JP4992032B2 - レトロウイルスベクター - Google Patents
レトロウイルスベクター Download PDFInfo
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- JP4992032B2 JP4992032B2 JP2004533613A JP2004533613A JP4992032B2 JP 4992032 B2 JP4992032 B2 JP 4992032B2 JP 2004533613 A JP2004533613 A JP 2004533613A JP 2004533613 A JP2004533613 A JP 2004533613A JP 4992032 B2 JP4992032 B2 JP 4992032B2
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- vector
- cells
- hiv
- retroviral
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Description
安定な
長期
高レベル
:である発現を可能にする。
本発明のレトロウイルスベクターは、第二のまたは二次ウイルスベクターをコードする一次ウイルスベクターを含むハイブリッドウイルスベクター系の形として見ることができ、第一のまたは一次ベクターは宿主細胞を感染させてその中で二次ウイルスベクターを発現させることができ、二次ベクターは他の標的細胞を形質導入することができる。
レトロウイルスベクターを遺伝子治療および遺伝子配送に用いるという概念はよく知られている(バーマ(Verma)およびソミア(Somia)(1997)Nature 389;239−242)。
レンチウイルスベクター系といったレトロウイルスベクター系が、特に1つ以上の目的部位へのNOIの輸送のための配送系として提案されている。輸送は、in vitro、ex vivo、in vivo、またはその組み合わせで起こりうる。レトロウイルスベクター系は、受容体の使用法、逆転写およびRNAパッケージングを含む、レトロウイルス生活環のさまざまな面を研究するのに利用されてきている(ミラー(Miller)による総説、1992 Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 158;1−24)。
ベクター産生または分裂および非分裂細胞の形質導入のどちらにも、HIV/SIV追加遺伝子vif、vpr、vpx、vpu、tat、revおよびnefのどれも必要としない、霊長類レンチウイルス最小系を構成することができるのが実証されている。ベクター産生または分裂および非分裂細胞の形質導入のどちらにもS2を必要としない、EIAV最小ベクター系を構成することができるのもまた実証されている。追加遺伝子の欠失は非常に有利である。第一に、それはレンチウイルス(たとえばHIV)感染において疾患に関連する遺伝子無しでベクターが産生されるのを可能にする。特に、tatは疾患に関連する。第二に、追加遺伝子の欠失は、ベクターがより多くの異種DNAをパッケージングするのを可能にする。第三に、S2のように機能が未知である遺伝子を除外することができ、それによって、望まない作用を引き起こす危険を低下することができる。最小レンチウイルスベクターの例は、国際公開第A−99/32646号パンフレットに、および国際公開第A−98/17815号パンフレットに開示されている。
コドン最適化は、国際公開第99/41397号パンフレットおよび国際公開第01/79518号パンフレットに以前に記載されている。異なる細胞は、特定のコドンの用法が異なる。このコドンの偏りは、その細胞型における特定のtRNAの相対存在量の偏りに相当する。対応するtRNAの相対存在量に調和するように合わせて、配列中のコドンを変更することによって、発現を増加させることができる。同様に、その特定の細胞型で対応するtRNAが稀であることが知られているコドンを意図的に選択することによって、発現を低下させることができる。このように、追加の程度の翻訳調節が利用可能である。
ウイルスベクター系の設計においては、より広い範囲または変化させた範囲の細胞型への遺伝物質の配送を可能にするため、天然ウイルスとは異なる標的細胞特異性を有する粒子を作製することが好ましい。これを達成するための1つの方法は、ウイルスエンベロープタンパク質を操作することによってその特異性を変化させることである。もう1つの手法は、異種エンベロープタンパク質をベクター粒子へ導入し、そのウイルスの天然エンベロープタンパク質を置換するかまたはそれに加えることである。
本発明の別の一実施形態では、ベクターを狂犬病Gタンパク質またはその突然変異型、異型、ホモログまたは断片の少なくとも一部を用いて偽型化することができる。
ラブドウイルスの一種である水疱性口内炎ウイルス(VSV)のエンベロープ糖タンパク質(G)は、ある種のレトロウイルスを偽型化することができることが示されているもう1つのエンベロープタンパク質である。
本発明の一実施形態では、本発明に用いられるレトロウイルスベクター系はエンベロープタンパク質の突然変異型、異型、ホモログ、または断片を用いて偽型化することができる。
