Ig−オボアルブミンによりクロスプライミングされたときのOT−I CD8細胞の増殖を、対照抗体と比較して増大させる能力を有する。さらなる実施態様では前記抗体は、精製モノクローナル抗体4C12である。
図1Aは、リンパ節細胞内でのマウスTNFR25の発現を示すグラフである。MFIは、一次抗体としてのアイソタイプ対照抗体については黒数字により、抗TNFR25抗体に対しては影付き数字で、示される。TNFR25の検出は、一次ハムスター抗TNFR25モノクローナル抗体と、その後ヤギ抗ハムスタービオチンと、PE標識ストレプトアビジンとの三重サンドイッチ法を必要とした。図1Bは、活性化リンパ球でのTNFR25の発現を示すグラフである。脾細胞の活性化が、固定化抗CD3抗体(5μg/mL)及び固定化CD28抗体(1μg/mL)か、LPS(1μg/mL)かで24時間実施された。細胞は、CD4陽性若しくはCD8陽性又はB220陽性でありかつ7−AAD陰性である細胞に対してゲートをかけられた。(下付きのaは、活性化CD4細胞、活性化CD8細胞又は活性化B細胞を表す。)ヒストグラムでは、休止脾細胞及び活性化脾細胞内でのTNFR25の発現についてのMFIが示される。図1Cは、胸腺細胞でのTNFR25の発現を示すグラフである。胸腺細胞は、CD4/CD8ダブル陰性細胞か、ダブル陽性細胞か、シングル陽性細胞かに対してゲートをかけられ、抗TNFR25に係る蛍光について評価された。
免疫系を刺激する場合か、免疫系を間接的に増強する場合か、他の場合には免疫抑制効果を有する場合かがある免疫調節剤を利用する新規な組成物及び方法を提供することが本発明の目的である。本明細書で開示されるTNFR25のアゴニストは、腫瘍ワクチンといっしょに与えられるときに癌と戦うための身体能力を高める目的か、方向づける目的か、回復させる目的かのために、身体の細胞性免疫防御と癌細胞との間の相互作用を変化させる生物学的応答調節剤を提供する。本明細書で開示されるTNFR25特異的毒性物質は、癌患者から自然発生の免疫抑制細胞を除去することにより化学療法の投与計画の有効性を増大させる能力を有する。本明細書で開示されるTNFR25のアゴニストは、治癒効果を有する場合もある。中でも前記TNFR25のアゴニストは、炎症性腸疾患のような慢性炎症により引き起こされる疾病を治療するために使用される場合がある。本明細書で開示されるTNFR25のアンタゴニストは、CD8T細胞に仲介される細胞性免疫応答を阻害する能力を有し、例えば喘息を治療する場合と、組織移植後の臓器又は組織の拒絶反応を軽減する場合とがある。
本発明の説明に際し以下の用語が使用され、以下に示されるように定義されることが意図される。
TNFR25とそのリガンドTL1Aとが、T細胞分極と肺の炎症との直接の増強剤であることが発見された。肺疾患におけるTL1A及びTNFR25の重要な役割は、アゴニストのTNFR25遺伝子導入マウスにおいて観察される肺の炎症の肥大化により支持される。TNFR25の過剰発現は、活性化によるCD4細胞のTh2への強い偏りをもたらす。この偏りはすなわち、オボアルブミンモデルにおける肺の炎症の増大の原因のようである。
TNFR25とその同種リガンドTL1Aの生物学的機能的を研究するために、ハムスター抗マウスモノクローナル抗体が標準的プロトコールにより作成された。フローサイトメトリーにより初代細胞における低レベルのTNFR25の発現を確実に検出するために、三層サンドイッチ分析法を開発することが必要であった。細胞を活性化せずともTNFR25は、ナイーブCD4T細胞においては低いレベルで、CD8T細胞においてもさらに低いレベルで検出されたが、B細胞においては検出されなかった(図1a)。加えてCD11c+細胞の亜集団がTNFR25を発現した。僅かな割合のCD3陰性NK11+細胞のみがTNFR25の発現を示したのに対して、NKT細胞は相対的に高いレベルのTNFR25を構成的に発現した(図1a)。胸腺ではシングル陽性のCD4細胞及びCD8細胞が抹消T細胞と同様のTNFR25を発現した。CD4、CD8に係るダブル陽性胸腺細胞及びダブル陰性胸腺細胞はTNFR25を発現しなかった(図1c)。
