JP4789208B2 - タンパク質発現に向けられた渦巻型組成物 - Google Patents
タンパク質発現に向けられた渦巻型組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4789208B2 JP4789208B2 JP2006509875A JP2006509875A JP4789208B2 JP 4789208 B2 JP4789208 B2 JP 4789208B2 JP 2006509875 A JP2006509875 A JP 2006509875A JP 2006509875 A JP2006509875 A JP 2006509875A JP 4789208 B2 JP4789208 B2 JP 4789208B2
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Description
本出願は2003年4月9日付で出願された米国特許仮出願弟60/461,483号; 2003年4月15日付で出願された米国特許仮出願弟60/463,076号; 2003年9月11日付で出願された米国特許仮出願弟60/502,557号; 2003年8月28日付で出願された米国特許仮出願弟60/499,247号; 2003年12月24日付で出願された米国特許仮出願弟60/532,755号の恩典を主張するものである。上記の出願のそれぞれの内容は全て、その全体が参照により本明細書に明示的に組み入れられる。
多様な真核生物では、二本鎖RNA(dsRNA)は、その二本鎖と配列を共有するmRNAの破壊を誘発する(Hutvdgner et al. (2002) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12: 225-232; Hannon (2002) Nature 418:244-251)。動物および基礎真核生物では、この過程はRNA干渉(RNAi) (Fire et al. (1998) Nature 391:806-811)と呼ばれる。現在では、マルチドメインのRNase III酵素DicerがdsRNAを21〜23ヌクレオチドの断片に転換することによってRNAiが始動するということで広く意見が一致している
。これらの短いRNAは小さな干渉性RNA(siRNA)として知られており、それらはsiRNA配列に相補的な標的RNAの分解を誘導する
。
を参照のこと。その効力は、細胞質中のそのmRNA標的を認識する能力および選択のRNA配列を結合し不活性化することにより遺伝子発現を遮断する能力に基づいている。
を参照のこと。
を参照のこと。
本発明は渦巻状物を利用する、細胞および生物にsiRNAおよびモルホリノを送達する組成物および方法を提供する。同様に、新規な渦巻状物の形成方法ならびに治療および投与方法も提供する。
今回、siRNAおよびモルホリノアンチセンス分子の送達に対する新たな手法が発見され、これにより遺伝子治療の改良法が提供される。本発明は渦巻型送達媒体を利用することによりsiRNAおよびモルホリノを保護し、安全かつ効果的な様式のさまざまな剤形(例えば、経口カプセル剤および液剤)でそれらを細胞、組織、臓器中の標的mRNAに対して、ならびに生物、例えば、動物およびヒトに対して送達する。
本発明をより容易に理解することができるように、特定の用語を初めに定義する。
に記述されているように、ヌクレオチドがその目的とする機能を果たすことを可能とするその他の置換を行うことにより修飾することもできる。上記のいくつかの修飾(例えば、リン酸基修飾)は、例えば、ヌクレオチド類似体を含むポリヌクレオチドのインビトロまたはインビボでの加水分解の速度を低下させることが好ましい。
一つの局面では、本発明は渦巻を形成したsiRNA組成物を特徴とする。このsiRNA-渦巻型組成物は一般に、渦巻状物、およびその渦巻状物と会合したsiRNAを含む。
腫瘍抑制タンパク質(例えば、APC、BRCA1、BRCA2、MADH4、MCC、NF 1、NF2、RB 1、TP53、およびWTI); ならびに酵素(例えば、ACC合成酵素および酸化酵素、ACP不飽和化酵素および水酸化酵素、ADPグルコースピロホスホリラーゼ、アセチル化酵素および脱アセチル化酵素、ATPase、アルコール脱水素酵素、アミラーゼ、アミログリコシダーゼ、過酸化水素分解酵素、セルラーゼ、カルコン合成酵素、キチン分解酵素、シクロオキシゲナーゼ、脱炭酸酵素、デキストリナーゼ、DNAおよびRNAポリメラーゼ、ガラクトシダーゼ、グルカン加水分解酵素、グルコース酸化酵素、顆粒結合性でんぷん合成酵素、GTPase、ヘリカーゼ、ヘミセルラーゼ、インテグラーゼ、イヌリナーゼ、転化酵素、異性化酵素、キナーゼ、ラクトース分解酵素、脂肪分解酵素、不飽和脂肪酸酸化酵素、リゾチーム、ノパリン合成酵素、オクトピン合成酵素、ペクチンエステラーゼ、過酸化酵素、ホスファターゼ、ホスホリパーゼ、過リン酸分解酵素、フィターゼ、植物成長調整物質合成酵素、ポリガラクツロナーゼ、タンパク質分解酵素およびペプチド加水分解酵素、プラナーゼ、組換え酵素、逆転写酵素、RUBISCO、トポイソメラーゼ、ならびにキシラン分解酵素)、細胞表面受容体およびリガンドならびに分泌タンパク質を含む、腫瘍増殖(血管新生を含む)に関与するまたは転位活性もしくは転移能に関与するタンパク質、細胞周期調節、遺伝子調節、およびアポトーシス調節タンパク質、免疫反応、炎症、補体、または凝固調節タンパク質。
本発明は同様に、渦巻を形成したモルホリノアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド(モルホリノ)およびそのモルホリノ-渦巻状物の使用方法(例えば、研究法および/または治療法)を特徴とする。一つの局面では、本発明は渦巻状物、およびその渦巻状物と会合したモルホリノを通常含んだモルホリノ-渦巻型組成物を提供する。