本発明では、1つ以上のNOI(目的のヌクレオチド配列)を標的細胞へin vivoまたはin vitroで配送することができる。
別の態様では、本発明はまた、スクリーニング法およびそのような方法によって単離可能な調節因子、およびそのような因子の用途に関する。
(i) 標的細胞を提供する;
(ii) 複数の候補化合物をコードすることができるcDNAライブラリ を、本発明のレトロウイルスベクターを用いて細胞に形質導入する;
(ii) 候補化合物の発現を監視する;および
(iii) 標的細胞の活性を調節することができる候補化合物に関してスク リーニングする。
本発明はまた、本発明のレトロウイルスベクターの、医薬組成物の製造における用途を提供する。医薬組成物は、NOIを、それを必要とする標的細胞へ配送するのに用いることができる。
本発明のベクター系による1つ以上の治療遺伝子の配送は、単独で、または他の治療または治療の構成要素と組み合わせて用いることができる。
細胞株。HeLa(ATCC CCL−2)、293T、HT1080(ATCC,CCl−121)およびすべての誘導体クローンは、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)および抗生物質を添加したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地中で培養した。
F1; TGCATCCAGTGCATGCAGGGCCTAT
R1; TCTTTGCCACAATTGAAACACTTAAC
SynF1; GGTGCACGCAGGGCCCATCGCACCGG
SynR1; GCCACAGTTGAAGCACTTGACGATCT
F2; AGGGGAAGTGACATAGCAGGAACTAC
R2; GCCTTTCTGTATCATTATGGTAGCT
SynF2; ACGGGGCTCAGACATCGCCGGAACGAC
SynR2; AAAGTTGCCGCGCTGCATCATGATGG
細胞DNA1μgを、約105個の細胞の等価物として用いた。1回目のPCR反応の1/20をネステッドPCRの2回目のためのテンプレートとして用いた。感度を測定するために、プラスミドpCMVR8.91およびpSYNGPの連続希釈を用いた。
ベクターpCNC−GPRT(図1Bに示す)およびpCNC−SYNGP(図1Cに示す)は、pCMVR8.91(12)またはpSYNGP(11)にそれぞれ由来するHIV−1配列を、図1Aに示すMLVベクターpCNC−MCSへ挿入することによって構築した。
細胞がHIV−1ベクターをパッケージングする能力を、ベクターpSIN−CSGW(15)(図7Bに示す)および水疱性口内炎ウイルス(VSV)−Gタンパク質発現プラスミド(12)の一過性トランスフェクションによって評価した。GP+R細胞およびSYNGP細胞の場合には、ベクター発現を可能にするために、TatおよびRevを発現するプラスミドであるpCNC−REVおよびpCNC−TATもまた同時トランスフェクションした。一過性にトランスフェクションされた細胞に由来する上清を、293T細胞を感染させるのに用い、GFP発現を監視した。
安定なパッケージング細胞を作製するために、我々は、毒性が無く、HIV−1の相対的に高力価の偽型を産生することができ、臨床遺伝子治療用途に幅広く用いられているため、MLVおよび他のC型レトロウイルスのエンベロープタンパク質を発現することを選んだ。
安定なパッケージング細胞によって産生されたHIV−1ベクターの安全性を評価するために、我々はまず、GPRT1+R1−Ampho細胞またはSTARRDpro細胞のどちらかのクローンから産生されたベクターpHVの2x107iuを用いて293T細胞を感染させることによって、複製能を有するレトロウイルス(RCR)を測定した(図8)。導入された293T細胞の4週間の継代後、上清を濃縮し、それを用いて新しい293T細胞を感染させた。共焦点顕微鏡法によってGFP陽性細胞は検出されず、これはベクター2x107iu中にRCRは存在しなかったことを示す。
細胞株。すべての細胞は、37℃、10%CO2にて、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FCS)、ペニシリン(100単位/ml)およびストレプトマイシン(100μg/ml)を添加したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM)(ギブコBRL社(GibCoBRL))中で維持し、ただし例外としてNIH3T3細胞は、10%ドナー仔ウシ血清、ペニシリン(100単位/ml)およびストレプトマイシン(100μg/ml)を添加したDMEM中で維持した。pRD+プラスミド17由来のRD+Env配列をRDLプラスミド16へ導入し、結果としてRD+Lプラスミドを生じた。STAR RD+細胞は、RD+LプラスミドをSTAR細胞へトランスフェクションすることによって作製し、前述の通りeGFPをコードするHIV−1ベクターであるHIV−1(RD+)を産生するのに用いた。eGFPをコードするHIV−1ベクターであるHIV−1(MLV−A)、HIV−1(RDpro)およびHIV−1(GALV+)をそれぞれ産生する、STAR Ampho、STAR RDproおよびSTAR GALV+細胞は前述した。
ガンマレトロウイルス偽型を産生するSTAR細胞の作製