各々のTNFR25導入遺伝子に対する4種類の独立した初代遺伝子(founder)が、取得及び分析された。初代遺伝子Δ5,6 TNFR25、FL TNFR25及びDN TNFR25の全てにおける、前記CD2プロモーター及びエンハンサーに支持される位置に無関係な導入遺伝子発現は、休止T細胞と、NKT細胞と、NK細胞、CD11c+細胞の亜集団とにおける高レベルの発現を明らかにした。B細胞は前記導入遺伝子を発現しなかった(図3a)。フローサイトメトリーによる抗体検出の信頼性は、形質移入された腫瘍細胞のウェスタンブロットにより確認され(図3b)、遺伝子導入脾細胞で同一のウェスタンブロットのバンドが検出されたが、内在の分子はウェスタンブロットによる検出のレベルに満たなかった。Δ5,6のスプライシング形態は、ウェスタンブロットにおいて前記抗体10D1により検出されず(図3b)、前記抗体がエキソン5又はエキソン6に結合を表示した。FL TNFR25の遺伝子導入による過剰発現は、遺伝子を導入しない同腹細胞と比較した一次及び二次リンパ器官におけるT細胞数の減少と関係がある(図3c)。細胞性に及ぼすΔ5,6導入遺伝子の効果は、胸腺では中程度であり、二次リンパ器官では顕著でなかった。遺伝子導入マウスにおけるT細胞数の減少は、同数の精製遺伝子導入CD4及びCD8細胞と遺伝子を導入しない同腹細胞とを比較すると、抗CD3抗体及び抗CD28抗体の刺激に応答する増殖の減少と同時に起こった(図3d)。増殖の減少は、24時間から72時間までの全ての時間において見られた。しかしホルボールエステルであるPMAとCa−イオノフォアであるイオノマイシンとでのTNFR25遺伝子導入CD4細胞又はTNFR25遺伝子導入CD8細胞の刺激は正常な増殖を回復させ、遺伝子導入細胞が固有の性質として増殖能力を欠損しているのではないことを示した。CD3/CD28活性化TNFR25遺伝子導入T細胞はCD25を正常に上向き調節したが、同腹の対照細胞と比較して約半分の量のIL−2しか産生しなかった(図4)。過剰量のIL−2の外からの添加は、増殖を回復させなかった(図3d)。TNFR25遺伝子導入T細胞は、アネキシンV染色により測定されるアポトーシスの増大を被らず(図4)、増殖性の欠陥は細胞死のためのTNFR25のシグナルのためではないことを示した。
TNFR25のドミナントネガティブな変異体であるDN TNFR25が、気道負荷の間のTNFR25のシグナル伝達を阻害するために作成され、CD2プロモーター及びエンハンサーの存在下で導入遺伝子としてその構成体を発現した。前記DN TNFR25導入遺伝子は細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインの全体を欠くが、その膜貫通ドメイン及び細胞外ドメインにおいてはFL TNFR25と同一である。
野生型NKT細胞のNKT欠損マウスへの養子移植がオボアルブミンモデルにおいて肺の炎症と気道過敏性とを回復させること、及び、NKT細胞によるIL−13産生が必要とされることが示されている(Akbari,O.et al.Nat Med 9,582−8(2003);Lisbonne,M.et al.J Immunol 171,1637−41(2003);Meyer,E.H.et al.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103,2782−7(2006))。NKT細胞は、喘息患者の病態生理学にも関与する(Sen,Y.et al.J Immunol 175,4914−26(2005).Akbari,O.et al.N Engl J Med 354,1117−29(2006))。NKT細胞で構成的に発現する(図1a)TNFR25が肺の炎症のトリガリングに関与するかどうかについて決定するために、野生型NKT細胞及びDN TNFR25遺伝子導入NKT細胞が、オボアルブミンで一次刺激されたNKT欠損マウス(Cui,J.et al.Science 278,1623−6(1997)、Jα18k.o.)に養子移植された(図8)。養子移植された野生型NKT細胞は気道抗原負荷による肺の炎症を回復させたが、同数のDN TNFR25遺伝子導入NKT細胞は肺の炎症を回復させることができなかった。前記データは、NKT細胞内でのTNFR25のシグナルが、感作されたマウスに係る気道抗原曝露の間の肺の炎症のトリガリングに重要であることを実証する。
成熟樹状細胞は、腫瘍特異的ペプチドに対して特異的なT−細胞障害性細胞を効果的に一次刺激することを可能にする「交差提示」と呼ばれる重要なプロセスを実行する。腫瘍抗原は分解され、MHCクラスIタンパク質上で循環CD8T細胞に対して提示される。
