JP5117377B2 - 抗腫瘍化合物及びその医薬組成物 - Google Patents

抗腫瘍化合物及びその医薬組成物 Download PDF

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JP5117377B2
JP5117377B2 JP2008510389A JP2008510389A JP5117377B2 JP 5117377 B2 JP5117377 B2 JP 5117377B2 JP 2008510389 A JP2008510389 A JP 2008510389A JP 2008510389 A JP2008510389 A JP 2008510389A JP 5117377 B2 JP5117377 B2 JP 5117377B2
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pharmaceutical composition
compounds
phosphorylation
enzyme
compound
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JP2008543735A (ja
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フェルナンデス、ロランド、エドュアルド ロドリゲス
アルバレス、ロベルト ベラ
ラ ヌエス ベウレンス、アニア デ
レイエス、ユリエト マゾーラ
ロドリゲス、シルビオ、エルネスト ペレア
カストロ、ボリス、エルネスト アセベド
ラサ、アレクシス ムサッチオ
ゴメス、ライムンド ウビエタ
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セントロ デ インジエニエリア ジエネテイカ イ バイオテクノロジア
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Description

本発明は、分子薬理学の分野に属し、特に腫瘍学、より具体的には、インシリコ分子モデル形成により得られ、直接又は間接の相互作用によりカゼインキナーゼ2基質のリン酸化受容部をブロックする能力により、明らかな細胞毒性及び抗腫瘍作用を持つ化合物に関する。
カゼインキナーゼ2(CK2)は、細胞増殖の増加に関与するセリン/トレオニン酵素であり、悪性形質転換の間は細胞内において主に核に存在する(Tawfic S.,Yu S.,Wang H.et al.(2001)Protein kinase CK2 signal in neoplasia.Histol.Histopathol.16:573−582)。さらに、病原性ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)及びC型肝炎ウイルス(HCV)の重要なウイルスタンパク質の一部はCK2の基質であることが報告されている(Meggio F.,Marin O.,et al.(2001)Mol Cell Biochem 227:145−151;Franck N.,Le Seyec J.,et al.(2005)Hepatitis C virus NS2 protein is phosphorylated by the protein kinase CK2 and targeted for degradation to the proteasome.J Virol.79:2700−2008)。
世界中の他のグループの結果により、上皮由来の種々の固形癌におけるCK2レベルが、正常組織に対して3から7倍の範囲で高いこと(Tawfic S.,Yu S.,et al.(2001)Protein kinase CK2 signal in neoplasia.Histol Histopatol.16:573−582;Faust R.A.,Gapany M.,et al.(1996)Elavated protein kinase CK2 activity in chormatin of head and neck tumors:association with malignant transformation.Cancer Letters 101:31−35)、さらに、CK2酵素のリン酸化活性は、細胞の悪性形質転換において非常に重要な事象であり、それは腫瘍進行の強力なマーカーであり(Seldin D.C.,Leder P,(1995)Casein Kinase IIα transgene−induced murine lymphoma:relation to theileroiosis in cattle.Science 267:894−897)、他方CK2の過剰発現は、シグナリングカスケードWnt/beta−cateninにおける上方調節により哺乳動物細胞の腫瘍化を誘発する(Landesman−Bollag E,Romien−Mourez R.,et al(2001)Protein Kinase CK2 in mammary gland tumorigenesis.Oncogene 20:3247−3257)。最近の知見では、CK2が、クロマチンのリモデリングのようないくつかの他の過程(Barz T.,Ackenmann K.,et al.