腫瘍抑制タンパク質(例えば、APC、BRCA1、BRCA2、MADH4、MCC、NF 1、NF2、RB 1、TP53、およびWTI); ならびに酵素(例えば、ACC合成酵素および酸化酵素、ACP不飽和化酵素および水酸化酵素、ADPグルコースピロホスホリラーゼ、アセチル化酵素および脱アセチル化酵素、ATPase、アルコール脱水素酵素、アミラーゼ、アミログリコシダーゼ、過酸化水素分解酵素、セルラーゼ、カルコン合成酵素、キチン分解酵素、シクロオキシゲナーゼ、脱炭酸酵素、デキストリナーゼ、DNAおよびRNAポリメラーゼ、ガラクトシダーゼ、グルカン加水分解酵素、グルコース酸化酵素、顆粒結合性でんぷん合成酵素、GTPase、ヘリカーゼ、ヘミセルラーゼ、インテグラーゼ、イヌリナーゼ、転化酵素、異性化酵素、キナーゼ、ラクトース分解酵素、脂肪分解酵素、不飽和脂肪酸酸化酵素、リゾチーム、ノパリン合成酵素、オクトピン合成酵素、ペクチンエステラーゼ、過酸化酵素、ホスファターゼ、ホスホリパーゼ、過リン酸分解酵素、フィターゼ、植物成長調整物質合成酵素、ポリガラクツロナーゼ、タンパク質分解酵素およびペプチド加水分解酵素、プラナーゼ、組換え酵素、逆転写酵素、RUBISCO、トポイソメラーゼ、ならびにキシラン分解酵素)、細胞表面受容体およびリガンドならびに分泌タンパク質を含む、腫瘍増殖(血管新生を含む)に関与するまたは転位活性もしくは転移能に関与するタンパク質、細胞周期調節、遺伝子調節およびアポトーシス調節タンパク質、免疫反応、炎症、補体または凝固調節タンパク質。
本発明の渦巻状物および渦巻型組成物は、任意で凝集阻害剤を含むことができる。凝集阻害剤は一つには、凝集が阻害されるように渦巻状物の表面特性を変化させることによって機能する。凝集は、例えば、立体的な大きさならびに/または渦巻型構造体の性質の変化、例えば、表面疎水性および/もしくは表面電荷の変化により阻害することができる。
本発明の渦巻状物および渦巻型組成物は、一種類または複数種類の付加的なカーゴ成分をさらに含むことができる。「付加的なカーゴ成分」とは、本発明のsiRNAまたはモルホリノに加えて渦巻を形成した成分であり、一般に渦巻状物を沈殿させるために利用される脂質およびイオンを指すものではない。カーゴ成分は生物学的興味を引く特質を有する任意の化合物、例えば、生物の生命現象に関与する化合物を含む。カーゴ成分は有機物でもまたは無機物でも、単量体でもまたは重合体でも、宿主生物にとって内在性でもまたはそうでなくても、天然に存在するものでもまたはインビトロで合成されるものなどでもよい。
他の局面では、本発明は全体としてsiRNAおよび/またはモルホリノを含む渦巻状物の作製方法に向けられる。この方法は全体として、siRNA成分および/またはモルホリノ成分の存在下で、例えば、多価陽イオンを添加することによりリポソーム懸濁液を沈殿させる段階を含むことができる。この渦巻状物は付加的なカーゴ成分またはその他の構成要素、例えば、凝集阻害剤をさらに含むことができる。本明細書で記述される方法は全て、モルホリノ-渦巻状物およびsiRNA渦巻状物の両方を作製するために利用することができる。
他の局面では、本発明はsiRNAまたはモルホリノを宿主(例えば、細胞または生物)に投与する方法を提供する。この方法は全体として、siRNA-渦巻型組成物またはモルホリノ-渦巻型組成物の生物学的有効量を宿主に投与する段階を含む。この渦巻型組成物は、例えば、付加的なカーゴ成分およひ/または凝集阻害剤との組成物を含めて、本明細書で記述される組成物のいずれかを含むことができる。
他の局面では、本発明は、ある障害の危険性がある(またはその障害の影響を受けやすい)被験者または異常なもしくは望ましくない標的遺伝子の発現もしくは活性と関係するある疾患を抱える被験者を治療する予防的方法と治療的方法の双方を提供する。この方法は全体として、疾患または障害が治療されるように、本発明のモルホリノ-渦巻型組成物またはsiRNA-渦巻状物の治療有効量を被験者に投与する段階を含む。
一つの局面では、本発明は被験者において、異常なまたは望ましくない標的遺伝子の発現または活性と関係する疾患または症状を、その被験者に治療薬(例えば、モルホリノ、siRNAもしくはベクターまたはそれをコードするトランス遺伝子)を投与する段階により予防する方法を提供する。予防薬の投与は、疾患または障害が予防されるか、あるいは、その進行が遅くなるように、標的遺伝子の異常を特徴とする徴候が現れる前に行うことができる。標的遺伝子の異常の種類に応じて、例えば、標的遺伝子、標的遺伝子のアゴニスト剤または標的遺伝子のアンタゴニスト剤を被験者の治療に使用することができる。その適当な薬剤は、本明細書で記述されるスクリーニングアッセイに基づいて決定することができる。
本発明の他の局面は、治療目的で標的遺伝子の発現、タンパク質の発現または活性を調節する方法に関する。したがって、典型的な態様では、本発明の調節方法は、標的タンパク質の発現またはその一つもしくは複数の活性が調節されるように、標的遺伝子またはタンパク質に特異的である(例えば、その遺伝子によりコードされるまたはそのタンパク質のアミノ酸配列を指定するmRNAに特異的である)本発明の組成物を宿主に投与する段階を含む。これらの調節方法はインビトロで(例えば、細胞を薬剤とともに培養することにより)または、あるいは、インビボで(例えば、薬剤を被験者に投与することにより)行うことができる。したがって、本発明は、標的mRNAのポリペプチドまたは核酸分子の異常なまたは望ましくない発現または活性により特徴付けられる疾患または障害に苦しむ個体を治療する方法を提供する。標的mRNA活性の阻害は、標的mRNAが異常によって調節されていない状況および/または標的mRNA活性の低下が有益な効果を及ぼす可能性が高い状況が望ましい。