多くの疾病の治療に及ぼすその莫大なインパクトの可能性のために、多くの科学者及び企業がCD4+/CD25+制御性T細胞(Tregs)について研究する。多くの人々が同じ環境アレルゲンに曝され、アレルゲンへの感作が日常的であるのに、ごく僅かの割合の人々だけが喘息のようなアレルギー性疾患を発症する。この理由は現在は明らかではないが、アレルゲンに曝された健康な個体における気道炎症を抑制する効率的な制御性Tregsの存在に関連する場合がある。それによりTregsは、自己及び非自己に対する抹消寛容の維持に寄与することが知られる。しかしTregsは、癌と戦うための身体能力を妨害することも実証されている。そのような場合にはTregsは前記身体の腫瘍殺傷免疫細胞を妨害する。それによりTregsは、献身的なサプレッサー細胞として機能し、例えば頭頸部扁平上皮癌のような腫瘍が免疫系により認識されるのを妨げるのに一定の役割を果たす場合がある。Br J Cancer,2005 Mar.14;92(5):913−20を参照せよ。
細胞内デスドメインを欠くTNFR25のドミナントネガティブ形態(DN−TNFR25)と、第4の細胞外システインリッチドメインをエンコードするエキソン5及びエキソン6を欠くTNFR25のオルタナティブスプライシング形態(Δ5,6−TNFR25)とを使用して、本発明者らは、粘膜の傷害後に恒常性バランスを回復させるためにTNFR25の機能が必要とされることを見出した。具体的には本発明者らは、マウスにおいてCD2プロモーターの存在下で、TNFR25のドミナントネガティブ形態(DN−TNFR25)を遺伝子導入により発現させた。前記マウスは、ヒトクローン病についてのモデルとしての大腸炎を誘発させるために、デキストラン硫酸ナトリウム(DSS)を与えられた。野生型C57Bl/6マウスは、2%DSSを含む水の飲用の5日後に大腸炎及び下痢を発症し、体重が減少した。しかし通常の水に交換すると1週間以内に野生型マウスは回復し体重を回復したのに対して、DN TNFR25導入遺伝子発現マウスは野生型マウスと同様に疾病を発症したが下痢はより重篤なようであった。加えて通常の水への交換はDN TNFR25導入遺伝子発現マウスの回復をもたらさなかった。それどころか全てのDN TNFR25導入遺伝子発現マウスは体重を減少させ続け、2週間以内に死亡した。(全長TNFR25か、スプライシング形態であるΔ5,6 TNFR25かのような)TNFR25の機能的な導入遺伝子を発現するマウスは、野生型マウスと同様に回復した。実施例21及び22と、図14とを参照せよ。
現在では多くの臓器及び組織が、あるヒトから別のヒトへごく普通に移植される。ドナーとレシピエントとが一卵性の「同一な」双子であるまれな場合を除いて、かかる移植は同種移植と呼ばれる。組織のレシピエントは全ての非自己タンパク質に対して強力な液性及び細胞性免疫反応を開始するため、ある個体から別の個体への組織の移植についての組織の適合は重要である。組織適合検査は、ドナー及びレシピエントの細胞の両方についてのMHC抗原を特定するステップと、レシピエントのMHC対立遺伝子と同一なMHC対立遺伝子をできる限り多く有するドナーの細胞を使用するステップとを含む。(特にHLA−Bのような)MHCクラスI対立遺伝子とクラスII HLA−DR対立遺伝子とを適合させることは、移植の成功のためには、他のMHC抗原を適合させることよりも重要である。またMHCを適合させることは、マイナー組織適合抗原を適合させることよりも重要である。
細胞は、10%の熱不活性化FBS(Invitrogen)と、10μg/mLのゲンタマイシン(Invitrogen)と、50μMのβ−メルカプトエタノール(Bio−Rad)とを添加したIscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Minimal Essential Medium(Invitrogen)中で培養された。モノクローナル抗マウスCD3抗体及び抗ヒトCD3抗体は、それぞれ2C11株細胞及びOKT3株細胞(ATCC、Manassas、Va.)の培養上清から精製された。モノクローナル抗マウスCD28抗体及び抗ヒトCD28抗体は、eBioscience(San Diego、Calif.)から購入された。ConA、PHA及びLPSは、Sigma(St.Louis、Mo.)から購入された。組換えマウスIL−2は、BioSource International(Camarillo、Calif.)から購入された。PMA,イオノマイシン、H7及びシクロヘキシミドはCalbiochem (San Diego、Calif.)から購入された。