(2003)Genome−wide expression screens indicate a global role for protein kinase CK2 in chromatin remodeling.J Cell Sci.116:1563−1577)及び細胞生存の調節(Unger G.M.,Davis A.T.,Slaton J.W.,Ahmed K.(2004)Protein kinase CK2 as regulator of cell survival;implications for cancer therapy.Curr Cancer Drug Targets,4:77−84)において必須の役割をしていることも示唆されている。癌の発生過程の理解の上で最も重要なことは、CK2−仲介リン酸化は細胞生存のための非常に強いシグナルであるため、この酵素が細胞生理にとって抗アポトーシスメディエーターと考えられることを示す知見であった(Ahmed K.,Gerber D.A.,Cochet C.(2002)Joining the cell survival squad:an emerging role for protein kinase CK2.Trends Cell Biol,12:226−229;Torres J.,Rodriguez J.,et al.(2003)Phosphorylation−regulated cleavage of the tumor suppressor PTEN by caspase−3 implications for the control of protein stability and PTEN−protein interaction.J Biol Chem,278:30652−60)。
以上の知見に基づいて、CK2仲介リン酸化は、癌の治療処置のための可能性がある標的として使用するのに適した生化学的事象として確認され、その事象の潜在的阻害物質は総てそのような状態の治療のための見込みのある候補とされている。これまで、世界中のいくつかのグループが、二つの実験方法によりCK2仲介リン酸化を阻害するために、異なる方法を開発してきた:a)CK2酵素の直接的阻害、又はb)総てのCK2基質に共通して記述される酸性ドメインの近くにあるリン酸化部位のブロック(防護)。いずれの方法についても、著者達は、CK2仲介リン酸化事象の阻害が、腫瘍細胞のアポトーシスの誘発を生じることを実証でき、このことは癌治療のための薬物を発見するための有望な標的としてCK2を実験的に確証したことを意味する。
例えば、4,5,6,7−テトラブロモトリアゾール(TBB)のようなこの酵素の直接的阻害物質が、マイクロモル濃度範囲において、Jurkat細胞において強力なアポトーシス−及びカスパーゼ依存性分解誘発物質として試験された(Ruzzene M.,Penzo D.,Pinna L.(2002)Protein kinase CK2 inhibitor 4,5,6,7−tetrabromobenzotriazole(TBB)induces apoptosis and caspase−dependent degradation of haematopoietic lineage sell−specific protein 1(HS1)in Jukat cells.Biochem J.,364:41−47)。また、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを使用してCK2酵素の発現を阻害することにより、マウスの実験的癌モデルにおいてインビトロアポトーシス作用及び抗腫瘍作用が示された(Guo C.,Yu S.,et al.(2001)A potential role of nuclear matrix−associated protein kinase CK2 in protection against drug−induced apoptosis in cancer cells.J Biol Chem,276:5992−5999;Slaton J.W.,et al.(2004)Induction of apoptosis by antisense CK2 in human prostate cancer xenograft model.Mol Cancer Res.2:712−721)。
アントラキノン誘導体、フラボノイド及びハロゲン化アゾベンジルイミダゾール類のような他の化合物は、CK2 ATP結合部位阻害物質として記述され(Sarno S.,et al(2002)Toward the rational design of protein kinase casein kinase−2 inhibitors.Pharmacol Therapeutics 93:159−168)、[5−オキソ−5,6−ジヒドロインドロ−(1,2−a)キナゾリン−7−イル]酢酸(IQA)は、ハイスループットスクリーニングを使用して選択的CK2阻害物質として報告されている(Vangrevelinghe E.,et al.(2003)Biochemical and three−dimensional−structural study of the specific inhibition of protein kinase CK2 by[5−oxo−5,6−dihydroindolo−(1,2−a)quinazolin−7−yl]acetic acid(IQA)J.Med.Chem.46:2556−2662)。
