JP5090155B2 - 呼吸速度、心拍速度、及び無呼吸に関する非侵襲性モニタリング - Google Patents
呼吸速度、心拍速度、及び無呼吸に関する非侵襲性モニタリング Download PDFInfo
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Description
呼吸不全は、数分間で生命の危険を生じ得るものであり、また数時間にわる蓄積の結果として生じ得るものである。呼吸不全の予測は極めて困難であり、結果として、呼吸活動を継続的にモニタリングすることが、危険の高い臨床現場では一般に必要とされている。適切なモニタリング装置で人命が救われることもある(Folke M, Cernerud L, Ekstrom M, Hok B; Critical Review of Non-invasive Respiratory Monitoring in Medical Care; Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 2003, Vol 41, pp. 377-383 参照)。
気管音の簡単な音響検出による無呼吸モニタリングは、自明な応用例であり、成人及び小児に対して応用されている。無呼吸発生の検出は、呼吸速度推定の通常の応用例である。呼吸の一時的停止が一般に少なくとも10秒間継続した場合、無呼吸とよばれる。それ以上の停止は、動脈血内の酸素量の低下を招き、永続的な臓器障害を生じたり、極端な場合には死をもたらし得る。睡眠時無呼吸の成人は、術後において睡眠時無呼吸が悪化する可能性が非常に高い。したがって、呼吸を注意深くモニタリングする必要がある。睡眠時の呼吸障害は一般的な病態であり、北アメリカでは男性の24%、女性の9%に広まっていると推定されている。睡眠時無呼吸は、極めて高い罹病率、心血管障害や脳血管障害による死亡率の増大、及び交通事故の危険増加に関連している(Young et al., The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults, N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1230-1235 参照)。いびき、昼間における過度の嗜眠症、肥満、及び男性であることなどの伝統的な兆候や特徴が見られる場合、臨床的に睡眠時無呼吸が疑われる。睡眠時無呼吸の診断は一般に睡眠ポリグラフによって行われる。最も一般的な睡眠障害が、睡眠時無呼吸症候群(SAHS)ともよばれる、閉塞性睡眠時無呼吸症候群(OSAS)である。この症候群は極めて高い罹病率や死亡率に関連し、喫煙と並ぶ公衆衛生上の危険とみなされている(Findley et al., Automobile accidents involving patients with obstructive sleep apnea, Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 337-340)。
毎分の心拍数による心臓のリズムの測定は、容易に識別可能な心音波を気管部位で計数することにより容易に行うことができる。心拍速度は、心血管疾患や不整脈あるいは伝導異常などの異常によって変化する。先進国における主要な死因は、心血管疾患によるものであり、心血管疾患は主に不整脈(心室頻拍や心室細動)の発生によって引き起こされる。心拍速度は、上大静脈と右心房の接合部に位置する洞房(SA)結節を構成する特殊なペースメーカー細胞によって制御されている。SA結節の発火頻度(firing ratio)は、自律神経系及び中枢神経系が発するインパルスによって制御されている。以前では、弁尖の運動自体が心音の発生源であるとされていたが、現在では、圧力勾配が引き起こす心血管系全体の振動が心音の発生源であると広く受け入れられている(Rangayyan RM, Biomedica, Signal Analysis 2002, IEEE Press Series, Wiley Inter-Science)。正常な(平静時の)心拍速度はおよそ毎分70拍である。睡眠時は心拍速度が低下するが、活動時に心拍速度が異常に低い場合(毎分60拍以下)は、徐脈とよばれる疾患である可能性がある。瞬間的心拍速度は、激しい運動などを行っている際には毎分200拍に達し得るが、平静時の心拍速度が高い場合は、疾患、疾病や心臓異常によるものである可能性があり、この病態は頻拍とよばれている。
上記の問題や他の問題を克服するために、患者の複数の呼吸音を記録する工程と、記録した患者の複数の呼吸音から、複数の異なる呼吸速度測定法を用いて複数の呼吸速度測定値を得る工程と、得られた複数の呼吸速度測定値にヒューリスティックな方法(heuristic)(発見的方法)を適用することにより該複数の呼吸速度測定値の1つを選び出す工程とを包含する、患者の呼吸速度を推定する方法を提供する。その選び出される呼吸速度測定値が上記の推定される呼吸速度となる。