アルメニアハムスターが、フロイントアジュバント中の50μgのmTNFR25−Ig又はmTL1A−MBP(マルトース結合タンパク質)で、隔週で(biweekly)3回腹腔内免疫された。融合の3日前にハムスターは、50μgのそれぞれのタンパク質で、静脈内に追加免疫された。ハムスターの脾細胞がマウス骨髄腫SP20細胞とPEGで融合され、その後ClonaCell−HY kit(StemCell Technologies Inc.、BC、Canada)を使用して2週間メチルセルロース培地中でプレート培養された。1千個のコロニーがピックアップされ、免疫用の融合タンパク質か、対照タンパク質−Ig融合タンパク質かでコーティングされたプレート中でELISAにより分析された。陽性クローン由来の上清が、フローサイトメトリー及びウェスタンブロッティングにより形質移入された細胞におけるmTNFR25アイソフォームを検出する能力について試験された。抗体はプロテインGカラム上のNutridoma−SP(Roche、Indianapolis、Ind.)上清から精製され、PBS中で透析され、濾過滅菌された。
単一細胞懸濁液が、個別の実験において表示されるリンパ器官から調製された。染色の前に細胞は、FcRsへの非特異的結合を阻害するために、精製抗マウスCD16/CD32(Fc−γIII/II受容体;BD)と、精製ヒトIgG(Jackson ImmunoResearch、West Grove、Pa.)とで処理された。細胞は、アルメニアハムスター抗マウスTNFR25抗体又は抗マウスTL1A抗体で30分間、4°Cで染色された。細胞はFACS緩衝液(0.5%のBSAと2mMのEDTAとを含むPBS)で洗浄され、その後ビオチン標識ヤギ抗アルメニアハムスターIgG(Jackson ImmunoResearch)で30分間、4°Cで染色された。細胞は洗浄され、その後ストレプトアビジン−PE又はストレプトアビジン−Cychrome(BD)で30分間、4°Cで染色された。細胞は洗浄され、その後相異なる細胞集団について直接結合型の細胞表面マーカーで染色された。試料は、Becton Dickinson FACS LSR instrumentとCELLQuest.TM.softwareとを使用して分析された。
mTNFR25のスプライシング形態の同定。メッセンジャーRNAはMicro Fast−Track kit(Invitrogen、Carlsbad、Calif.)でマウス株細胞又は組織から抽出され、cDNAはSuperscript II kit(Invitrogen)を使用して逆転写された。RT−PCR産物は、TOPO cloning kit(Invitrogen)を使用してPCR IIベクターにサブクローニングされ、DNAシーケンシングによりmTNFR25のスプライシング形態として確認された。マウスTNFR25のスプライシング分析のために、上流プライマーであるエキソン2(CAG TGA GTC CCA GAA GAG GT、配列番号8)と、下流プライマーであるエキソン7(GGA TAG CCC CAA AAA GGA AC、配列番号9)と、上流プライマーであるエキソン7(TCC TTT TTG GGG CTA TCC TG、配列番号10)と、下流プライマーであるエキソン10(GGT ATT TCT CCA TGA CGC TT、配列番号11)とのようなプライマーが使用された。
マウスTNFR25構成体が、(NIHのA.Singer博士から供与を受けた)ヒトCD2プロモーター及び局在制御領域の存在下で、制限エンドヌクレアーゼ部位EcoRI及びSalIを使用してクローニングされた。3種類のmTNFR25構成体が、校正酵素を使用するPCRにより作成された。前記構成体は、マウスTNFR25の全長分子(FL TNFR25)と、第5及び第6のエキソンを欠くTNFR25のスプライシング変異体(Δ5,6 TNFR25)と、膜貫通ドメインの終点で終結し細胞内ドメイン全体を欠くTNFR25のドミナントネガティブ形態(1−234に示される(as 1−234)DN TNFR25)とである。前記PCR産物の配列はシーケンシングにより確認された。受精卵へのDNAの微量注入が、マイアミ大学医学部の遺伝子導入設備により実施された。有望な初代遺伝子が、尾部バイオプシー(tail biopsies)由来のDNAのPCRによりスクリーニングされた。