JP4949041B2 - 磁性ナノ粒子によって促進されたバイオプロセス - Google Patents
磁性ナノ粒子によって促進されたバイオプロセス Download PDFInfo
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- JP4949041B2 JP4949041B2 JP2006545509A JP2006545509A JP4949041B2 JP 4949041 B2 JP4949041 B2 JP 4949041B2 JP 2006545509 A JP2006545509 A JP 2006545509A JP 2006545509 A JP2006545509 A JP 2006545509A JP 4949041 B2 JP4949041 B2 JP 4949041B2
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- nanoparticles
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- fluorine
- oxygen
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Description
本願はここにその全容を援用する2003年12月18日に出願された米国仮特許出願シリアル番号第60/530,862号に基づく優先権の利益を主張するものである。
本発明の一側面は、有機相と会合した無機化合物を含むナノ粒子であって、有機相が気体を可逆的に可溶化可能であるナノ粒子に関するものである。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物が無機酸化物である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物が遷移金属酸化物である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物が第8〜第10族遷移金属の酸化物である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物が第8族の遷移金属酸化物である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物が酸化鉄である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物がFe2O3またはFe3O4である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物がFe3O4である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、磁性を有する前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、無毒性である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記気体が酸素である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記気体がCO2である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記無機化合物がフッ素含有ポリマーの隙間に取り込まれている前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記フッ素含有ポリマーがコポリマーである前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記フッ素含有ポリマーが、フッ素化部分と非フッ素化部分とを有するコポリマーである前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記気体が酸素であり、前記フッ素含有ポリマーが水性媒体中で酸素を可逆的に結合させることが可能である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記気体がCO2であり、前記フッ素含有ポリマーが水性媒体中でCO2を可逆的に結合させることが可能である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記有機相が互いに化学的に結合された第1及び第2の炭化水素層を有する前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、第1の炭化水素層がカルボニル官能基を有する前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、第1の炭化水素層が脂肪