図1に参照して、一般的に参照番号10で示される、呼吸速度、心拍速度、及び無呼吸に関する非侵襲性モニターについて説明する。たとえば米国特許第6,661,161号に記載されるのと同様のものが利用できる生体音センサー12は、患者14の喉から発する生体音と振動とを検出し、出力の電気信号を生成する。1つの態様では、生体音と振動とを検出するために、生体音センサー12として示すのと同じく1つの生体音センサーを用いることもできるし、2つ以上の生体音センサーを用いることもできる点に注意されたい。電気信号は適切な電気導線16を通してデータ採取システム(acquisition system)18に送られ、データ採取システム18は電気信号に対し増幅とフィルタリングを行ってからデジタル形式に変換する。最後に、コンピューター20で実行される複数の方法により、データから生理学的情報を抽出し、グラフィカルユーザーインターフェース22を用いて測定結果を表示する。
データ採取システムは、Windows 2000を実行する、ペンティアム(Pentium)搭載ラップトップコンピューターと、マルチチャンネル・カスタム設計の生体信号増幅器とを包含する。音響チャンネルの帯域幅は、0Hzから1,500Hzの範囲で選択することができる。音響チャンネルのサンプリング周波数として3kHzを選んで設定した。データ採取ボードのA/D変換の解像度は12ビットとした。グラフィカルユーザーインターフェースはLabview(登録商標)(National Instrument製、米国、テキサス州、オースチン)をプログラム言語として用いて設計し、デジタル信号処理方法はMatlab(登録商標)(The MathWorks,Inc.製、米国、マサチューセッツ州、ナティック)を用いて開発と試験を行った。
気管呼吸音の信号から呼吸速度の推定を行う信号処理法の構成要素を示すフローチャートを図2に示す(Sierra G, Telfort V, Popov B, Durand LG, Agarwal R, Lanzo V; Monitoring Respiratory Rate Based on Tracheal Sounds, First Experiences; IEEE/EMBS 26th Conferences, San Francisco, California, 2004も参照。この文献に言及することにより本明細書の一部とする)。これらの構成要素を以下に説明する。
a)くし型フィルターを用いて、60Hzとその倍音による干渉を除去する;
b)信号対雑音比が極めて小さい信号や、増幅器を飽和させる高い人為的音を排除する(当業者に明らかなように、たとえば人が話や咳をして飽和が発生すると、増幅器がこれらの強い/高い振幅の信号をクリッピング(clipping)し始めるので、信号処理ができなくなる。この場合、そのデータ部分を分析の対象から排除するのが好ましい。信号対雑音比が極めて小さい録音データの場合にも、雑音のマスキング効果によって有用な信号がほとんどなくなるので、そのデータ部分を排除するのが好ましい);
c)センサーと衣服との摩擦又は間欠的接触などによる録音不調(glitch)(もしくは体動による人為的音)を除去する(又は減衰させる);
d)ウェーブレット変換の多重解像度分解(MRD)に基づいてフィルタリングする;
e)増幅器を飽和させないが呼吸速度測定値の測定を誤る原因となる強い生体音を除去する(そのような強い生体音は、処理する信号の統計的特性、たとえば無呼吸の検出や信号対雑音比が小さい信号の検出に用いる最大振幅など、のいくつかを変えてしまう可能性がある)。
図3に参照する。具体例として、気管呼吸音データをサンプリングすることによって録音不調の有無を決定する。標準偏差の3倍の値より大きい振幅値(録音不調以外の信号を捉えずに録音不調の大半を特定するのに十分な数値であると決定された値)を有するサンプルを、録音不調と分類し、除去し、さらに除去したサンプルの直前のサンプルの振幅に等しい定数で置き換える。具体例として、信号1秒ごとに平均値と標準偏差を計算する。この工程の最終的な効果(net effect)は録音不調の信号をクリッピング(clipping)すること、即ち、録音不調の完全除去ではなく、減衰させることである。以前に標準偏差の2倍の値を用いたところ、その試みはあまり効果的ではなく、その理由は、特に信号対雑音比が小さい場合に、信号が減衰されて測定の工程がかなり困難になったからである。図3において、上のパネルは録音不調が散在する入力信号を示し、下のパネルはいくつかの録音不調を除去した後の入力信号を示している。
図4に参照する。(心音のみならず)呼吸音は、多数の成分を含む複雑な非定常信号であり、分析にあたっては非定常解析技術が有用である。多重解像度分解(MRD)により、呼吸音を様々なスペクトルバンドに分解できる。この分解によって音を広範囲にわたって分離し、干渉の最も少ない呼吸音信号を処理するための最適な周波数帯を選び出すことができる(図5参照)。
気管部位で得られる呼吸音信号は、吸気のエンベロープと呼気のエンベロープを表す低周波数の信号によって変調される200Hzから800Hzの範囲の正弦波信号としてモデル化することができる。具体的には、ヒルベルト変換と、ウェーブレットでフィルタリングした音響信号(187Hzから750Hzの範囲)を50対1まで限縮(decimation)することによって、エンベロープを得る。エンベロープは非常に低い周波数の信号で、187Hzから750Hzの周波数帯に含まれる呼吸音の周波数成分を変調させる。ここにおいて、限縮(decimation)とは、エンベロープ信号(ヒルベルト変換によって得られる)をダウンサンプリングして、処理するデータポイント数を減らすことであり、こうして、リアルタイムの応用に向けて実行時間を軽減できる。たとえば、20秒にわたって3kHzでサンプリングした呼吸音は60,000データポイントに相当するが、ダウンサンプリングした場合はわずか1,200データポイントである。低周波エンベロープを検出してから、その振動周期を決定する。この周期(連続する吸気間又は呼気間の時間的ずれ)に基づいて、1分経過後の呼吸速度を測定する。