日和見真菌感染症は癌、HIV感染者およびその他の免疫抑制者に蔓延しており、これはそのような患者を管理するうえで高い関心になっている。これらの生物は免疫不全者において罹患率および死亡率の重要な原因となっており(Jarvis, W.R., (1995) Clin Infect Dis. 20(6): 1526-30; Dupont Jarvis, B., et al., (1994) J Med Vet Mycol 32 (Suppl 1): 65-77; Bodey, G.P. (1988) J Hosp Infect 11 Suppl A:411-26)、それらは日和見真菌感染症を院内疾患の最大原因としている。
を参照のこと。アスペルギルスフミガタス菌は、喘息患者におけるアレルギー性気管支肺アスペルギルス症および免疫不全患者における浸潤性肺アスペルギルス症(IPA)を含めて、さまざまな疾患を引き起こす。Denning, D. W. (1998) Clin Infect Dis 26(4): 781-803; quiz 804-5; Andriole, V.T. (1993) Clin Infect Dis. 17 Suppl 2 : S481-6; Latge, J.P. (1999) Clin Microbiol Rev. 12(2): 310-50を参照のこと。浸潤性アスペルギルス症は免疫系が損なわれている患者に、とりわけ癌患者、その他の免疫抑制療法を受けている患者、骨髄移植患者、およびHIVに感染した患者に共通の感染症である。アスペルギルスフミガタスは、癌患者のなかでは真菌感染症の30%を占めており、白血病患者では10〜25%を占めている(Denning, D. W. (1998) Clin Infect Dis 26(4): 781-803; quiz 804-5)。浸潤性真菌感染症の早期診断は治療の好結果に不可欠であるが、その判定を行うことは難しい。Denning, D. W. (1996) Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 16: 277-99; Andriole, V. T., (1996) Infect Agents Dis. 5(1): 47-54; Latge, J.P., (1995) Curr Top Med Mycol. 6: 245-81を参照のこと。疾患の徴候の範囲は、遺伝的素因、宿主免疫系の欠陥、およびアスペルギルス種の病原性の組合せによって決定される。アンフォテリシンBは重篤なアスペルギルス感染症に対する治療の標準になっているが(Stevens, D.A. et al., (2000) Clin Infect Dis. 30(4): 696-709.)、これらの患者の死亡率は高いままである。Latge, J.P., (1999) Microbiol Rev. 12(2): 310-50を参照のこと。さらに、アンフォテリシンBは、永続的な腎不全を含めて、重篤な副作用につながる毒性の原因になることがある。リポソーム懸濁液のような新しい組成物は、毒性を低くすることはできるが、それを取り除くわけではない。
を参照のこと。局所性および侵襲性の真菌症の発生率は増加しているので、日和見真菌感染症を処置するいっそう効果的な治療法を開発することやこれらの生物の病原性をもっとよく理解することが引き続き必要である。
全ての真菌の原形質膜は、細胞内のpHを調節し(Morsomme, P. et al. (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta. 1469 (3): 133-57; Serrano, R., (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 947: 1-28)、ある種の必須アミノ酸、糖質およびイオンを含めて、栄養素の取込みに必要となる電気化学的プロトン勾配を原形質膜の両端で維持している必要不可欠なプロトンポンプATPase(H+-ATPase)を含んでいる。Serrano, R., (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 947: 1-28を参照のこと。原形質膜H+-ATPaseは、サッカロマイセスセレヴィシェ(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)などのモデル生物において生化学的、生物物理学的および遺伝学的レベルで広く研究されている(Morsomme, P. et al. (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta. 1469(3): 133-57; Perlin, D.S., et al. (1992) Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 607: 183-92; Moller, J.V. et al. (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1286: 1-51)。これは1本のMr〜100 kDaのポリペプチドからなっており、これは全体の膜タンパク質の5〜30%に相当する主要な膜構成要素である。Monk, B.C., et al., (1991) J Bacteriol. 173(21): 6826-36を参照のこと。これはATPの加水分解から得られるエネルギーを利用して、プロトンを細胞の内部からその外部に能動的に汲み出している。H+-ATPaseは、動物細胞の原形質膜のNa+、K+-ATPase、筋小胞体および赤血球のCa2+-ATPaseを含む典型的なクラスIIIa P型イオン輸送性ATPaseである。