酸を有する前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、第1の炭化水素層がオレイン酸を有する前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、第2の炭化水素層が親水性基を含む前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、第2の炭化水素層が非イオン性及び陰イオン性の親水性基を有する前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、第2の炭化水素層が、ポリオキシアルキレンスルホネート部分を有する前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、第1及び第2の炭化水素層が炭素−炭素一重結合を介して互いに結合している前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記気体が酸素であり、前記有機相が水性媒体中で酸素を可逆的に結合させることが可能である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、水性コロイドを形成可能な前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、直径が約1〜約1000nmである前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、約10〜約100nmである前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記気体が酸素である前記ナノ粒子に関する。特定の実施形態において本発明は、前記気体がCO2である前記ナノ粒子に関する。
理解を助けるため、本発明を更に説明するのに先立って、明細書、実施例ならびに特許請求の範囲で使用する特定の用語をここに集めた。これらの定義は、本開示の残りの部分に照らして読まれるべきものであり、当業者であれば理解されるべき内容である。特に定義をしない限り、ここで使用する技術的、科学的用語のすべては当業者によって一般的に理解されるものと同様の意味を有するものである。
本発明のナノ粒子の調製に使用する無機化合物は一般に水性媒体中で調製されるいずれの無機化合物であってもよい。別の一実施形態では、この無機化合物は金属塩の前駆物質を水性媒体に溶解することによって調製される金属酸化物である。金属としては、周期表の第1〜15族に属する陽イオンを使用することができる。これらの金属の例としては、Li、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Mn、Tc、Re、Fe、Ru、Os、Co、Rh、Ir、Ni、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag、Au、Zn、Cd及びHgが挙げられる。「金属」なる語は第13〜第15族に属するメタロイドも含まれる。これらのメタロイドとしては、B、Al、Ga、In、Tl、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、As、Sb、及びBiが含まれる。金属陽イオンは、Fe、Ru、Os、Co、Rh、Ir、Pd及びPtを含む第8〜第10族に属するものであることが好ましい。好ましくは金属酸化物は磁性金属酸化物である。磁性金属酸化物はFeをFe(II)、Fe(III)、またはFe(II)/Fe(III)の混合物として含有していればよい。こうした酸化物の非限定的な例として、FeO、Fe2O3、Fe3O4が挙げられる。無機化合物はM1XM23−XO4型の混合酸化物であってもよい(ただしM1は2価の金属イオンを表し、M2は3価の金属イオンを表す)。例えば、無機化合物として式M1Fe2O4で表される磁性フェライトを使用することが可能である(ただしM1は以下から選択される2価の金属イオンである:Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、またはBa。これらは単独、もしくは互いの混合物として、もしくは鉄イオンとの混合物として用いられる)。
本発明で用いるフッ素含有ポリマーは、少なくとも1個の水素原子がフッ素原子によって置換された任意のポリマーまたはコポリマーであり、水性NH4OH中で分散液を形成するものである。このようなポリマーの例としては、下記から選択される繰り返し単位を含むフッ素含有ポリマーが挙げられる。すなわち、(CF2CF2O)n、(CF2O)n、(CF2CF2CF2O)n、(CF2CF2)n、(CF2CF2CH2O)、(CF(CF3)CF2O)n、(CF(CF3)O)nまたはこれらの組合せ。これらの繰り返し単位は、水性NH4OH中への分散性を高める官能基で更に置換されていてもよく、あるいは分散性を高める官能基でエンドキャッピングされていてもよい。フッ素含有ポリマーがコポリマーである場合、各繰り返し単位はコポリマー全体にわたって統計的またはランダムに分布していてもよい。コポリマーの場合には、非フッ素化部分が水性NH4OH中への分散性を高めるようにしてもよい。