前記プライマー対がクローニング部位の上流及び下流に位置づけられたので、全てのmTNFR25導入遺伝子に対して同じプライマー対が使用された。前記上流プライマーは5’CGC TCT TGC TCT CTG TGT ATG 3’(配列番号14)であり、前記下流プライマーは5’CTG CCA GCC CTC TTC CAT C 3’(配列番号15)である。遺伝子導入マウスは、半接合性遺伝子導入マウスを野生型C57BL/6J(Jackson Laboratories、Bar Harbor、Me.)と順次交配させることにより、C57BL/6Jバックグラウンドを有する状態まで繁殖させられた。全てのマウスは6−12週齢で使用され、病原体のいない施設で維持された。マイアミ大学動物管理使用委員会が、全ての動物使用手順を承認した。
107個のΔ5,6 TNFR25 EL4細胞又はFL TNFR25 EL4細胞が、図の説明文に表示されたように可溶性又は膜結合性TL1Aか、TNFR25のアゴニスト抗体4C12かで処理され、その後800g、5分間の遠心分離により収集された。核抽出物はミニプレパレーションプロトコールを使用して単離され、Harhaj,E.W.et al.Virology 333,145−58(2005)で説明されるEMSAに供された。核抽出物(6μg)は32P標識高親和性κBプローブといっしょに室温で20分間インキュベーションされ、その後ネイティブの5%のポリアクリルアミドゲル上で前記DNA−複合体が分離された。
脾細胞は、96ウェルの平底プレートに、1ウェル当たり1x105個の細胞数かつ三重で(in triplicate)播かれた。細胞は、可溶性抗CD28抗体(1μg/mL)といっしょに又は単体で使用する固定化抗CD3抗体(2μg/mL)か、ConA(5μg/mL)か、PMA(1μg/mL)及びイオノマイシン(400ng/mL)かで活性化された。T細胞増殖に対しては、1ウェル当たり1x105個の細胞数の精製CD4T細胞か、1ウェル当たり5x104個の細胞数の精製CD8T細胞かが、コーティングされた抗CD3抗体(2μg/mL)と可溶性抗CD28抗体(1μg/mL)とで刺激された。組換えmIL−2が、表示される実験において1000U/mLで前記培養液に添加された。細胞は72時間培養され、培養の最後の6時間は1ウェル当たり1μCiの3H−チミジン(Perkin Elmer,Boston,Mass.)といっしょに振とうされ、チミジンの取り込みがシンチレーションカウンターを使用して定量された。
成体(6−10週齢)の遺伝子導入マウス及び野生型マウスが、100μgのDNP結合型スカシ貝ヘモシアニン(DNP−KLH、CalBiochem)で腹腔内免疫された。免疫の1週間後及び3週間後にマウスは採血され、製造業者のプロトコール(BD)に従うELISAによる抗DNP特異的IgG1、IgE及びIgG2a抗体の分析のために、血清が分離された。個々のマウス由来の血清は、0.8μg/mLのDNP−アルブミン(DNP−BSA、CalBiochem)でコーティングされた96ウェルプレートに吸収され、結合した抗体のアイソタイプがELISAにより決定された。
CD4T細胞は、上述のネガティブ選択により精製された。CD4T細胞は、Th1分化についてはIL−12(10ng/mL)及び抗mIL−4抗体(20μg/mL)の存在下で、Th2分化についてはIL−4(10ng/mL)、抗mIFN−γ抗体(10μg/mL)及び抗mIL−12抗体(10μg/mL)の存在下で、又は、単体で使用する固定化抗mCD3抗体(2μg/mL)及び可溶性抗mCD28抗体(1μg/mL)で7日間活性化された。前記細胞は回収され、洗浄され、1ウェル当たり1x105個の細胞数となるように再びプレートに播かれ、固定化抗CD3抗体で再刺激された。24時間後前記上清は回収され、ELISAによりサイトカイン産生について評価された。