MLV−A、RD114およびGALVに由来するEnvを用いて偽型化したHIV−1ベクターが一過性系で産生されている26,34,35。以前の研究は、GALVおよびRD114に由来するEnvを用いて偽型化したレンチウイルスベクターの力価はそれらの細胞質尾部をMLVエンベロープのもので置換することによって向上しうることを示している34,35,17。したがって、これらの置換を有する構造であるGALV+18およびRD+17を用いた。これらの改変は、HIV−1プロテアーゼ(PR)とEnvの間の反応を促進することによって、ガンマレトロウイルスEnv機能を促進する可能性がある34,17。PR−Env反応を促進するための代替戦略として、RD114 Envはまた、Rペプチド切断部位配列をHIV−1 Gagのマトリクス−キャプシド切断部位のもので交換することによって、RDproを生じるように改変された。
37℃での安定性
偽型化されたHIV−1ベクターの保存および形質導入中の安定性は重要な側面である。我々は、ガンマレトロウイルスEnvを有するHIV−1ベクター、およびHIV−1(VSV−G)を、37℃での安定性、凍結/融解サイクルに対する感受性、およびヒト血清による不活化について検討した。多くの遺伝子治療用途ではベクター調製物中にFCSが存在しないことが望ましいため、これらの実験では、ベクターはOptiMEMまたはDMEM+10%FCSのどちらかの中に採取した。
凍結/融解サイクル反復に対する耐性
−80℃と37℃の間のサイクル反復後に、293T細胞についてウイルスを力価測定することによって、凍結/融解サイクル中のベクター安定性を次いで検討した。力価は、1回目のサイクルを開始する前の力価の比率として表す(図15)。すべてのガンマレトロウイルス偽型は、凍結/融解に対して何らかの耐性を示した。1サイクル後に、MLV−A偽型化ベクター はどちらの培地中でも元の力価の5% 未満を失った。他のすべてのレトロウイルス偽型は凍結/融解に対してより感受性が高いように見えたが、3サイクル後に元の力価の50%より大きい力価を失ったレトロウイルス偽型は無かった。OptiMEMとDMEM+10%FCS中に採取されたベクターの間に、安定性に実質的な差は無かった。これは、しかし、HIV−1(VSV−G)ベクターには当てはまらなかった。1サイクル後に、OptiMEM中に採取されたウイルスは元の力価の最大65%を失った一方、DMEM+10%FCS中のウイルス力価は安定であるように見えた。さらに、3サイクル後に、OptiMEM中のウイルスは元の力価の90%を失った一方、DMEM+10%FCS中のウイルスが失ったのは10%未満であった。このように、HIV−1(VSV−G)を冷凍するための条件は、注意深い最適化を要しうる。
新鮮ヒト血清中の不活化に対する耐性
OptiMEMまたはDMEM+10%FCSのどちらかの中の各ウイルスを、等量の新鮮血清または熱不活化血清と共に37℃にて1時間インキュベートし、その後293T細胞について力価測定した。新鮮凍結血清とのインキュベート後の、対応する熱不活化血清とのインキュベートに対する、ウイルス力価の比率を示す(図16)。両方の培地中ですべてのガンマレトロウイルス偽型は、ヒト血清に曝露された際に良好な安定性を示した。HIV−1(MLV−A)は力価の多くとも8%だけを失った一方、GALV+エンベロープを持つものは、ある場合においては力価の損失(27%)を示した。レトロウイルス偽型力価の最大の低下である、血清1に曝露された、DMEM+10%FCS中に採取されたHIV−1(RDpro)は、40%だけであった。HIV−1(VSV−G)ウイルスは、対照的に、ヒト新鮮血清による不活化に対して感受性であるように見えた。本研究では、異なるガンマレトロウイルスEnvを持つベクター間で血清感受性に実質的な差は無かった。対照的に、ガラクトシル(α1−3)ガラクトシル(αGal)陰性ヒト細胞によって産生された場合37、複製能を有するMLV−AはRD114またはGALVよりも感受性が高かったことを我々は以前に報告した。
ポリブレンおよびスピノキュレーションを用いたベクター力価の向上
ウイルス結合を増加させるための、形質導入前のベクター濃縮、またはin vitro またはex vivo形質導入手順の改変は、レトロ/レンチウイルスベクター採取物の力価を高めるために一般的に行われている。我々は、ポリブレンの使用、および遠心接種すなわちスピノキュレーションによる、ベクター力価の向上を検討した。偽型ベクターはOptiMEM中に採取した。ポリブレンの存在下で、またはスピノキュレーションを用いて、または両方を用いて、各偽型を293T細胞について力価測定した。これらの実験からの結果を図17に示す。ポリブレンはガンマレトロウイルスEnvを持つHIV−1ベクターの感染を平均して5〜6倍促進した一方、スピノキュレーションは感染を平均して4倍促進した。ポリブレンの存在はHIV−1(VSV−G)力価を実質的に向上させなかった。ポリブレンおよびスピノキュレーションを併用した場合、それらの効果は全例で加法的であった。
STAR細胞由来偽型の濃縮