前記の化合物は、マイクロモル範囲の50%阻害濃度(IC50)においてCK2活性阻害作用を示したが、癌の実験モデルにおける抗腫瘍作用が報告された形跡はない。
CK2−仲介リン酸化過程を阻害する他の記述された方法は、この酵素の基質に認められる酸性ドメインの中のリン酸化部位をブロックすることであった。特許出願WO 03/054002及びPerea S.E et al.(2004)Antitumor effect fo a novel proapoptotic pepetide impairing the phosphorylation by the protein kinase CK2.Cancer Res.64:7127−7129の研究の中で、著者らは、インビトロでCK2基質のリン酸化をブロックし、前臨床癌モデルにおいて腫瘍細胞毒性及び抗腫瘍作用を示す環状ペプチドファミリーの使用を提案している。しかし、この報告に記述されたペプチドは、本質的に細胞の中に侵入できないという欠点を有しているので、膜を通過できるペプチドをそれに融合する必要がある。一般的に、小型分子に比較した場合に、ペプチドを使用することは循環及び分解によりインビボ安定性は減少する欠点があり、経口投与のために製剤化することは非常に困難であり、それらは容易には細胞の中に送りこめない(Ludger Wess,Isogenica:Improving peptides,Biocentury October 25,2004)。文献中に広く記述されているペプチドの他の問題としては、早いクリアランス、免疫原性の可能性及び治療用量当たりのコストが、一般的に非ペプチド性薬物より大きいことが知られている。
発明の要約
治療薬剤候補としての前記環状ペプチドを使用することの潜在的欠点を考慮して、本発明は、基質上のリン酸化部位と直接的又は間接的に相互作用することによりCK2−仲介リン酸化を阻害し、癌の動物モデルにおいて細胞毒性及び抗腫瘍作用を発現できる化合物を記述する。
本明細書に記述される化合物は、充分明確な化学構造を持ち、以下の作用の一つ又はいくつかを達成することができる:
A:その化合物をCK2基質のリン酸化ドメイン又はその周囲に結合させ、この酵素が基質に結合するのを直接的又は間接的に阻害する。
B:その化合物をCK2基質のリン酸化ドメインに結合させて、酵素を結合させるがリン酸受容セリンへのリン酸基の移行を直接的又は間接的にブロックする。
C:その化合物をCK2タンパク質基質へ結合させて、リン酸化ドメイン、その周囲又はその両者の立体構造の変化を生じさせて、CK2の結合又はリン酸受容セリンへのリン酸基の移行を直接的又は間接的にブロックする。
したがって、これらの化合物は、主に、CK2−仲介リン酸化の生化学事象を阻害する能力を持つことにより特徴付けられる。
特別な認識において、本発明は、指定された電子混成を持つ元素が連続的に結合したある原子団が分子のいずれかの部分に存在することにより規定される特別な化学構造により特徴付けられる化合物に関係し、その原子団は次の5つの構造グループに分類される:
I. N−[C(sp2)]1,2,3−N
II. N−[C(sp2)]1,2−[(sp3)]1,2,3−N
III.N−[C(sp3)]1,2,3−N
IV. N−C(sp2)−[C(sp3)]1,2−C(sp2)−N
V. N−C(sp3)−[C(sp2)]1,2−C(sp3)−N
このような構造クラスに属するいくつかの化合物を以下に示す:
Figure 0005117377

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Figure 0005117377
上記分子は、共通のリン酸化部位の徹底的分子モデリング(Meggio F.,Pinna L.A.(2003)One−thousand−and−one substrates of protein kinase CK2.The FASEB J 17:349−360)、CK2酵素に対する分子結合によるその確証、そしてさらにわれわれの研究室で作成した約1,200,000個の化合物を含む化学的に多様性のあるデータベースの大規模な分子スクリーニングにより請求する機能のために記述された。
本発明は、記述された化合物の同族変異体(homologous variant)も含む。同族変異体とは、本明細書に記述された分子と化学的性質が類似してもしなくても、CK2仲介リン酸化に対する阻害作用と同じ作用を達成させることができる化学構造を有する分子のことである。
その他に、本発明の実現には、1以上のこの化合物及び/又はそれらの医薬として受容し得る塩のみ、又は他の医薬として許容される賦形剤又は添加物と共に含む、医薬組成物が好ましい。また、インビトロ、インビボ又は生体付随装置(body associated devices)での腫瘍細胞の増殖を阻害するため、生体組織での癌の治療のため、及び/又はCK2酵素が病理的役割を持つ可能性がある他の状態のための、医薬品の製造における記述した化合物の使用も本発明の一部である。
この記述された化学的分子は、最少のアミノ酸配列S/T−X−X−E/D(式中Xは好ましくはリシン又はアルギニンとは異なるアミノ酸である)のリン酸化を阻害する能力、さらにこの共通配列を持たず、このタイプの化合物と結合し、CK2仲介リン酸化を阻害する能力を持つ他のタンパク質により規定される。