上記の方法はその他の治療がなくても、またはその他の治療と組み合わせて利用することができる。そのような治療は、本発明の組成物の投与前に、その投与時に、またはその投与後に開始することができる。したがって、本発明の方法は、疾患もしくは障害に対する第二の治療またはその他の治療の副作用を和らげるための第二の治療のような、第二の治療を施す段階をさらに含むことができる。このような第二の治療には、例えば、免疫反応の抑制に対して行われるいずれかの治療を含むことができる。さらに、またはあるいは、さらなる治療には、疾患をさらに治療するための薬物の投与または疾患もしくはその他の治療の副作用を治療するための薬物(例えば、吐き気止め)の投与を含むことができる。
本発明は以下に記述されるように予防上のおよび治療上の処置のための本発明の渦巻状物の使用に関する。したがって、本発明の渦巻状物を投与に適した薬学的組成物に組み入れることができる。このような組成物は典型的には、本発明の渦巻状物および薬学的に許容される担体を含む。本明細書において、「薬学的に許容される担体」という用語は、薬学的投与に適合した、ありとあらゆる溶媒、分散媒、コーティング、抗細菌および抗真菌剤、等張および吸収遅延剤、ならびに同様のものを含むよう意図される。薬学的に活性な物質に対するこのような媒体および薬剤の使用は、当技術分野において周知である。
アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを治療薬として用いることは、この何年間かで広く研究されている。Brantl, S. (2002) Biochim Biophys Acta. 1575 (1-3):15-25; Brent, L.J.N, et al. (2002) Neurosci. 114(2):275-278; Akhtar et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 5551を参照のこと。その効力は、細胞質においてその標的mRNAを認識するその能力および選択のRNA配列に結合してこれを不活性化することにより遺伝子発現を遮断するその能力に基づいている。アンチンスの潜在能力は広く認識されているが、特異性の低さ、不安定性、予測不可能な標的化、および望ましくない非アンチセンス効果などの制限によって、アンチセンス分子を治療に用いることが阻まれている。さらに、この遺伝子調節戦略を制限している主な局面の一つは、細胞透過性が低いことである。Akhtar et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 5551を参照されたい。
を参照のこと。それらは予測可能な標的化により非常に効果的である。
を参照のこと。
ローダミン標識ホスファチジルエタノールアミン(Rho-PE)リポソームは、50 ml滅菌チューブ中にジオレオイルホスファチジルセリン(DOPS)およびRho-PEを20 : 1(Rho-PE:DOPS)の比率でクロロホルムに脂質10 mg/mlの比率で添加することにより調製した。Rho-PEの濃度をDOPSに対して約0.1%または0.01%とした。
およびGAPDHミスマッチ配列
について、GeneTools, LLC (Philomath, OR)から入手した。これらの配列は、そのコード配列の最初の25塩基を標的としGAPDHを遮断するために以前に使用されている。それらを中性pHでそのオリジナルボトルにテス[N-トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチル-2-アミノエタンスルホン酸]緩衝液0.834 mlを添加することにより可溶化させた。このモルホリノ原液を100 μl分注液として-20℃で保存した。使用前には、この分注液をモルホリノが溶液から析出していないことを確実とするために65℃で5分間加熱しなければならない。
モルホリノ-渦巻状物はFITC標識GAPDHモルホリノを用い、実施例1に記載されているように調製した。これらのモルホリノ-渦巻状物をNGFにより分化したラットP12細胞に投与し、図1Aおよび1Bに示されるように、渦巻状物の導入からそれぞれ3時間目および12時間目に写真を撮影した。LCSM蛍光画像によるローダミンの蛍光放出から照らし出されているように、渦巻状物は外膜と融合し、膜直下の凝集物を形成している。図1C(低出力)および1D(高出力)はフルオレセインイソチオシアネート(FITC)標識モルホリノを含有するローダミン標識渦巻状物の蛍光放出の写真である。図1Cおよび1Dはモルホリノを含有する渦巻状物、外套が解けた(unwrapped)渦巻状物から細胞質ゾル中に放出されたモルホリノ、およびFITC標識抗GAPDHモルホリノの細胞質への送達を描写している。これらの図1A〜Dに描写されている細胞中に送達されたモルホリノは、少なくとも72時間、細胞中に保持されていた。標識されたモルホリノは、細胞の細胞質ゾルおよび核の中に送達された(図1Cおよび1D)。
モルホリノ-渦巻状物はFITC標識GAPDHモルホリノを用い、実施例1に記載されているように調製した。これらのモルホリノ-渦巻状物を網膜器官型培養でインサイチューの網膜神経節細胞に投与した。モルホリノ-渦巻状物は網膜神経節細胞層中の細胞と容易に相互作用することが観測された(図2Aおよび2B)。図2Aおよび2Bはインサイチューの網膜神経節細胞による強力な渦巻状物の取り込みを実証するX-Y RGCL LCSMコンピュータスライスの画像である。縮尺棒は10マイクロメーターを示す。