実施例1で述べる磁性ナノ粒子は、その粒径に関しては動的光散乱装置(Brookhaven Instrument社)によって、その電気泳動特性についてはSmoluchowskiζ電位モデルを用いたビルトインソフトウェアを有するZetaPalsゼータ電位分析器(Brookhaven Instrument社)によって、特徴付けることができる。この結果を図1に示した。図に示されるように、粒子は約150nmの重量平均径と、バイオプロセスに適したpH範囲において負の表面電荷を示した。したがってこの粒子は電荷的に安定であり、永続的に分散状態に保たれる。
弱酸性電荷を有するフルオロポリマーによって安定化されたFe3O4ナノ粒子
実施例1で述べるような、弱酸性電荷を有する予め調製されたフルオロポリマー(Fluorolink(商標))を用いて合成されたナノ粒子のE.coli細胞に対する毒性について、実施例2で述べる振盪フラスコバッチ実験を行って試験した。図2に示されるようにフルオロポリマーでコーティングした磁性粒子は無毒性であり、細胞の増殖を阻害しなかった。
実施例6で述べるように、強酸性電荷を有するフルオロポリマーを用いてナノ粒子を調製した。この粒子が細菌細胞の増殖に与える潜在的影響について評価を行った。振盪フラスコバッチ実験を行って粒子のE.coli細胞に対する毒性について試験した。試験の条件は実施例2に述べたとおりである。図5及び図6に示されるように、フルオロポリマーでコーティングした磁性粒子は無毒性であり、細胞の増殖を阻害しなかった。細胞/粒子懸濁液に発泡は見られなかった。
フッ素化コポリマーとしてポリ(テトラフルオロエチレンオキシド−コ−ジフルオロメチレンオキシド)α,ω−ジカルボン酸(Aldrich Chemical社より入手)を用いて実施例4に述べるようにナノ粒子を調製した。ナノ粒子の毒性について実施例5に述べるように試験を行った。図4に示されるように、磁性流体を用いない対照実験では、磁性流体を用いた実験と比較して細胞の増殖が早かった。これは媒体中に存在するモノマーによって導入されたなんらかの毒性による結果と考えられる。しかし、粒子存在下の細胞もやがて増殖し、より高い細胞密度に達した。この現象は、磁性粒子存在下での細胞数が明らかにより多かった第2の実験においてより明確に観察された。
本発明の粒子の促進効果を調べるための発酵実験を行った。実施例1で合成した粒子を用いて実施例3に示す実験状況下で発酵を行った。本発明のナノ粒子の細胞増殖促進効果を実証する主な結果を図3に示した。
実施例7で調製したフルオロゲルでコーティングした磁性ナノ粒子、及び凍結乾燥したフルオロゲルをSEMによって調べた。乾燥させたサンプルをSEMのスタブに非導電性の接着剤とともに載せ、100〜200ÅのAu/Pdをスパッタリングでコーティングした。粒子の画像をJEOL6320 FE−SEM顕微鏡で異なる倍率で撮影した。磁性粒子なしのフルオロゲルの写真を図7に示した。
フルオロポリマー以外に、本発明のナノ粒子の有機相としては炭化水素二重層を用いることができる。炭化水素二重層は、互いに化学的に結合した第1及び第2の炭化水素部分を含む。
第2の炭化水素部分は、第1の炭化水素部分の結合基に結合可能な結合基を有し、約3〜約50個の炭素原子からなる炭化水素部分からなる点は第1の炭化水素部分と同様であるが、無機化合物に結合可能な結合基の代わりに親水性基を有する点で異なっている。親水性基は当該技術分野で一般的に知られるいずれの親水性基であってもよい。親水性基は一般に極性基であり、陰イオン性、陽イオン性、非イオン性及び双性イオン性の4つのカテゴリーのいずれかに該当する。陰イオン性基の非限定的な例としては、カルボン酸塩、スルホン酸塩、硫酸塩、カルボン酸塩、及びリン酸塩が挙げられる。陽イオン性基の非限定的な例としては、アンモニウム及び4級アンモニウムが挙げられる。非イオン性基の非限定的な例としては、水酸基、ケトン及びアルデヒドなどのカルボニル基、ポリオキシエチレンなどのポリオキシアルキレン、スクロース、ソルビタン、グリセロール及びエチレングリコールなどのポリオールが挙げられる。双性イオン性基の非限定的な例としては、ベタイン、スルホベタイン、アミノ酸、及びポリペプチドが挙げられる。2以上のカテゴリーから選ばれる2以上の親水性基を組合わせて親水性基を形成することも可能である。例えば一実施形態では、親水性基はスルホネート基を末端に有するアルキレンオキシドであってもよい。この親水性基は、ナノ粒子の水性懸濁液中でのコロイド安定性に寄与していると考えられている。