上述のように作成され、C57BL/6Jのバックグラウンドを有する状態まで少なくとも7世代にわたり戻し交配された(配列番号16に係るヌクレオチド配列によりエンコードされる)DN TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスと、Δ5,6 TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスと、FL TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスとは、National Cancer Institution(Frederick、Md.)から購入された野生型C57BL/6Jマウスと比較された。マウスは0日目に、200μLのPBS中における6.6mgの硫酸カリウムアルミニウム(ミョウバン、Sigma)に吸収された66μgのオボアルブミン(結晶化ニワトリ卵白アルブミン、grade V、Sigma)の腹腔内注射により感作された。5日目にマウスは、ミョウバン中の同用量のオボアルブミンで腹腔内に追加免疫された。12日目にマウスは、Ultrasonic Nebulizer(MABIS Healthcare Inc.、Lake Forest、IL.)を使用してPBS中の0.5%のオボアルブミンで、1時間噴霧負荷された。マウスは、前記単回噴霧曝露の3日後に肺のアレルギー性炎症について評価された。マウスはCO2の吸入により屠殺された。気管のカニューレ挿入後、肺は1mLのPBSで4回洗浄された。気管支肺胞洗浄液から回収された細胞は計数され、(スライド1枚当たり50,000個以下の細胞数の)サイトスピン標本として使用された。マクロファージ、好酸球、リンパ球及び好中球についての細胞数差を決定するために、Wright−Giemsa stain(Sigma)で染色された各々のサイトスピンスライドについて、>200個の細胞が計数された。
肺は、前記気管支洗浄手順の後にマウスから除去され、10%中性緩衝ホルマリン中で固定された。試料は、マイアミ大学医学部Sylvester Cancer CenterのHistopathology Coreへ提出され、包埋され、切断され、ヘマトキシリン及びエオシンで染色された。切片は、粘液産生を決定するために過ヨウ素酸シッフ試薬(PAS)でも染色された。
マウスは感作前(0日目)と、噴霧負荷の3日後(15日目)と、幾つかの実験では噴霧負荷の1日前(11日目)とに採血された。前記総IgEレベルは製造業者のプロトコール(BD)に従うELISAにより定量された。オボアルブミン特異的IgEは、最初にプレートをPBS中の0.01%のOVAでコーティングすること、その後希釈された血清試料を装荷すること、及び、その後ビオチン標識抗IgE2次抗体(BD)を装荷することによるサンドイッチELISA法で決定された。
噴霧負荷の1日後又は3日後に気管支リンパ節は回収され、単一細胞懸濁液が調製された。細胞は1ウェル当たり1x106個の細胞数となるように丸底96ウェルプレートに播かれ、100μg/mLのオボアルブミンといっしょに4日間培養された。その後上清が、上述のようにサイトカインELISA分析のために収集された。
TL1A形質移入P815細胞から回収され段階希釈された可溶性mTL1A上清が、51Cr標識TNFR25形質移入P815標的細胞に添加された。TL1A阻害活性について試験するために、さまざまな抗TL1Aモノクローナル抗体が前記培養液中に添加され、4時間後に三重の試料中のCr放出が決定された。自発的放出が、51Cr標識標的細胞のみを含むウェルから算出された。100%の放出(陽性対照)は、51Cr標識標的細胞と1%のSDSとを含むウェルから算出された。細胞障害性活性の百分率は、(試料の読みの平均値 − 自発的放出の読みの平均値)/陽性対照の読みの平均値 として算出された。同様のデータがEL−4形質移入体でも取得された。
マウスは、0日目及び5日目にミョウバン中のオボアルブミンで腹腔内感作され、その後12日目にPBS中の0.5%のオボアルブミンで1時間噴霧負荷された。マウスは、L4G6か、当量の対照ハムスターIgG(Jackson Immuno Research)かを、11日目から14日目までの各日に、マウス1匹当たり50μgの腹腔内注射により与えられた。肺のアレルギー性炎症は15日目に評価された。
Jα18k.o.マウス(Cui,J.et al.Science 278,1623−6(1997))は、M.Taniguchi(Ciba University、Japan)から親切な許可を得てMichael Lotze(U.Pittsburgh)から供与を受けたものである。野生型マウス及びDN TNFR25遺伝子導入マウス由来のNKT細胞が、製造業者のプロトコールに従うEasySep mouse Pan NK Positive Selection Kit(StemCell Technologies、Vancouver、Canada)を使用するポジティブ選択により10匹のマウス由来のプールされた脾臓細胞から単離された。