NZBマウスは、慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)のマウスモデルとして役立つB-1細胞リンパ増殖性疾患を発現する。これらの悪性B-1細胞は、正常B-1またはB細胞よりも極めて高いレベルのIL-10 mRNAを産生する。IL-10 mRNAに特異的なアンチセンスオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドを添加することによって、時間および用量依存的に白血病性B-1細胞の増殖が劇的に阻害される。増殖するのにIL-10に依存していない対照細胞系には影響がない。IL-10 mRNAの5'領域を標的としたインビトロアンチセンス療法は、悪性B-1細胞の増殖の阻害を引き起こすだけでなく、悪性B-1細胞によるIL-10の産生も阻害した。インビボでは、アンチセンス療法は、腹腔内に導入した5×106個の悪性B-1細胞の制御不能な増殖による動物の死を阻止するのに有効であった。これらの実験では、約6週後、この時点で対照動物は全て死亡したが、アンチセンスIL-10による処置群には疾患の徴候がなかった。
渦巻状物はインビボで悪性B-1細胞の増殖を阻止する目的でアンチセンスIL-10オリゴヌクレオチドを送達するのに、ならびに疾患および死を防ぐのにいっそう有効であった。小型浸透圧注入ポンプを用いて、1日当たり300 μgのホスホロチオエート修飾アンチセンスIL-10オリゴヌクレオチドを28日間(合計すると8.4 mgになる)定常的に注入した。少ない量または短い期間によっては、腫瘍細胞の攻撃からの防御は得られなかった。
図5は両方の送達形式、つまりポンプおよび渦巻状物を含めたインビボでのアンチセンスIL-10実験を要約している。マウスは全て、白血病性B-1細胞の導入を受けた(NZB DBA/2)F1レシピエントとした。特定の処置群における罹患動物の割合は、罹患動物を試験動物で割り、これに100を乗じた数である。疾患には、後肢麻痺で第60日目前に死亡した全てのマウスまたは屠殺の時点でフローサイトメトリーもしくは異常な病変によって検出された悪性B-1細胞のクローンの証拠が含まれている。小型注入ポンプによるアンチセンスIL-10処置動物(0/4)、アンチセンスIL-10-渦巻状物による処置動物(0/3)、センスIL-10(4/5)、対照(ポンプおよび緩衝液のみまたは渦巻状物のみを受けたもの)(7/7)、悪性B-1細胞の導入後に処置を受けていない未処置のもの(7/7)。
CSF送達ロテノンおよび結合ロテノン-CLβL脳脊髄液(CSF)送達でラットにパーキンソン病様の病変を誘発させた。モルホリノ-渦巻状物を利用してモルホリノを送達し、GAPDHおよびp53のタンパク質量を抑制してNSdnアポトーシスおよびCSF注入により引き起こされるタンパク質凝集に対するその効果を研究することができる。
を使用することができる。これらの配列はGAPDHおよびp53合成を遮断するために(Chen et al. (1999) J Neurosci. 19:9654-62; Fukuhara et al. (2001) Neuroreport 12:2049-52)、および各コード配列の最初の25塩基を標的化するために使用されている。以前にp53またはGAPDH合成を変化させた他の3組の配列を使用することができる。
これらの研究により、ヒトの疾患を模倣した動物モデルにおいて侵入性アスペルギルス症を予防するsiRNA-渦巻型組成物の相対的効力を判定することができる。Charles River Labsから入手されるBalbCまたはDBA2雌マウスをこの研究に使用することができる。それらのマウスは、菌類病原体を感染させた場合に信頼できるような振舞いをするからである。以前の研究によって、マウスに病原性真菌を静脈内接種することで、ヒトに見られるのと同じ感染症が引き起こされることが示されている。
通常の有隔菌糸は幅が広く、二又分岐を形成する、すなわち、単一の菌糸が2つの均等な菌糸に分岐し、次いでその菌糸体が同様に分岐を続ける。致死未満量のebselenのような抗H+-ATPaseアンタゴニストは、分岐の低下している長く細い菌糸成分を生成させることが観測されている。H+-ATPase活性が低下するにつれて、ポンプの数を増加させることで系の全能力を維持するのに、細胞表面領域の拡大が役に立っている。弱酸で外部媒体のpHを下げて細胞質を酸性にすることにより変異プロトンポンプにストレスを加えることで、同様の結果が示されるものと予測される。アスペルギルスはとりわけ高温に耐性があり、45℃で効率的に増殖する。ebselenによる殺細胞のMICは温度の上昇とともに低下することが観測されている。PMA1遺伝子の阻害が増殖に対する温度プロファイルを変化させるかどうかを判定することができる。最後に、胞子形成および胞子発芽を同じように調べることができる。
病原性真菌での潜在的治療法としてのRNA干渉による遺伝子抑制を調べるために、小さな干渉性RNA(siRNA)をアスペルギルスフミガタスのPMA1遺伝子に対して設計した。PMA1遺伝子は、この病原生物において電気化学的プロトン勾配および細胞内pHを調節している必要不可欠な原形質膜プロトン-ATPaseをコードしている。Miller, M.D. et al. (1992) J Exp Med 176:1739-1744を参照のこと。2組のPMA1遺伝子センスおよびアンチセンスsiRNA対(21塩基長)をQiagen社のsiRNA設計ツール(http://python.penguindreams.net/Xeragon_Order_Entry/jsp/SearchByAccessionNumber.jsp)を用いて、開始コドンの100および162ヌクレオチド下流の領域(Genbank/NCBIアクセッション番号AY040609)に対して設計した。このsiRNA配列を表Iに記載する。Burghoorn, H.P. et al. (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:615-24を参照のこと。