本発明のナノ粒子の特徴として、可逆的に気体を可溶化することが可能な有機相を有する点がある。この有機相は、こうした特性を有するいかなる有機相であってもよい。有機相は、ポリマーやコポリマーなどの1種類の化合物からなる均質なものであってもよい。こうした有機相の例として、フルオロポリマーやフルオロコポリマーがある。有機相は炭化水素二重層のような2以上の化合物からなる2以上の異なる相を含んでいてもよい。重要な点として、異なる種類の有機相に共通の特性として、例えば酸素などの気体を可逆的に可溶化できることがある。気体を可逆的に可溶化可能なこうした性質のために本発明のナノ粒子は発酵などの各種のバイオプロセスにおいて理想的である。
酸素移動促進剤以外にも、本発明の磁性ナノ粒子とその水性コロイドには、医療科学やバイオテクノロジーの分野において有望な応用例が考えられる。こうした応用例としては、これらに限定されるものではないが、磁力によって促進された細胞分離や、in vivoでの薬剤のターゲティングなどがある。In vivoでの薬剤のターゲティングは、磁性粒子のコーティングに薬剤を選択的に吸着させ、これに外部から磁場を作用させて体内の特定の組織に集中させることによって行うことが可能である。このように組織の特定部位に磁性流体を誘導する方法は、網膜修復治療などにおける利用が期待されている。
2.ハードディスクドライブ用などの、連結部がなく保守の要らない高速回転シール(液体O−リング);
3.ラウドスピーカーシステムの音声コイル用の制動素子;
4.熱担体;
5.磁気記録技術によって読み取られる署名やバーコード用のインクジェット印刷用の磁気インク;
6.非磁性材料の磁気分離(リサイクリング技術);及び
7.測定機器、トランスデューサ、センサーなど。
フルオロポリマーでコーティングされたナノ粒子の無害性
以下の細胞株と培地を用いて振盪フラスコバッチ実験を行い、実施例1で調製したナノ粒子の毒性を試験した。
NaCl 10g
トリプトン 10g
酵母抽出物 5g
・発酵培養(/L)用のMR培地
KH2PO4 13.5g
(NH4)2HPO4 4.0g
MgSO4・7H2O 0.7g
クエン酸 0.85g
10g/L FeSO4・7H2O 10.0mL
微量金属溶液(TE) 10.0mL
20g/L CaCl2・2H2O 1.0mL
試験では以下の手順を行った。
−500mL振盪フラスコ中100mL LB
−37℃、220rpmで一晩培養
・発酵培養
−振盪フラスコでのバッチ培養
−500mL振盪フラスコ中、20g/Lグルコースを加えた100mL MR培地
−10%(v/v)播種容積
−PCMPの量:0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0%(w/v)
−37℃、220rpm
実施例3
発酵プロセスにおけるフルオロポリマーコーティングを有する磁性ナノ粒子によるE.coli増殖の促進
本発明の粒子の促進効果を調べるための発酵実験を行った。実施例1で合成した粒子を用いて下記に示す実験状況下で発酵を行った。
−500mL振盪フラスコ中100mL LB
−37℃、220rpmで一晩培養
・発酵培養(7.5L 発酵器)
−播種容積:10%(v/v)
−初期発酵容積:3L
−温度:37℃
−遥動速度:600rpm
−pH=6.8−6.9、4M(NH4OH:MaOH=2:2)にて調整
発酵は以下のように二段階で行った。
・第2段階:(500g/L フルコース+10g/L MgSO4・7H2O)を与えたpH安定栄養供給バッチ培養。
フッ素化コポリマーとしてポリ(テトラフルオロエチレンオキシド−コ−ジフルオロメチレンオキシド)α,ω−ジカルボン酸を用いた磁性流体の調製
酸化鉄粒子の改変に用いたポリマーは、Aldrich Chemical社から入手したポリ(テトラフルオロエチレンオキシド−コ−ジフルオロメチレンオキシド)α,ω−ジカルボン酸である。このポリマーは、その鎖の両端に2個のカルボン酸基を有している。ポリマーは非水溶性であるが、28〜30%NH4OHには完全に溶解する。
実施例4で調製した磁性流体を用いた毒性試験
対照1
3本の250mL培養フラスコにそれぞれ25mLのMR培地(実施例2及び3で述べたもの)を入れ、各フラスコをオートクレーブにかけた。オートクレーブ終了後、2mLの濾過(1μmの孔による)グルコース(500g/L)を各フラスコに加えた。各フラスコに50μLの抗生物質を加えた。3mLの種培養(実施例3及び4)を各フラスコに加えて10%溶液とした。
25mLのMR培地に代えて、22mLのMR培地と3mLの1wt%MFを加えた以外は、対照1と同様に調製した。
3本の250mLフラスコのそれぞれに入れられた27mLのMR培地をオートクレーブにかけた。10時間後の対照1溶液を3mL、MR培地に加えた。
