JP4490428B2 - ターボチャージドエンジンを制御するための空気供給制御方法 - Google Patents
ターボチャージドエンジンを制御するための空気供給制御方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4490428B2 JP4490428B2 JP2006529961A JP2006529961A JP4490428B2 JP 4490428 B2 JP4490428 B2 JP 4490428B2 JP 2006529961 A JP2006529961 A JP 2006529961A JP 2006529961 A JP2006529961 A JP 2006529961A JP 4490428 B2 JP4490428 B2 JP 4490428B2
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B37/12—Control of the pumps
- F02B37/18—Control of the pumps by bypassing exhaust from the inlet to the outlet of turbine or to the atmosphere
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D11/00—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated
- F02D11/06—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance
- F02D11/10—Arrangements for, or adaptations to, non-automatic engine control initiation means, e.g. operator initiated characterised by non-mechanical control linkages, e.g. fluid control linkages or by control linkages with power drive or assistance of the electric type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D35/00—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02D35/02—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions
- F02D35/025—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions by determining temperatures inside the cylinder, e.g. combustion temperatures
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
- F02D41/0007—Controlling intake air for control of turbo-charged or super-charged engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1446—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures
- F02D41/1447—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures with determination means using an estimation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1448—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an exhaust gas pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1448—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an exhaust gas pressure
- F02D41/145—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an exhaust gas pressure with determination means using an estimation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/18—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals by measuring intake air flow
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01P2060/00—Cooling circuits using auxiliaries
- F01P2060/02—Intercooler
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
- F02D2200/0406—Intake manifold pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
- F02D2200/0406—Intake manifold pressure
- F02D2200/0408—Estimation of intake manifold pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/70—Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the vehicle exterior
- F02D2200/703—Atmospheric pressure
- F02D2200/704—Estimation of atmospheric pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1446—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
Description
Pexh=[A(Tc)*MAP−B(N,AMP,Texh)]/C(Texh)
により計算される。ここでA,B,Cはあらかじめ定められた関数であり、Tcはシリンダ内の温度であり、MAPは吸気圧力であり、Nは機関速度であり、AMPは周囲圧力であり、Texhは排気マニホールド内の燃焼ガス温度である。
MAP=[F(N,Texh)*Pexh+G(N,AMP,Texh)]/[H(N,Tc)]
により計算され、ここでF,G,Hはあらかじめ定められた関数であり、Tcはシリンダ内の温度であり、Pexhは排気マニホールド内の圧力であり、Nは機関速度であり、AMPは周囲圧力であり、Texhは排気マニホールド内の燃焼ガス温度である。
(a)Bgm=VTDC*Pb/R*Texh
と表される。ここでVTDCは上死点でのシリンダ容積であり、Texhは燃焼ガスの温度であり、Rは理想気体定数である。
(b)Cgm=VBDC*MAP/R*Tc
により求められる。ここでVBDCは下死点でのシリンダ容積である。
(c)Nam=Cgm−Bgm
である。
(d)Nam=(VBDC*MAP/R*Tc)−(VTDC*Pb/R*Texh)
が導出される。ここでMafCylを時間単位当たりでシリンダ4内へ流入する空気流量とする。この空気流量MafCylは機関速度Nおよびガス量Namに依存し、
(e)MafCyl=f(N)*g(Tc)*MAP−h(N)*k(AMP)*l(Texh)
と記述される。f,g,h,k,lは前述の式の種々の変数を含む関数である。
(f)MafCyl=ff(N)*ll(Texh)*Pexh
が得られる。ここでPexhは排気マニホールド内の圧力である。
(g)MAP=[ff(N)*ll(Texh)*Pexh+h(N)*k(AMP)*l(Texh)]/[f(N)*g(Tc)]
が得られる。
(h)f(N)=ff(N)
が得られた。したがって新たな関数
(i)hh(N)=h(N)/f(N)
が定義される。
(j)MAP=[ll(Texh)*Pexh+hh(N)*k(AMP)+l(Texh)]/g(Tc)
に等しい。式(j)は式(g)を簡略化した形態である。吸気マニホールド20内の圧力の関数として排気圧力を得るためにこの式(j)を変換すると、