パワースペクトルは、ノンパラメトリックな高速フーリエ変換(nonparametric fast Fourier transform)に基づいて、エンベロープ信号に対して、線形トレンドの排除(detrend)し、(ハニング窓の)窓関数(window)を適用することによって得られる。高速フーリエ変換の係数を2乗することにより、パワースペクトルが得られる。エンベロープを周波数ドメインで表すと、一般には第2番目に高いピークを有する周波数成分が呼吸速度値を正しく測定する情報を有している。
エンベロープの計測に基づいて呼吸速度値を測定するために、呼吸音信号のエンベロープ信号に含まれるすべての可能なピークを特定し、呼吸速度値の測定を、選び出した部分に含まれる連続する吸気間又は呼気間の時間の関数として計算する。
自己相関関数は、周期的な信号が、純粋な正弦波でなくとも、1つの周期と次の周期との間に類似性が見られるという事実を利用するものである。この事実は、信号の振幅が時間的に変化する場合においてさえ、時間的変化が急激に起こらないかぎり、成立する。自己相関関数を得れば、最初の2つのピークを分析して、呼吸速度の情報を有する1つを選び出す。一般に、第2番目のピークが正しい選択である(しかし、常に正しいとは限らない)。1つの呼吸期が他の呼吸期よりも強度が強い場合やその他の特定の場合のサンプルは、第1番目のピークを用いて測定するべきである。
呼吸速度値の測定のために適した周波数帯を選び出す方法は、実際の呼吸速度値に応じて異なる。したがって、正しい周波数帯を選び出すには手引きが必要である。この手引きとなるのが高速フーリエ変換分析による呼吸速度値の測定結果であり、この測定結果によって、一般には2つ、例外的には3つの可能な周波数帯を選び出すことができる。これらの周波数帯において、ピークを(極大値分析と極小値分析に基づいて)選び出し、(2つ又は3つの)呼吸速度値を測定することは、エンベロープ計測法に関して説明したのと同様の方法で行うことができる。最終的に、高速フーリエ変換によって測定した呼吸速度値に最も近い呼吸速度値候補をもってウェーブレット法による呼吸速度測定値とする。
特に信号対雑音比が小さい場合の呼吸音信号のエンベロープを決定するための方法にあるいくつかの問題を克服するために音声処理法によるアプローチを用いた。エンベロープ法と呼吸信号に基づく方法とを組み合わせることにより、呼吸速度値をより良く測定することができる。
特定の部分に関して推定される呼吸速度(FR)を、各々の測定法(上述の)によって決定した呼吸速度値(RR)と、前の部分に関して推定される呼吸速度(FR Old)との関数として決定する。1つの態様においては、各測定法の結果を検討し、呼吸速度測定値の過半数が一致する場合はその一致する測定値をもって推定される呼吸速度(FR)とする。もし呼吸速度測定値の過半数が一致せず、2つまたは3つの測定値が一致する時には、前の部分に関して推定される呼吸速度(FR Old)に最も近い呼吸速度測定値をもって推定される呼吸速度とする。さらに、もし呼吸速度測定値の4個以上が一致する時には、前の部分に関して推定される呼吸速度(FR Old)をもって推定される呼吸速度(FR)とする。
気管部位において採取した音には、心音も含まれる。呼吸速度値を測定する上では、心音は「雑音」とみなされて除去される。しかし心音を用いれば、心拍速度(最も重要なバイタルサインの1つ)の測定を容易に行うことができる。我々は、心音の検出を強化して他のすべての生体音(呼吸音も含む)を除去するためのフィルター設定(20Hzから200Hzの範囲)を有する第2のハードウェアを提供する。心肺の相互作用や、心血管系などへの自律神経系の調節作用が関与する用途へ応用を容易に目指すことができよう。心音がフィルタリングできれば、心音のピークが検出できる。ピーク間の時間に基づいて、心拍速度(毎分の心拍数)を測定できる。
Claims (33)
- 患者の睡眠時無呼吸を知らせる方法であって、該方法は、次の複数の工程、即ち、
患者の複数の呼吸音を表す呼吸音データを受けて記録する工程;
該呼吸音データから、複数の異なる呼吸速度測定法を用いて複数の呼吸速度測定値を得る工程、ただし、該複数の異なる呼吸速度測定法は、高速フーリエ変換に基づいて呼吸速度を測定する方法であって、ヒルベルト変換を用いて該呼吸音データのエンベロープを得、高速フーリエ変換を用いて該エンベロープにおける第2番目に高いピークを有する周波数を得、該エンベロープにおいて該第2番目に高いピークを有する周波数成分を呼吸速度として選択する方法を含む;
該複数の呼吸速度測定値の1つを呼吸速度測定値として選択する工程;及び
該選択した呼吸速度測定値が所定の速度より低い場合に警告を発する工程