本発明に記述された化合物を定義するために、著者らは、充分に定義されているこの酵素の共通リン酸化部位の徹底的な分子モデリングを行い(Meggio F.,Pinna L.A.(2003)One−thousand−and−one substrates of protein kinase CK2.The FASEB J.17:349−368)、CK2酵素に対する分子結合によるその確証、そしてさらにわれわれの研究室で作成した約1,200,000個の化合物を含む化学的に多様性のあるデータベースの大規模な分子スクリーニングによる分析を行った。
平均を上回る算出結合エネルギーを持つ化合物を総て陽性として初回に選択し、より厳密な選択値により二回目のスクリーニングにかけ、構造の規則性を見るためにさらに分析した。第二回目のスクリーニングにおいて選抜された化合物の化学構造を、算出結合エネルギーの可能な最高値に達するように最適化した。このようにして推定された化合物を合成し、高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより精製し、赤外スペクトル分析、マススペクトル分析及び核磁気共鳴により分析し、最後にインビトロ及びインビボの有効性を評価した。本発明により記述された化合物は、CK2仲介リン酸化事象の阻害能力に関して同等に有効である。
本発明に記述された化合物は、ヒト腫瘍細胞において、細胞透過性補助剤を使用せずに、用量依存的に細胞毒性を発現する。このエビデンスは、化合分子は細胞機構により輸送され、そして細胞内の標的に達することができることを示す過去の知見と一致する(Meggio F,Pagano MA,et al.(2004)Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 by condensed polyphenolic derivatives.An in vitro and in vivo study.Biochemistry,43:12931−12936)。
同様に、これらの化合物のインビトロ細胞毒性試験においてナノモルの範囲でIC50値が見出されたことは勇気付けるものであった。これらの結果は、CK2リン酸化ドメインを阻害する既報の環状ペプチドよりも記述の化合物の細胞毒性活性が優れることを示している。
インビトロの結果に一致して、局所的及び全身的に投与した場合に、本発明の化合物は強力な抗腫瘍作用を有している。同様に、本発明の化合物は、0.5及び2mg/Kgの低い投与量において、抗腫瘍作用を示すことが立証され、既報の環状ペプチドで記述された投与量の10から20倍少ないことを示した。
特別な態様の詳細な説明/実施例
本発明は以下の実施例により説明される:
実施例1:インシリコ分子モデリングによる化合物の選抜。
コンピューターモデルを使用して開発された大規模な仮想スクリーニングにより、受容体−リガンド複合体の算出結合エネルギーの高値に基づいていくつかの化合物が選抜された(表1)。この概算のエネルギー値は、われわれの研究室で開発したコンピュータープログラムを使用して、立体構造及びいくつかのエネルギー要素の徹底的分析結果を考慮して推定した。
Figure 0005117377
実施例2:典型的なCK2基質のリン酸化に対する記述された化合物の影響。
アッセイは、グルタチオンSトランスフェラーゼ(GST)融合タンパク質としてE.coliに発現させたヒトパピローマウイルスタイプ16(VHP−16)のオンコプロテインE7を基質として使用するインビトロリン酸化反応を実施することである。次いで、得られたE7−GSTをグルタチオン−セファロース(Pharmacia)アフィニティークロマトグラフィーにより精製する。酵素反応の前に、E7−GSTを種々の濃度の化合物と1時間37℃でプレインキュベートした。反応は、50μlのTris:HCL 25mM pH7.5緩衝液、1μCiの32P−γATP,100μM ATP、40μlのE7−GST含有樹脂、0.2M NaCl、10mM MgCl及び1単位のCK2酵素(Promega)の混合物中において行われ、40分間37℃で進行させた。反応の後、樹脂を0.5 mlの反応緩衝液で3回洗い、最後にE7−GSTのリン酸化レベルを10%ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(PAGE)中で分析した。リン酸化タンパク質の可視化は、X線感受性のフィルムを乾燥PAGEゲルに暴露することにより行われ、定量化はフィルムのデンシトメトリー分析により行われた。IC50値は、それぞれの用量−作用曲線を使用して評価した。このIC50値は、酵素活性の50%を阻害する濃度とみなされる。並行して、同じ条件下に、CK2基質リン酸化部位の阻害物質として既に報告されている環状ペプチドP15を使用してアッセイする対照実験が比較として行われた。
IC50値から判断して、本明細書に記述する化合物は典型的なCK2基質の有効な阻害物質であることを、表2のデータは示している。注目すべきことは、マイクロモル濃度の範囲だけで有効であり、既報の環状ペプチドに比較してこの化合物の阻害能力は非常に強いことである。
Figure 0005117377
実施例3.CK2共通部位のリン酸化に対する記述した化合物の作用。