両側スチューデントt検定を使用する統計解析は、GraphPad Prism Software(San Diego、Calif.)により実施された。p<0.05は有意であると考えられる。文中のデータは平均値±SEMとして表される。
DR3−Ig融合タンパク質が作成され、精製され、ハムスターを免疫するために使用された。ハイブリドーマ上清が取得され、スクリーニング剤としてDR3−Ig融合タンパク質を使用するELISAによりスクリーニングされた。前記ハイブリドーマの性質は、DR3を形質移入された腫瘍細胞のフローサイトメトリーと、ウェスタンブロットと、機能的研究とにより、確認された。FACSにより前記抗体の全てが、形質移入された細胞上の全長DR3と、オルタナティブスプライシングされたDR3とを検出し、該抗体のうち1つはウェスタンブロットでDR3を検出し、前記抗体(4C12)はアゴニスト活性を示し、TL1Aの不在下でDR3のシグナル伝達を仲介した。
新規な熱ショックタンパク質gp96に基づく、強力な抗原特異的CD8−CTL増殖をin vivoで仲介する系が、Strbo et al.,Am J Reprod Immunol.2002 October;48(4):220−5で最近説明された。このモデル系では、(分泌されるように設計され)放出されたgp96−Igは、樹状細胞を活性化し、CD8細胞への交差提示とCD8細胞のクロスプライミングとのための結合型ペプチドを提供する(図12)。前記系はCD4の助けに依存しないため非常に有用である。分泌されたgp96は、CD4細胞上でCD40−Lにより提供されることもあるCD91及びTLR2/4を通じてDCに活性化シグナルを提供する。したがってこの系でのCD8(OT−I)の増殖は、CD40−L欠損マウスにおいて十分に機能する。これは、粘膜免疫を研究するために、また、CD8増殖におけるTNFR25の役割を決定するために使用される。
TNFR25の発現を決定するために、CD4+CD25TregsがCD4細胞のネガティブ選択により脾臓から精製され、その後抗CD25抗体で磁気選別された。前記細胞は、ビーズ対細胞比率が3対1の抗CD3抗体ビーズ、抗CD28抗体ビーズといっしょに培養され、2000u/mLのヒトIL−2が添加された。これらの条件下で前記細胞は3−4日後に増殖し始め、約3週間増殖し続ける。培養された細胞は、CD4及びCD25についてはFACS分析により、FoxP3の発現とTNFR25の表面解析とについては細胞内蛍光定量(intracellular cytofluorimetry)により、分析された。図13は、このようにして取得されたTregsが本質的に純粋でありFoxP3及びTNFR25の両方を発現することを示す。
デキストラン硫酸ナトリウム(DSS)モデルは、幾つかの点でクローン病と類似する大腸炎モデルとして広範に使用されている。最初の傷害は、通常腸上皮により提供される透過性障壁に及ぼすDSSの損傷効果である。このDSSの効果は、結腸クローン病と類似する炎症性免疫学的反応を引き起こす粘膜免疫系における部位への正常な腸内菌叢の接近を可能にする。2%のDSSを含む飲料水への8日間の曝露過程の間に、野生型B6マウスは下痢を発症し、体重を減少させた。通常の水への交換によりB6マウスは回復し正常な体重を取り戻した。TNFR25は、大腸炎における疾病の過程にも影響を及ぼす。今回の実験では野生型マウス及び遺伝子導入マウスは、2%のDSSを含む水に7日間曝された。図14に示されるようにDN TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスは、野生型マウスと同様の疾病を発症したが、通常の水に交換されたときDN TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスは野生型マウスと同様には回復しなかった。それどころかDN TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスは体重を減少させ続け、12日目及び16日目の間に死亡した。Δ5,6 TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスは野生型マウスと類似したが、1匹のマウスの死亡は免疫応答の阻害も示唆する場合があった。2つの結論が導かれた。DN TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスでは後に続く免疫応答が野生型マウスよりずっと強く死をもたらし、野生型マウスにおける正常な健康及び恒常性の回復は正常に機能する制御性T(Treg)細胞に依存する。Tregの機能は、DN TNFR25遺伝子導入マウスでは阻害される。栄養及び正常腸内菌叢とへの寛容と、腸内病原体への正常な免疫応答との間の適正なバランスを維持することにより粘膜免疫系の恒常性を維持するためにTregの機能が非常に重要であることは既知であるので、後者の結論には実現可能性がある。