マクロファージおよび真菌による渦巻状物の取込みの動態を調べるために、Olympus FV500共焦点レーザー顕微鏡を利用して、生細胞からおよび固定組織から蛍光で標識した渦巻状物の画像を実時間で得ることができる。Hitachi S4700電界放射型走査電子顕微鏡(FESEM)を利用して、渦巻状物の微細構造の詳細を調べることや渦巻状物と細胞膜/壁との間の相互作用の超高分解能画像を提供することができる。
A) 長時間にわたる渦巻状物の取込み
細胞/真菌を渦巻状物に2、5、10、15、30、60分間、12時間、24時間、48時間曝露して、取込みおよび分散に対する時間的系列を確立することができる。細胞/真菌を2%グルタルアルデヒド(gluteraldehyde) (EM等級)で固定することができ、これを同時局在化に使われるその他の細胞マーカーに曝露することができる。実時間画像処理の場合、カバースリップを環境的に制御された密閉室に移す。
生細胞においてAlexa 488-ヒストン1で標識した細胞核を利用して、siRNAが核に局在するかを判定することができる。リソソームを標識するLysotrackerプローブは、渦巻状物および/またはその内容物がリソソームに見出されるかを判定するのに役立つことができる。Tarasova N.I. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272: 14817-14824を参照のこと。陽イオン性直鎖ポリエンTMA-DPH、つまりエンドサイトーシスおよびエキソサイトーシスに対する脂質マーカー(Kawasaki Y. et al. (1991) BBBA 1067: 71-80; Illinger D. et al. (1993) Biol. Cell 79: 265-268)は、渦巻状物がマクロファージにより如何にして吸収/放出されるかの判定を補助することができる。マーカーは全てMolecular Probes (Oregon)で入手することができる。
渦巻状物および細胞/真菌などの固定化されていない、バルクの生体サンプルを急速凍結することで、標本中の歪みを最小にすることができる。しかしながら、渦巻状物/細胞の相互作用に関するさらなる情報が得られるものを調べるために、代替的な手順を試験することが必要であろう。
高分解能後方散乱電子検出を可能とするために、窒素スラッシュを利用して固定化されていない、水和した生体サンプルを冷却し、その後、二重コーティング層(2 nm白金、続けて5〜10 nM炭素)を施すことができる(Walther P. et al. (1997) Scanning 19:343-348)。
30%スクロースおよび20%スクロース/3% PEG-400による低温保存法を固定化サンプルに対して試験することができる。この方法は、二重コーティングにおいて見られるような超高分解能画像を提供する可能性は低いが、より低い加速電圧で合成および立体EM画像を作成するには最良でありうる。
方法Aは真菌には損傷が大き過ぎる可能性があり、その場合には、哺乳類細胞に利用することもできる臨界点乾燥法(Muller, W.H. et al. (2000) 22:295-303)を利用して、高分解能画像処理を提供することができる。この方法は高分解能画像を提供することができる。しかしながら、この方法はAまたはBよりもサンプルの歪みをもたらす可能性がある。
erbB(erbをコードするmRNAの標的化コドン852-873)に対する標識siRNAセンス:
; アンチセンス:
は、PPD社(Wilmington, NC)から入手した。以下の実験のとおり、siRNAを各実験用にCy5標識またはFITC標識した。このアニール用の22bp siRNAの20マイクロモル貯蔵液には、1 μl当たり0.26 μgのsiRNAが含まれていた。このsiRNA緩衝液には(i) 100 mM酢酸カリウム、30 mM HEPES-KOH (pH 7.4)、および2 mM酢酸マグネシウム; または(ii) 20 mM KCl、6 mM HEPES (pH 7.5)、および0.2 mM塩化マグネシウムが含まれていた。
貯蔵用のリポソーム懸濁液6.5 μlを0.2ミクロンのろ過膜でろ過して、小型単層小胞体リポソーム(SUV)を得た。貯蔵用のsiRNA溶液(1.3 μg siRNA) 5 μlをEppendorf微量遠心管に入れて、このsiRNAにSUV懸濁液(65 μg DOPS脂質) 6.5 μlを添加した。TES緩衝液88.5 μlを添加して十分に混合し、続けて0.1 M塩化カルシウム8 μlを添加し十分に混合して、渦巻状物を形成させた。
貯蔵用の20 μmM siRNA溶液(1.3 μg siRNA) 5 μlをEppendorf微量遠心管に入れた。このsiRNAに10 mg/ml懸濁液からDOPSリポソーム懸濁液(65 μg脂質) 6.5 μlを添加した。TES緩衝液88.5 μlを添加し、この混合液を、連結された2本のシリンジ間で、規定の孔径のポリカーボネート膜を通じて複数回押し出しすることによって単層脂質小胞体の作製を可能にするAvanti mini-extruderで7回押し出した。使用した膜は0.2ミクロンの孔径であった。0.04 M塩化カルシウム7 μlを添加し十分に混合して、渦巻状物を形成させた。
貯蔵用の20 μmM siRNA溶液(6.5 μg siRNA) 25 μlをEppendorf微量遠心管に入れた。このsiRNAに10 mg/ml懸濁液から未ろ過のDOPSリポソーム懸濁液(250 μg脂質) 25 μlを添加した。この混合液を7回押し出した。0.05 M塩化カルシウム溶液6 μlを添加し十分に混合して、渦巻状物を形成させた。脂質:siRNA比を重量比39:1とした。