を包含することを特徴とする方法。 - 患者の複数の呼吸音を患者の気管において記録することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 患者の複数の呼吸音を記録する工程が、所定のサンプリングレートで複数の呼吸音をサンプリングすることを包含することを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の方法。
- サンプリングレートが3kHzであることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 複数の呼吸速度測定法が音声処理法をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 該呼吸音データのエンベロープを得ることが、該呼吸音データから低周波エンベロープを得ることと、低周波エンベロープの周期を決定することを包含することを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 低周波エンベロープの周期が1分間の平均周期であることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 複数の呼吸速度測定法が、自己相関法及びウェーブレット変換法からなる群より選ばれる1つの方法をさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 患者の複数の呼吸音を所定の時間にわたりサンプリング法を用いて記録し、且つエンベロープ計測法が、該低周波エンベロープにおけるピークを特定し、上記所定時間内の連続する片側ピークの平均間隔を決定することを包含し、決定した平均間隔の逆数に比例する値をもって呼吸速度測定値のうちの1つとすることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 極大値基準と安定基準を満たす複数のサンプルを選び出すことによりピークを特定することを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 患者の複数の呼吸音を所定の時間にわたりサンプリング法を用いて記録することにより複数のサンプル音を生成し、且つ自己相関法が、該複数のサンプル音から自己相関関数を生成することを包含し、その生成された自己相関関数の第1のピークをもって呼吸速度測定値のうちの1つとすることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 患者の複数の呼吸音を所定の時間にわたりサンプリング法を用いて記録することにより複数のサンプル音を生成し、且つ自己相関法が、該複数のサンプル音から自己相関関数を生成することを包含し、その生成された自己相関関数の第2のピークをもって呼吸速度測定値のうちの1つとすることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 患者の複数の呼吸音を所定の時間にわたりサンプリング法を用いて記録することにより複数のサンプル音を生成し、且つウェーブレット変換法が、該複数のサンプル音を該高速フーリエ変換によって周波数ドメインに変換し、変換した複数の呼吸音を複数の周波数帯に分割し、2つの周波数帯を選び出し、2つの周波数帯の各々について呼吸速度測定値候補を決定し、そしてその呼吸速度測定値候補から1つを選び出すことを包含し、その選び出された呼吸速度測定値候補をもって呼吸速度測定値のうちの1つとすることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 高速フーリエ変換パワースペクトル法を用いて算出した呼吸速度測定値に最も近い呼吸速度測定値候補をもって該選び出された呼吸速度測定値候補とすることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 患者の複数の呼吸音を所定の時間にわたりサンプリング法を用いて記録することにより複数のサンプル音を生成し、且つウェーブレット変換法が、該複数のサンプル音を該高速フーリエ変換によって周波数ドメインに変換し、変換した複数の呼吸音を複数の周波数帯に分割し、3つの周波数帯を選び出し、3つの周波数帯の各々について呼吸速度測定値候補を決定し、そしてその呼吸速度測定値候補から1つを選び出すことを包含し、その選び出された呼吸速度測定値候補をもって呼吸速度測定値のうちの1つとすることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 音声処理法が、該呼吸音データにおける複数の無音部分を決定することを包含し、その決定された複数の無音部分の頻度をもって該選び出された呼吸速度測定値候補とすることを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 無音部分を決定する工程が、該呼吸音データにパイロット信号を組み合わせ、そしてパイロット信号が優勢である部分を特定することを包含することを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の方法。