24mLのMR培地と3mLのMF溶液が入れられた3本の250mLフラスコのそれぞれをオートクレーブにかけた。10時間後の粒子1溶液を3mL、MR培地に加えた。
強酸性電荷を有するフルオロポリマーによって安定化されたFe 3 O 4 ナノ粒子の合成
この実施例は、強酸性のスルホン基を有する予め調製されたフルオロポリマーによって改変された磁性ナノ粒子の合成法ならびに性質を説明するためのものである。
In situで調製したフルオロポリマーで改変されたFe 3 O 4 ナノ粒子の合成
この実施例は、磁性ナノ粒子の沈殿と同時に起こるフリーラジカル重合反応によって調製されるコポリマーで改変された磁性ナノ粒子の調製方法を説明するためのものである。
CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2(CF2)nF
ZONYL(登録商標);n=8、Mn534、フッ素含量60%
CH2=C(CH3)COOH
メタクリル酸
[CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2−]2
エチレングリコールジメタクリレート
市販のフルオロポリマーで改変されたFe 3 O 4 ナノ粒子の合成
100gの脱イオン化水に70.5gのFeCl3・6H2Oと25.8gのFeCl2・nH2Oを加えた溶液を窒素で連続的にパージしながら80℃に昇温した。次いで水にZONYL8740(パーフルオロアルキルメタクリルコポリマー、30%固形分)を分散させた分散液(Dupont,Lot#66,pH4)330mLを加え、得られた懸濁液を80℃に1時間保った。この分散液にNH4OHの水溶液(28%、200mL)を加えると黒色の沈殿物の生成が直ちに見られた。沈殿物を80℃で乾燥して乳鉢と乳棒で粉砕した。
共有結合した有機層によってコーティングされた磁性ナノ粒子の合成
この実施例は、コロイドとして安定した磁性ナノ粒子の調製法を説明するためのものである。この高いコロイド安定性は、第1の炭化水素層に共有結合した第2の有機層中に、ポリ(エチレンオキシド)とスルホネート基を有する親水性部分が存在することによるものである。
実施例9で述べたナノ粒子の特徴付け
実施例9で述べた磁性ナノ粒子を、その粒径に関しては動的光散乱装置(Brookhaven Instrument社)によって、その電気泳動特性についてはSmoluchowskiζ電位モデルを用いたビルトインソフトウェアを有するZetaPalsゼータ電位分析器(Brookhaven Instrument社)によって、特徴付けを行った。この結果を図10に示した。図に示されるように、粒子は約20nmの数平均径を有し、バイオプロセスに典型的なpH(約7)を含む非常に広範囲のpHにおいて負の表面電荷を示した。したがってこの粒子は電荷的に安定であり、永続的に分散状態に保たれる。室温にて1mM KClに懸濁した1000ppmナノ粒子懸濁液で、pHを酢酸またはNaOHで調整してζ電位を測定した。
電極法(Gassing−out法)による無細胞培地における酸素移動促進の特徴付け
実験に使用する器具は、200mLの溶液(水のみ、または水と磁性ナノ粒子)を充填した250mLの円筒形のビーカーである。溶存酸素は、データ取得計(YSI5100)に接続された溶存酸素ポーラログラフィックセンサー(YSI5010)によって測定する。この溶存酸素計は、各測定間での若干の大気圧の変動を補正する内蔵型の気圧計を有している。ビーカーの温度は水浴によって37±0.5℃に調節され、溶液のpHは実験開始前に7,0に調整される。
炭化水素コーティングを有する磁性ナノ粒子の無害性
実施例9で合成したナノ粒子のE.coli細胞に対する毒性について振盪フラスコ実験で試験した。使用したE.coli菌株は、BL21(DE3)[pUC18]である。初めにLB培地で種培養を行った。LB培地の組成(/L)は下記のとおり。10gNaCl、10gトリプトン、5g酵母抽出物。E.Coli細胞を、500mLの振盪フラスコに入れた100mLのLB培地中で、37℃、220rpmで一晩培養した。その後、発酵培養用のMR培地が入れられた500mL振盪フラスコに種培養をピペットで加えた。各フラスコには15g/Lのグルコースと10%(v/v)の播種された種培養を含む100mLのMR培地が入れられている。MR培地の組成(/L)は次のとおり。13.5gKH2PO4、4.0g(NH4)2HPO4、0.7gMgSO4・7H2O、0.85gクエン酸、10.0mLの10g/L FeSO4・7H2O、10.0mLの微量金属溶液(TE)、及び1.0mLの20g/L CaCl2・2H2O。各フラスコには更に以下の濃度で異なる量の磁性ナノ粒子が加えられている。すなわち全部で4本のフラスコに対して0%(対照)、0.5%、1%、2%である。4本のフラスコを用いて37℃、220rpmで発酵培養を行った。分光光度計(Hewlett Packard8452A)で600nmの光学密度を測定し、細胞増殖の指標とした。