10 mg/ml懸濁液から未ろ過のDOPSリポソーム懸濁液65 μlをEppendorf微量遠心管に入れた。0.1 M塩化カルシウム溶液4 μlを添加し十分に混合して、渦巻状物の懸濁液を形成させた。この懸濁液7 μlを別の微量遠心管に添加し、これを13,00 RPMで30分間遠心した。上清を除去し、この渦巻状物に貯蔵用の20 μmM siRNA溶液(1.3 μg siRNA) 5 μlを添加した。150 mM EDTA 3 μlを添加して、この渦巻状物をsiRNAと会合したリポソームに変換した。0.01 M塩化カルシウム溶液8 μlを添加し十分に混合し、その後にTES緩衝液および2 mM 塩化カルシウム80 μlを添加して混合した。
実施例7で調製された貯蔵用のリポソーム溶液および確認されたsiRNAを利用して、siRNA渦巻状物を調製し、これを卵巣癌細胞系SKOV3(PPD社)に投与した。以下の方法では、DOPS:siRNAの重量比を2:1 (12.45 μg脂質、6.5 μg siRNA)とした。リポソーム中の脂質濃度を約100 μg/ml(0.1 mg/ml)とし、siRNA濃度を約57 μg/ml(0.057 mg/ml)とした。SKOV3細胞は、10% FBSを添加したDMEM 5 mLを含有する60 mm2ペトリ皿(Corning)に入れて37℃で5% CO2の湿潤空気中で単層に増殖させた。混合液中のカルシウム濃度を高カルシウム法の場合には130 mMとし、低カルシウム法の場合には3.8 mMとした。
貯蔵用の20 μM siRNA溶液25 μlをEppendorf微量遠心管に入れ、これに2.5 M塩化カルシウム溶液6 μlを添加し十分に混合した。150 μg/mlのDOPSリポソームのTES(pH 7.0)溶液83 μlを添加し、続けてTES緩衝液17 μlを添加した。この総容量(131 μl)を十分に混合した。次いで、この混合液5 μlを細胞培養液45 μlに添加し、これを37℃で72時間インキュベートした。erbB2の発現を目的に、この培養物を固定し、これを抗体で染色した。
貯蔵用の20 μmM siRNA溶液25 μlをEppendorf微量遠心管に入れ、これに0.1 M塩化カルシウム溶液5 μlを添加し十分に混合した。150 μg/mlのDOPSリポソームのTES(pH 7.0)溶液83 μlを添加し、続けてTES緩衝液17 μlを添加した。この総容量(131 μl)を十分に混合した。次いで、この混合液5 μlを細胞培養液45 μlに添加し、これを37℃で72時間インキュベートした。erbB2の発現を目的に、この培養物を固定し、これを抗体で染色した。
SKOV3細胞を同様に、同じ方法(siRNAを添加しないこと以外は)を利用して作製した空の渦巻状物およびリポフェクトアミン(Lipofectamine)処方によるsiRNAとインキュベートした。erbB2の発現を目的に、この培養物を同様に固定し、これを抗体で染色した。
処理した培養物のそれぞれに対する表面erb B2発現の吸収結果(ELISAアッセイ)を図6に示す。吸収の低下は、特異的または非特異的機構によるErb B2の阻害を示す。低カルシウムのsiRNA渦巻型組成物(LCaRNAcc)は空の渦巻状物(LCaEPTcc)に匹敵してErb B2を阻害していないように思われた。ところが、高カルシウムのsiRNA-渦巻型組成物は阻害していた(HCaRNAcc対HCaEPTcc)。リポフェクトアミン処方によるsiRNA(リポ-RNAambおよびリポ-RNA-Cy5)で処理したウェルの染色が弱いのは、非特異的な下方制御を兼ねた特異的な阻害が原因である可能性があり、それを超える細胞傷害性が原因とされる細胞はずっと少ない可能性がある。
siRNAおよびポリエチレンイミン(PEI)を会合させて正に荷電している複合体を形成し、次いでこれを負に荷電しているリポソームに結合し渦巻を形成した。これらの渦巻を形成した複合体の効果を調べた。
当業者は、本明細書に記述されている本発明の特定の態様に対する多くの等価物を認識するであろう、または日常の実験を利用して、本発明の特定の態様に対する多くの等価物を確認することができると考えられる。そのような等価物は添付の特許請求の範囲に包含されることが意図される。
Claims (25)
- 以下を含むsiRNA-渦巻型組成物:
渦巻状物; および
渦巻状物と会合したsiRNA
であって、該渦巻状物は負に荷電している脂質成分および多価陽イオン成分を含み、かつ
該siRNA-渦巻型組成物は、
siRNAとポリエチレンイミン(PEI)との間で複合体を形成させる段階;
複合体を形成した該siRNAを、リポソームと接触させる段階;ならびに
該リポソームおよび複合体を形成した該siRNAを沈殿させてsiRNA-渦巻状物を形成させる段階
を含む方法によって形成されるものである、siRNA-渦巻型組成物。 - siRNAが少なくとも一つのミスマッチを含む、請求項1記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- siRNAが少なくとも一つの置換を含む、請求項1記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- siRNAが21〜23ヌクレオチド長である、請求項1記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- siRNAが標的mRNAに対するRNA干渉を媒介する、請求項1記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- 標的mRNAが、癌タンパク質、ウイルスタンパク質、HIVタンパク質、真菌タンパク質、細菌タンパク質、および細胞タンパク質からなる群より選択されるタンパク質を発現する、請求項5記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- 第二の標的mRNAに向けられた第二のsiRNAをさらに含む、請求項1記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- 少なくとも一つの付加的なカーゴ成分をさらに含む、請求項1記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- 凝集阻害剤をさらに含む、請求項1記載のsiRNA-渦巻型組成物。
