JP4472333B2 - 好ましくないタンパク質群を患者の血漿から除去するための薬剤 - Google Patents
好ましくないタンパク質群を患者の血漿から除去するための薬剤 Download PDFInfo
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Description
インビトロでアミロイド原繊維への血清アミロイドP成分(SAP)の結合の阻害剤をスクリーニングして試験する方法を、F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltdと共同で考案して用い、薬剤開発に適切なリード分子を特定した。これに基づき、候補化合物のライブラリーをスクリーニングした。その後の共同医薬品化学プログラムにより、ジカルボン酸ファミリーを合成するに至った。この中で、最も研究したピロリドン環含有分子が、(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸である。この分子と関連化合物(EP−A−0915088)は、インビトロでSAPがアミロイド原繊維に結合するのを適度に阻害する阻害剤であり、IC50値は約0.5〜1.0μMである。しかしながら、これらは全て、本来のリード化合物である単一のD−プロリン環およびカルボン酸塩のみを含む1-(3-メルカプト-2-メチル-1-オキソプロピル)-D-プロリンより強力な阻害剤である。
本来のリード化合物である1-(3-メルカプト-2-メチル-1-オキソプロピル)-D-プロリンのインビボの研究によれば、この化合物が、マウスで実験的に誘発したアミロイド沈着物へのSAPの結合を阻害するとともに、沈着物へ既に結合しているSAPを解離することが示されている。(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸の研究によれば、この化合物は、この点に関して、1-(3-メルカプト-2-メチル-1-オキソプロピル)-D-プロリンより活性が強いことが確認された。インビボでの(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸の作用強度は、当初、インビトロでのIC50が小さいことに合致すると考えられていた。しかし、回文構造を有する薬剤の架橋能力により五量体SAP分子が集合して十量体となるが、この十量体は異常な分子立体配置を示すものであり、本発明によれば、インビボで識別されて速やかに循環系から除去されることになる。この薬物の作用によって、血漿からSAPが大量に除去されることとなり、アミロイド内のSAPは、血漿SAPプール由来であると同時にこれと平衡状態にあるため、斯かる薬物の作用は、アミロイド沈着物からのSAPの除去に対して決定的に貢献する。
全身性アミロイドーシスに罹患している8例の患者(7例がAL、1例がAA型)、軽微な局所的ALアミロイドーシスの患者が1例、アミロイド形成Ala60トランスサイレチン変異体のキャリアであるが無症状のアミロイドーシスを有す患者が1例に対して、(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸を48時間かけて静脈注入することにより投与した。全被検者で、循環系SAPが、劇的に、迅速に且つ一貫して除去された。ゆっくりと連続注入した最初の試験では、SAP濃度は、約2mgの(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸が投与された時点で低下し始めた。そこで、次の試験では、この量を最初から一度に注射した後、図4に示す速度で注入した。注入速度0.1mg/kg/日では、SAPの除去は遅く不完全であったが、0.25mg/kg/日またはこれ以上の速度から最大6mg/kg/日まででは、SAPは、アミロイドの負荷量に関わらず、注入の最後までにはほぼ完全に排除された(図4)。しかし、薬剤注入を中止すると、血漿SAP濃度は、アミロイドを僅かしかまたは全く有さない個人では正常値まで速やかに回復するが、有意にアミロイドーシスを示す患者では、この回復が目に見えて遅れた。極めて大量のアミロイドを有する1例の患者では、血漿SAP濃度は、注入後20日で初期値より25%低いままであった。SAPの一日生成量は約50〜100mg/日であるが(参考文献15)、その大部分は、血漿プールを満たすことができるようになる前にアミロイド沈着物内へ明らかに分配された。このことは、(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸は、このように短時間で注入しても、実質的にアミロイド結合SAPを除去したことを示す極めて強力な間接証拠である。