(k)Pexh=[g(Tc)*MAP−hh(N)*k(AMP)*l(Texh)]/ll(Texh)
となる。
(1)Pexh−AMP=φ(N)
が得られる。ここでφは機関ごとに求められる関数である。
Claims (14)
- ターボチャージャ(14)のコンプレッサの下流に吸気マニホールド(20)が、また前記ターボチャージャのタービンの上流に排気マニホールド(22)が設けられており、
吸気マニホールド内の圧力、排気マニホールド内の燃焼ガス温度、機関速度、周囲圧力、および、シリンダ(4)内の温度の関数として、前記排気マニホールド内の圧力を求める、
ターボチャージドエンジンのための空気供給制御方法において、
前記排気マニホールド内の圧力P exh を、式
P exh =[A(T c )*MAP−B(N,AMP,T exh )]/C(T exh )
により計算し、
ここでA,B,Cはあらかじめ定められた関数であり、T c はシリンダ内の温度であり、MAPは吸気マニホールド内の圧力であり、Nは機関速度であり、AMPは周囲圧力であり、T exh は排気マニホールド内の燃焼ガス温度である
ことを特徴とするターボチャージドエンジンのための空気供給制御方法。 - スロットルバルブ(18)を介して前記機関へ供給される空気流を制御し、該スロットルバルブがあらかじめ定められた時間内にあらかじめ定められた限界値内で閉鎖位置に近づいたとき、前記周囲圧力AMPを前記排気マニホールド内の圧力に基づいて前記機関速度の関数として計算する、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記機関へ供給される空気量を、前記スロットルバルブ(18)を介して機械的または電気的に制御し、前記スロットルバルブが電気的に制御される場合、該スロットルバルブの開放角度およびターボチャージャ排出弁(24)の開放角度を同時に制御する、請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記排気マニホールド内の温度をモデリングにより求める、請求項1記載の方法。
- エアインテーク(10)およびエアマスフローメータ(12)がターボチャージャの上流に配置されている、請求項1記載の方法。
- インタークーラ(16)がターボチャージャの下流に配置されている、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記吸気マニホールド内の圧力の計算値と測定値との相関度は0.9以上である、請求項1記載の方法。
- ターボチャージャ(14)のコンプレッサの下流に吸気マニホールド(20)が、また前記ターボチャージャのタービンの上流に排気マニホールド(22)が設けられており、
センサによって測定された排気マニホールド内の圧力、機関速度、周囲圧力、シリンダ(4)内の温度、および、前記排気マニホールド内の温度の関数として、吸気マニホールド内の圧力を求める、
ターボチャージドエンジンのための空気供給制御方法において、
前記吸気マニホールド内の圧力MAPを、式
MAP=[F(N,T exh )*P exh +G(N,AMP,T exh )]/[H(N,T c )]
により計算し、
ここでF,G,Hはあらかじめ定められた関数であり、T c はシリンダ内の温度であり、P exh は排気マニホールド内の圧力であり、Nは機関速度であり、AMPは周囲圧力であり、T exh は排気マニホールド内の燃焼ガス温度である、
ことを特徴とするターボチャージドエンジンのための空気供給制御方法。 - スロットルバルブ(18)を介して前記機関へ供給される空気流を制御し、該スロットルバルブがあらかじめ定められた時間内にあらかじめ定められた限界値内で閉鎖位置に近づいたとき、前記周囲圧力AMPを前記排気マニホールド内の圧力に基づいて前記機関速度の関数として計算する、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記機関へ供給される空気量を、前記スロットルバルブ(18)を介して機械的または電気的に制御し、前記スロットルバルブが電気的に制御される場合、該スロットルバルブの開放角度およびターボチャージャ排出弁(24)の開放角度を同時に制御する、請求項9記載の方法。
- 前記排気マニホールド内の温度をモデリングにより求める、請求項8記載の方法。
- エアインテーク(10)およびエアマスフローメータ(12)がターボチャージャの上流に配置されている、請求項8記載の方法。
- インタークーラ(16)がターボチャージャの下流に配置されている、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記吸気マニホールド内の圧力の計算値と測定値との相関度は0.9以上である、請求項8記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0311741A FR2860836B1 (fr) | 2003-10-08 | 2003-10-08 | Procede de gestion de l'alimentation en air d'un moteur, destine notamment a la gestion d'un moteur turbocompresse |
PCT/EP2004/009237 WO2005033494A1 (fr) | 2003-10-08 | 2004-08-18 | Procede de gestion de l’alimentation en air d’un moteur, destine notamment a la gestion d’un moteur turbocompresse |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2007533890A JP2007533890A (ja) | 2007-11-22 |
JP4490428B2 true JP4490428B2 (ja) | 2010-06-23 |
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JP2006529961A Expired - Fee Related JP4490428B2 (ja) | 2003-10-08 | 2004-08-18 | ターボチャージドエンジンを制御するための空気供給制御方法 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7516618B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1671023B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4490428B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20060113918A (ja) |
DE (1) | DE602004005474T2 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2860836B1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005033494A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (8)
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US8024919B2 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2011-09-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | Engine system, operating method and control strategy for aftertreatment thermal management |
FR2919675B1 (fr) * | 2007-08-02 | 2009-09-18 | Renault Sas | Procede d'estimation de la pression de suralimentation d'un moteur diesel suralimente |
US8069651B2 (en) * | 2007-08-30 | 2011-12-06 | Caterpillar Inc. | Machine, engine system and operating method |
JP5380082B2 (ja) | 2009-01-13 | 2014-01-08 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 鞍乗り型乗物の過給機付き内燃機関 |