このアッセイは、CK2基質の最適化された共通リン酸化ドメインとして広く受入れられている配列RRREEETEEEを基質として使用するインビトロリン酸化反応を行うことである。
酵素反応の前に、基質ペプチドを種々の濃度の化合物と1時間37℃でプレインキュベートした。反応は、50μlのTris:HCL 25mM pH7.5緩衝液,1μCiの32P−γATP,100μM ATP、40μlのE7−GST含有樹脂,0.2M NaCl,10mM MgCl及び1単位のCK2酵素(Promega)の混合物中において行われ、10分間37℃で進行させた。反応の後、5μlの反応混合物をWhatmann PE−81ペーパーフィルターに供し、10mM HPOで4回洗い、最後に放射能を伴うペーパーを測定し、各検体のcpm値を直接CK2酵素活性と相関させた。
IC50値は、それぞれの用量−作用曲線を使用して評価した。このIC50値を、酵素活性の50%阻害濃度とみなされる。並行して、同じ条件下に、CK2基質リン酸化部位の阻害物質として既に報告されている環状ペプチドP15を使用してアッセイする対照実験が比較として行われた。
IC50値から判断して、ここに記述された化合物は典型的なCK2基質の有効な阻害物質であることを、表3のデータは示している。注目すべきことは、マイクロモル濃度の範囲だけで有効であり、既報の環状ペプチドに比較してこの化合物の阻害能力は非常に強いことである。
Figure 0005117377
実施例4:本明細書に記述する化合物のヒト腫瘍細胞に対する作用
ヒト非小細胞肺癌のH−125細胞を、96−ウエルプレート(Costar)中のウシ胎児血清(Gibco)を添加したDulbecco(DMEM)培地(Gibco)中に2×10細胞/ml密度で接種した。24時間後、本明細書に記述する化合物を0.5〜100nMの範囲で培地に加え、この混合物を72時間37℃で5%CO中インキュベートし、最後に20μlの1.90mg/ml MTS溶液を加えた。プレートをさらに1時間同じインキュベーション条件に保ち、492nmで吸光度を測定した。結果は、いずれの化合物も加えない対照に対する増殖パーセンテージとして評価し、IC50値はそれぞれの用量−作用曲線を使用して評価した。このIC50値を、酵素活性の50%阻害濃度とみなされる。並行して、同じ条件下に、CK2基質リン酸化部位の阻害物質として既に報告されている環状ペプチドP15を使用してアッセイする対照実験が比較として行われた。
IC50値から判断して、本明細書に記述する化合物は、培養ヒト腫瘍細胞に対する強力なインビトロ細胞毒性作用を持つことを、表4のデータは示している。注目すべきことは、マイクロモル濃度の範囲だけで有効であり、既報の環状ペプチドに比較して、この化合物の阻害能力は非常に強いことである。
Figure 0005117377
実施例5:ヌードマウス移植モデルに移植されたヒト腫瘍のモデルにおける本発明の化合物の抗腫瘍作用。
6〜8週齢の雌BalbCヌードマウスをこのアッセイに使用した。この腫瘍移植モデルにおいて、250μlのPBSに懸濁した5,000,000個のH−125細胞を動物の背部に注射した。腫瘍が触診可能の約50mmの体積になった後、化合物C32425、C33426及びC33427の200μgを毎日5日間直接投与した。図1に示すように、化合物の投与の結果、有意な抗腫瘍応答を生じた。この結果は、CK2仲介リン酸化を阻害する化合物は、実験的腫瘍の妥当なモデルにおいて抗腫瘍応答を発現することを示している。
マウスに移植されたヒト腫瘍モデルにおける化合物の抗腫瘍作用。

Claims (9)

  1. カゼインキナーゼ2(CK2)が仲介するリン酸化をブロックするための医薬組成物を製造するための、
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    及び
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    からなる群から選択される化合物、又はその薬学的に許容される塩の使用。
  2. 前記医薬組成物が、腫瘍細胞の増殖を抑制するために使用される、請求項1に記載する使用。
  3. 前記医薬組成物が、新生物疾患(neoplastic disease)を治療するために使用される、請求項1又は2に記載の使用。
  4. 前記医薬組成物が、癌を治療するために使用される、請求項1から3の何れか1項に記載する使用。
  5. カゼインキナーゼ2(CK2)が仲介するリン酸化をブロックするための、
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    Figure 0005117377
    及び
    Figure 0005117377
    からなる群から選択される化合物、又はその薬学的に許容される塩の使用を含む、医薬組成物。
  6. 腫瘍細胞の増殖を抑制するための、請求項5に記載する医薬組成物。
  7. 新生物疾患(neoplastic disease)を治療するための、請求項5又は6に記載する医薬組成物。
  8. 癌を治療するための、請求項5から7の何れか1項に記載する医薬組成物。
  9. 薬学的に許容される担体又は添加物を含む、請求項5から8の何れか1項に記載する医薬組成物。
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