実験室スケールの発酵器における酸素移動促進の亜硫酸塩酸化法による特徴付け
Ingold型のpH電極、溶存酸素電極(Bioafitte)及び温度プローブを備えた20L(5.5L作用容積)攪拌槽型反応装置(Bioafitte fermentor system, model BL20.2)で実験を行った。攪拌槽は、4基のブランド回転式スパージャーからなる底部通気部を有し、3枚羽タービン型遥動器によって遥動させた。初めに反応装置に0.67Mの亜硫酸ナトリウム溶液を供給し、次いで硫酸銅触媒の1x10−3M溶液を加えた。初めに硫酸でpHを約8.0程度に調整して高pHの亜硫酸ナトリウム溶液で通常見られる反応の加速を防止した。温度は37±0.5℃に維持した。添加した亜硫酸ナトリウムの量は溶存酸素濃度を長時間にわたって0に近い値に保つのに充分な量である。本実験では所定の遥動速度と所定の通気速度として定義される実験条件を選択し、質量分析器(Perkin Elmer MGA1600)を用いてオフガス組成を記録した。オフガス組成の値が安定化した時点で、式[4]及び[5]を用いて物質移動係数の値を計算した。この手順を異なる実験条件について繰り返した。
発酵プロセスにおける炭化水素コーティングを有する磁性ナトリウムによるE.coli増殖の促進
発酵実験を行って本発明の粒子の酸素に対する物質移動促進能を調べた。実施例9で合成した磁性ナノ粒子を0.56%(w/v)の濃度で発酵実験に用い、下記の実験条件で実験を行った。
二酸化炭素の移動が可能な共有結合有機層によってコーティングされた磁性ナノ粒子の合成
100gの水に47gのFeCl3・6H2Oと17.2gのFeCl2・4H2Oを加えた溶液を窒素ブランケット下、80℃で30分攪拌した。次いで水にオレイン酸カリウムを加えた溶液(100g、20%)(Aldrich,CAS 143−18−0,pHを氷酢酸によって12.5から7.0に調整)を加え、得られた混合物を80℃で30分攪拌した。粘性を有する茶色の懸濁液が得られた。次いで[2−(メタクリルオキシ)エチル]−トリメチルアンモニウムクロリド(Aldrich,MW 207.7,d=1.105,CAS 5039−78−1)の75%溶液を混合物に加えた。攪拌とバブリングを継続し、4g過硫酸アンモニウムの水溶液(全体で10mL)を混合物に加え、得られた懸濁液を攪拌下、80℃に1時間保った。次いでNH4OHの28%水溶液50mLを加えると、分散液は黒色に変化した。攪拌及び窒素バブリングを行いながら80℃で30分反応を行い、反応装置を室温にまで冷却し、分解した。強い磁性を有する磁性流体が生成した。磁性流体は室温で永続的なコロイド安定性を示した。
磁性粒子による二酸化炭素の移動
実施例15で合成した磁性ナノ粒子の、100mM NaClを含む10%水溶液を調製した。溶液のpHは最初にNaOHで12.5に調整した。この溶液500mLを、600mLのビーカー中で、23.4℃の一定温度にて攪拌下、CO2(識別番号:UN1013)でスパージングし、CO2の吸収によるpHの変化をpHプローブ(Beckman fTM40)にて記録した。水溶液中では、二酸化炭素は異なる形態で存在する。まず二酸化炭素は水に溶解する:
CO2(g)→CO2(aq)
次に溶存CO2とH2CO3(炭酸)との間に平衡状態が確立される。
図19は、上記に述べた磁性ナノ粒子溶液のCO2スパージングによるpHの低下を対照のpH低下と比較して示したものである。対照は水に100mM NaClが溶解したもので磁性粒子を加えていないものである。系におけるCO2の流速が同じである場合、pHの変化は磁性ナノ粒子で大幅に遅いことが観察される。
本明細書で引用した特許ならびに刊行物をすべてここに援用するものである。
当業者であれば、通常の実験以上のことを行わずしてここに述べた発明の特定の実施の形態に多くの均等物が存在することが認識されるか、もしくはそれを実証することが可能である。こうした均等物は特許請求の範囲に包含されるものである。
Claims (23)
- フッ素含有ポリマーと会合した無機化合物を含むナノ粒子であって、
前記無機化合物が、第8〜第10族の遷移金属酸化物であり、かつ前記フッ素含有ポリマーの隙間に取り込まれており;さらに