DE102011080418A1 (de) | 2010-12-17 | 2012-06-21 | Schaeffler Technologies Gmbh & Co. Kg | Turbolader mit Temperatursiegel |
US9551286B2 (en) * | 2011-04-22 | 2017-01-24 | Borgwarner Inc. | Turbocharger boost control using exhaust pressure estimated from engine cylinder pressure |
US9915197B2 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2018-03-13 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc. | Control method for variable geometry exhaust turbine |
KR102531905B1 (ko) * | 2019-09-26 | 2023-05-11 | 한국자동차연구원 | 흡입공기량 센서의 측정값 보정 장치 및 방법 |
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DE4193794T1 (de) * | 1991-12-19 | 1994-01-13 | Caterpillar Inc | Verfahren zur Motordiagnose unter Verwendung von Modellen auf Computerbasis |
DE19615545C1 (de) * | 1996-04-19 | 1997-06-12 | Daimler Benz Ag | Einrichtung zur Dieselmotorbetriebsregelung mit Abgasrückführung und Ansaugluftdrosselung |
US6067800A (en) * | 1999-01-26 | 2000-05-30 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Control method for a variable geometry turbocharger in a diesel engine having exhaust gas recirculation |
US6035640A (en) * | 1999-01-26 | 2000-03-14 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Control method for turbocharged diesel engines having exhaust gas recirculation |
DE10010978B4 (de) * | 2000-03-07 | 2005-03-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Regelung des Ladedrucks einer Brennkraftmaschine |
US6658364B2 (en) * | 2001-01-12 | 2003-12-02 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method of estimating gas pressure in an engine exhaust manifold |
US6508241B2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2003-01-21 | Cummins, Inc. | Equivalence ratio-based system for controlling transient fueling in an internal combustion engine |
US6508242B2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2003-01-21 | Cummins, Inc. | System for estimating engine exhaust temperature |
FR2824596B1 (fr) * | 2001-05-14 | 2003-12-12 | Renault | Procede pour estimer le debit d'air dans un moteur et dispositif de controle du fonctionnement d'un tel moteur |
ATE440213T1 (de) * | 2001-10-12 | 2009-09-15 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Motorsteuerung |
FR2837528B1 (fr) * | 2002-03-21 | 2004-06-04 | Renault | Procede d'estimation du couple de pompage d'un moteur thermique pour vehicule automobile |
US7107140B2 (en) * | 2004-10-08 | 2006-09-12 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Internal combustion engine control apparatus |
US7117078B1 (en) * | 2005-04-22 | 2006-10-03 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Intake oxygen estimator for internal combustion engine |
US7640744B2 (en) * | 2005-12-02 | 2010-01-05 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method for compensating compressor lag of a hybrid powertrain |
-
2003
- 2003-10-08 FR FR0311741A patent/FR2860836B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-08-18 EP EP04764225A patent/EP1671023B1/fr active Active
- 2004-08-18 KR KR1020067008908A patent/KR20060113918A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2004-08-18 DE DE602004005474T patent/DE602004005474T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-08-18 US US10/575,162 patent/US7516618B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-08-18 WO PCT/EP2004/009237 patent/WO2005033494A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 2004-08-18 JP JP2006529961A patent/JP4490428B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20060113918A (ko) | 2006-11-03 |
JP2007533890A (ja) | 2007-11-22 |
EP1671023A1 (fr) | 2006-06-21 |
US7516618B2 (en) | 2009-04-14 |
EP1671023B1 (fr) | 2007-03-21 |
DE602004005474T2 (de) | 2007-12-13 |
WO2005033494A1 (fr) | 2005-04-14 |
FR2860836B1 (fr) | 2005-12-16 |
DE602004005474D1 (de) | 2007-05-03 |
US20060277908A1 (en) | 2006-12-14 |
FR2860836A1 (fr) | 2005-04-15 |
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