- siRNAを宿主に投与するためのsiRNA-渦巻型組成物を製造するための、渦巻状物およびsiRNAの使用であって、
該siRNA-渦巻型組成物は、渦巻状物およびその渦巻状物と会合したsiRNAを含み、
該siRNA-渦巻型組成物は、該siRNA-渦巻型組成物の生物学的有効量を宿主に投与するために用いられるものであり、
該渦巻状物は、負に荷電している脂質成分および多価陽イオン成分を含み、かつ
該siRNA-渦巻型組成物は、
siRNAとポリエチレンイミン(PEI)との間で複合体を形成させる段階;
複合体を形成した該siRNAを、リポソームと接触させる段階;ならびに
該リポソームおよび複合体を形成した該siRNAを沈殿させてsiRNA-渦巻状物を形成させる段階
を含む方法によって形成されるものである、使用。 - siRNAが渦巻状物から宿主内の細胞に送達される、請求項10記載の使用。
- siRNAが細胞の細胞質ゾル区画中に送達される、請求項11記載の使用。
- siRNAが宿主において標的mRNAに対するRNA干渉を媒介する、請求項10記載の使用。
- 宿主における標的mRNAの発現が少なくとも50%低下する、請求項10記載の使用。
- 宿主における標的タンパク質の合成が少なくとも10%低下する、請求項10記載の使用。
- 宿主における標的タンパク質の合成が少なくとも50%低下する、請求項10記載の使用。
- 宿主が細胞、細胞培養物、臓器、組織、または動物である、請求項10記載の使用。
- 標的mRNAまたは宿主内で標的mRNAにより発現されるタンパク質の機能が調べられている、請求項10記載の使用。
- 標的mRNAの発現と関係する疾患または障害を有する被験者を治療するためのsiRNA-渦巻型組成物を製造するための、渦巻状物およびsiRNAの使用であって、
該siRNA-渦巻型組成物は、渦巻状物および疾患または障害と関係がある標的mRNAに対するsiRNAを含み、
該siRNA-渦巻型組成物は、siRNA-渦巻型組成物の治療有効量を被験者に投与するために用いられるものであり、
該渦巻状物は負に荷電している脂質成分および多価陽イオン成分を含み、かつ
該siRNA-渦巻型組成物は、
siRNAとポリエチレンイミン(PEI)との間で複合体を形成させる段階;
複合体を形成した該siRNAを、リポソームと接触させる段階;ならびに
該リポソームおよび複合体を形成した該siRNAを沈殿させてsiRNA-渦巻状物を形成させる段階
を含む方法によって形成されるものである、使用。 - 疾患または障害が以下からなる群より選択される、請求項19記載の使用: 異常なまたは望ましくない遺伝子発現と関係する神経障害、統合失調症、強迫性障害(OCD)、うつ病、双極性障害、アルツハイマー病、パーキンソン病、リソソーム蓄積症、ファブリー病、ゴーシェ病、I型ゴーシェ病、ファーバー病、ニーマン・ピック病(A型およびB型)、球様細胞白質委縮症(クラッベ病)、異染性白質委縮症、多発性スルファターゼ欠損症、スルファチダーゼアクチベーター(sap-B)欠損症、sap-C欠損症、GM1ガングリオシドーシス、テイ・サックス病、テイ・サックス病B1異型、テイ・サックス病AB異型、酸性マルターゼ欠損症、ムコ多糖症、サンドホフ病、癌、細胞増殖性疾患、血液凝固障害、異常フィブリノーゲン血症、血友病(AおよびB)、皮膚障害、高脂質血症、高血糖症、高コレステロール血症、肥満症、急性および慢性の白血病およびリンパ腫、肉腫、腺腫、真菌感染症、細菌感染症、ウイルス感染症、自己免疫疾患、全身性紅斑性狼瘡、多発性硬化症、重症筋無力症、自己免疫性溶血性貧血、自己免疫性血小板減少症、グレーブス病、同種移植拒絶反応、関節リウマチ、強直性脊椎炎、乾癬、強皮症、癌腫、上皮癌、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、前立腺癌、乳癌、膵臓癌、肝細胞癌、腎細胞癌、胆道癌、結腸直腸癌、卵巣癌、子宮癌、黒色腫、子宮頸癌、睾丸癌、食道癌、胃癌、中皮腫、神経膠腫、膠芽細胞腫、下垂体腺腫、炎症性疾患、変形性関節症、アテローム性動脈硬化症、炎症性腸疾患(クローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎)、ブドウ膜炎、湿疹、慢性鼻副鼻腔炎、喘息、遺伝病、嚢胞性線維症、ならびに筋ジストロフィー。
- siRNA-渦巻型組成物の形成方法であって、以下の段階を含む方法:
siRNAとポリエチレンイミン(PEI)との間で複合体を形成させる段階;
複合体を形成した該siRNAを、リポソームと接触させる段階;ならびに
該リポソームおよび複合体を形成した該siRNAを沈殿させてsiRNA-渦巻状物を形成させる段階であって、該渦巻状物は負に荷電している脂質成分および多価陽イオン成分を含む、段階。 - siRNAのリポソーム懸濁液のpHを調整する段階を含む、請求項21記載の方法。
- siRNAの塩基対を荷電させる段階を含む、請求項21記載の方法。
- リポソームおよびsiRNAを沈殿させるためにカルシウム量の上昇を利用する段階を含む、請求項21記載の方法。
- 沈殿の前に、リポソームおよびsiRNAを押し出す段階をさらに含む、請求項21記載の方法。
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