前記フッ素含有ポリマーが、パーフルオロポリエーテル、ポリ(テトラフルオロエチレンオキシド−コ−ジフルオロメチレンオキシド)α,ω−ジカルボン酸、パーフルオロスルホン酸/テトラフルオロエテン、2−(パーフルオロアルキル)エチルメタクリレートとメタクリル酸とエチレングリコールジメタクリレートとのコポリマー、およびパーフルオロアルキルメタクリルコポリマーよりなる群から選択されることを特徴とするナノ粒子。 - 前記無機化合物が第8族の遷移金属酸化物であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記無機化合物が酸化鉄であることを特徴とする請求項2記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記無機化合物がFe2O3およびFe3O4よりなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項3記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記無機化合物がFe3O4であることを特徴とする請求項4記載のナノ粒子。
- 磁性を有することを特徴とする請求項1から5いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記フッ素含有ポリマーが、酸素およびCO2よりなる群から選択される気体を可逆的に可溶化可能であることを特徴とする請求項1から6いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記フッ素含有ポリマーがコポリマーであることを特徴とする請求項7記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記フッ素含有ポリマーが、フッ素化部分と非フッ素化部分とを有するコポリマーであることを特徴とする請求項8記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記フッ素含有ポリマーが水性媒体中で酸素ガスを可逆的に結合させることが可能であることを特徴とする請求項7から9いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子。
- 前記フッ素含有ポリマーが水性媒体中でCO2ガスを可逆的に結合させることが可能であることを特徴とする請求項7から9いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子。
- 直径が10〜100nmであることを特徴とする請求項1から11いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子。
- 請求項1から12いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子を含む組成物。
- 水性コロイドであることを特徴とする請求項13記載の組成物。
- フッ素含有ポリマーの隙間に取り込まれた無機化合物を含むナノ粒子を調製する方法であって、
(a)フッ素含有ポリマーの存在下、水溶液中で無機塩を共沈殿させ、ここで、該無機塩が第8〜10族の遷移金属塩であり、かつ前記フッ素含有ポリマーが、パーフルオロポリエーテル、ポリ(テトラフルオロエチレンオキシド−コ−ジフルオロメチレンオキシド)α,ω−ジカルボン酸、パーフルオロスルホン酸/テトラフルオロエテン、2−(パーフルオロアルキル)エチルメタクリレートとメタクリル酸とエチレングリコールジメタクリレートとのコポリマー、およびパーフルオロアルキルメタクリルコポリマーよりなる群から選択され;
(b)前記工程(a)で得られた混合物を超音波処理し、さらにナノ粒子を単離する;工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記無機塩が第8族の遷移金属塩であることを特徴とする請求項15記載の方法。
- 前記無機塩が鉄塩であることを特徴とする請求項16記載の方法。
- 前記無機塩が鉄−塩化物塩であることを特徴とする請求項17記載の方法。
- 前記無機塩が塩化Fe(II)及び塩化Fe(III)の混合物を含むことを特徴とする請求項18記載の方法。
- 媒体中への気体の移動量を増加させる方法であって、請求項1から11いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子を媒体に導入することを含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 発酵処理における細胞の増殖を促進する方法であって、培養細胞を含む発酵培地に請求項1から11いずれか1項記載のナノ粒子を導入することを含み、それによって発酵培地への酸素の移動量を増加させることを特徴とする方法。
- 酸素移動量が400%よりも増加することを特徴とする請求項20または21記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子が磁性を有し、前記培地を磁場に暴露して移動させることによってナノ粒子を培地から分離することを特徴とする請求項20から22いずれか1項記載の方法。
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