図16の右の列に示されるようにEG−7細胞は、OT−Iのクローン性増殖か、粘膜部への移動かを引き起こすことができない。一方でgp96−Igを分泌するEG−7細胞は、脾臓、リンパ節及び腹膜腔におけるOT−Iのクローン性増殖(データは示されない。)と、それらの粘膜部への移動(図16)とを引き起こす。パイエル板では前記細胞の8%がCD8+であり、CD8細胞の6.7%がOT−I細胞である。IELでは前記細胞の61%がCD8+であり、CD8細胞の9%がOT−I細胞である。LPLではCD8細胞の29%がOT−I細胞である。その大部分がCD8ααと50%のTCRγδとである常在CD8 IELと異なり、免疫後にIELに移動するOT−I細胞は、αEb7+及びα4β7+であるがCD8αβ及びTCRαβの状態を維持する。
Claims (3)
- 抗原でワクチン接種された被験者における該抗原特異的CD8Tリンパ球の増大を変調する医薬の製造のためのTNFR25アゴニストの使用であって、該TNFR25アゴニストは抗TNFR25抗体である、使用。
- 前記抗体はモノクローナル抗体であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の使用。
- 前記抗体はIgGであることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の使用。
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US20110243951A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
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WO2007027751A2 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
US9017679B2 (en) | 2015-04-28 |
CA2621083A1 (en) | 2007-03-08 |
US20230034174A1 (en) | 2023-02-02 |
JP2009505678A (ja) | 2009-02-12 |
US20120321645A1 (en) | 2012-12-20 |
US10624950B2 (en) | 2020-04-21 |
BRPI0617057A2 (pt) | 2011-07-12 |
AU2006284922B2 (en) | 2012-01-19 |
US11395846B2 (en) | 2022-07-26 |
EP1919954B1 (en) | 2016-10-19 |
WO2007027751A3 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
EP1919954A2 (en) | 2008-05-14 |
US20160015779A1 (en) | 2016-01-21 |
US20180078611A1 (en) | 2018-03-22 |
US20070128184A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
DK1919954T3 (en) | 2017-01-30 |
CN101253199B (zh) | 2019-06-14 |
CA2621083C (en) | 2017-04-11 |
US9839670B2 (en) | 2017-12-12 |
ES2611307T3 (es) | 2017-05-08 |
CN101253199A (zh) | 2008-08-27 |
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