- パイロット信号が1kHzの正弦波であって、該正弦波の実効値が該呼吸音データの最小呼吸正弦波の実効値の約2倍であることを特徴とする、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 呼吸速度測定値を得る工程の前に分割工程をさらに包含することを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 分割工程が、サンプリングした呼吸音を各々所定時間にわたる複数のサンプルのブロックに分割することを包含することを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 該所定時間が10秒から30秒の範囲であることを特徴とする、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 該所定時間が可変であることを特徴とする、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 該複数の所定時間の各々がその直前の所定時間の一部を含むことを特徴とする、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 該直前の所定時間の一部が0秒から該直前の所定時間と同時間の範囲であることを特徴とする、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 呼吸速度測定値を得る工程の前に予備処理工程をさらに包含することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 予備処理工程が、患者の複数の呼吸音から人為的音を除去することを包含することを特徴とする、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 人為的音を除去する工程が、所定時間にわたる該呼吸音データとして表示される呼吸音の標準偏差の3倍よりも大きい振幅を有する呼吸音を特定することを包含することを特徴とする、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 所定時間が、特定した該音の前の1秒間であることを特徴とする、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 該予備処理工程が、該呼吸音データをくし型フィルターでフィルタリングすることを包含することを特徴とする、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 該予備処理工程が、ウェーブレット変換の多重解像度分解(MRD)を用いてフィルタリングすることを包含することを特徴とする、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 該ウェーブレット変換が、ウェーブレット変換のCoiffletファミリーから選ばれることを特徴とする、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 該多重解像度分解フィルタリング工程が、該呼吸音データを複数のスペクトルバンドに分割し、目的の周波数レンジを特定し、そして特定した目的の周波数レンジにおいて該複数のスペクトルバンドに含まれない該呼吸音データを除去することを包含することを特徴とする、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 目的の周波数レンジが200Hz〜800Hzの範囲内にあり、且つ該複数のスペクトルバンドが750Hz−1500Hzバンド、375Hz−750Hzバンド、187Hz−375Hzバンド、93Hz−187Hzバンド、46Hz−93Hzバンド、23Hz−46Hzバンド、12Hz−23Hzバンド、6Hz−12Hzバンド、3Hz−6Hzバンド、そして直流−3Hzバンドを包含することを特徴とする、請求項32に記載の方法。
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2004
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2005
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WO2005096931A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
US8641631B2 (en) | 2014-02-04 |
EP1740095B1 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
EP1740095A4 (en) | 2009-08-05 |
US20140180154A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
US20070282212A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
JP2007532156A (ja) | 2007-11-15 |
EP1740095A1 (en) | 2007-01-10 |
CA2464029A1 (en) | 2005-10-08 |
CA2562258A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
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