ベクターストックの濃縮はしばしば必要である。超遠心分離、低速遠心分離、および遠心濾過(または限外濾過)がHIV−1(VSV−G)ベクター濃縮に適用され成功している20,41,42。ガンマレトロウイルス偽型に関しては、超遠心分離および遠心濾過によって濃縮される能力を評価するために調べられているのはHIV−1(MLV−A)だけである。我々は、したがって、4つの異なる偽型を4つの異なる方法/条件で濃縮する比較試験を実施した。MLV−A、GALV+およびRDproEnvを持つベクターおよびVSV−GをOptiMEM中に採取し、4つの条件によって容量で40倍に濃縮した−100kDaのカットオフを有するフィルターを用いた遠心濾過、または3つの異なる速度での遠心分離;100,000gで1.5時間;10,000gで1.5時間;3,000gで7時間。濃縮の前後に、%eGFP導入細胞を2倍連続希釈で293T細胞についてポリブレンの存在下で測定した。図18は、HIV−1(MLV−A)およびHIV−1(VSV−G)について力価測定曲線の例を示す。濃縮手順後の各ベクター調製物のeGFP力価および%回収率は、力価測定の直線範囲での希釈についての%形質導入データを用いて推定し、表1に示した。
参考文献
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Claims (6)
- 細胞をレトロウイルスベクターに感染させることを含む、安定発現細胞株を作製するための方法であって、
前記レトロウイルスベクターは、細胞を感染させることが可能であり、かつ5’LTR又はその一部と3’LTR又はその一部との間にレンチウイルスの転写単位を含み、
前記レンチウイルスの転写単位は、レンチウイルスのGag-Pol及び/又はVSV−Gエンベロープタンパク質をコードする塩基配列を含み、
前記レトロウイルスベクター及び前記レンチウイルスの転写単位は、異なるウイルスに由来し、かつ
前記安定発現細胞株は、少なくとも3ヶ月の間、連続的にレンチウイルスのGag-Pol及び/又はVSV−Gエンベロープタンパク質を安定に産生する、上記方法。 - 前記レンチウイルスの転写単位がレンチウイルスのgag及びpolを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記レトロウイルスベクターがMLVに由来する、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記レンチウイルスの転写単位がHIVまたはEIAVに由来する、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記レトロウイルスベクターは、組み込まれたプロウイルスの形態である、請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- レンチウイルスのGag-Pol及び/又はVSV−Gエンベロープタンパク質を産生する方法であって、
請求項1から5のいずれか1項に定義されるレトロウイルスベクターを用いて細胞を感染させること、及び
レンチウイルスのGag-Pol及び/又はVSV−Gエンベロープタンパク質を産生すること、を含む上記方法。
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US9169491B2 (en) | 2008-06-18 | 2015-10-27 | Oxford Biomedica (Uk) Limited | Virus purification |
NZ592070A (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2012-07-27 | Tocagen Inc | Gene therapy vectors and humanized yeast cytosine deaminase triple mutant |
ES2786051T3 (es) | 2012-10-25 | 2020-10-08 | Tocagen Inc | Vector retroviral con casete de mini-promotor |
GB201509040D0 (en) * | 2015-05-27 | 2015-07-08 | Oxford Genetics Ltd | Cell lines |
JP7118887B2 (ja) | 2015-11-23 | 2022-08-16 | ノバルティス アーゲー | 最適化されたレンチウイルス移入ベクターおよびその使用 |
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AU2021264465A1 (en) | 2020-04-27 | 2022-12-15 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Compositions and methods for the treatment of cystic fibrosis |
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GB202114534D0 (en) | 2021-10-12 | 2021-11-24 | Oxford Biomedica Ltd | Novel viral regulatory elements |
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