(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸は、インビボで、SAPの特異的リガンド結合能力によって、特異的にSAPを標的にする。しかし本発明では、薬剤は回文構造を有することから、付加的に、未変性五量体SAP分子を凝集させて十量体薬剤SAP複合体にし、次に、この複合体は、肝臓により速やかに除去される。斯かる新規な作用は、SAPのアミロイド原繊維への結合阻害剤である(R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸を開発するときには意図しないものであり、求めたものでも予想したものでもなかった。この薬剤は、本発明で十分に説明された実施例化合物であり、SAPのアミロイド沈着物からの解離を劇的に促進し、この作用効果はアミロイドーシスの治療目的である。このように循環系の血漿タンパク質を標的にして薬理的に除去することは、これまでには公知とされていない新規の薬剤の作用機構であり、多くの異なるタンパク質や疾病過程に広く適用可能である。
トランスサイレチン(TTR)は、以前にはプレアルブミンとして知られており、肝臓内や脳内の脈絡叢でも生成される正常な血漿タンパク質である。これは、血漿中の甲状腺ホルモン(チロキシンおよびトリヨードチロニン)とレチノール結合タンパク質(RBP)との両方を輸送する。これらは重要な生理的機能であると推定されるが、TTR遺伝子を欠失されることによりTTRの正常な増大と発生が全く欠如したマウスは、生殖機能を喪失せず、異常な表現型も示さない。これは、TTRによるRBPの輸送を必要とすることなく、レチノール(ビタミンA)は適切に供給されることが可能だからであり、甲状腺ホルモンに特異的に結合する別の血漿タンパク質であるチロキシン結合グロブリン(TBG)が存在するためであると考えられる。実際、TBGは、TTRより遥かに大きな親和性でチロキシンに結合し、ホルモンの有効性と機能を調節するのにより重要である。
リゾチームは、動物、植物および下等生物に広く分布しているグリカナーゼ酵素(EC3.2.1.17)である。この酵素は、細菌のペプチドグリカンでは、N−アセチルムラミン酸のC−1とN−アセチルグルコサミンのC−4との間のグリコシド結合を特異的に切断することから、1,4-β-N-アセチルムラミダーゼである。ヒトリゾチームは、唾液、涙液および他の外分泌物から分泌され、マクロファージの主な分泌生成物であり、肝細胞や腸のパネート細胞からも生成される。ヒトリゾチームは、感受性の高い細菌の細胞壁を消化する能力により、宿主防御に寄与する可能性があるものの、その機能はよくわかっていない。また、リゾチームは、陽イオン性も高いので、陰イオン性のグリコサミングリカンと密接に結合して軟骨中に濃縮される。ヒトリゾチーム遺伝子に見られる第1の突然変異は、有効な治療法がない遺伝性全身性アミロイドーシスの形態に付随するものである(参考文献22)。変異リゾチーム分子は、その単一の残基置換により野生種のリゾチームより安定性が低下するため、アミロイドを形成する(参考文献23)。変異リゾチーム分子は、生理的状態で自発的に折り畳み構造が展開し、部分的に展開した状態となるが、これは、再び折り畳まれて凝集し、異常な病原性のあるアミロイドクロス−β原線維構造になる傾向が高い(参考文献23)。
β2−ミクログロブリンは、細胞表面に存在する全てのクラスI MHC分子と非共有結合的に相互作用するMr 11,815の単鎖タンパク質である。β2−ミクログロブリンは、ヒトでは約200mg/日の割合で産生され、もっぱら腎臓で排除され異化される。従って、β2−ミクログロブリンの血漿レベルは、腎不全の時には上昇し、血液透析も腹膜透析もβ2−ミクログロブリンを排除するのに有効でない。透析を行っている末期腎不全の患者では、β2−ミクログロブリンの血漿濃度は、正常値の約2mg/lに比較して50〜70mg/lに達し、透析を約5〜7年間行った後には、特に骨および関節周囲でのβ2−ミクログロブリンアミロイド沈着に苦しむものが増える。この沈着によって、世界中の長期透析を行っている約100万人の患者では、罹患率と死亡率が高くなる。唯一の有効な治療法は、β2−ミクログロブリンを効率的に除去するための唯一の可能な方法である腎臓移植であるが、移植は、ごく少数の末期腎不全患者にしか利用可能でない。
アミロイド原線維の前駆タンパク質の供給をなくすことが可能なアミロイドーシスの全ての型では、新しいアミロイドの沈着が止まり、存在する沈着物が安定化または退縮することが臨床上の利益につながることは、十分に証明されている。これは、上の実施例に詳細に示されているが、アルツハイマー病、牛海綿状脳症および異形クロイツフェルトヤコブ病を含む感染性海綿状脳症、および2型成人発症型糖尿病に付随するものを含む全ての型のアミロイドーシスに適用される。
身体の後天的免疫系は、本質的にどの分子に対しても、高特異性で高親和性な抗体を作る能力を有する。抗体形成を誘発する分子は抗原と呼ばれ、抗体が実際に認識して結合するサブ分子領域はエピトープと呼ばれる。通常、抗体は、主に体外からの異種抗原に反応して形成され、細菌感染や寄生感染に対する宿主防御に最も重要である。損傷した自己成分の排除に寄与する低度応答と、免疫調節に関与する他の応答以外には、免疫系は、身体自身の分子に対して寛容であり、これに対する自己抗体を産生しない。しかし、自己免疫疾患では寛容性が破壊され、自己成分に結合して、炎症、細胞死、および組織損傷を引き起こす異常な自己抗体が生成される。自己抗体の正確な特異性によって、また、臓器または組織特異性のある自己抗原に対して抗体が作られるか或いは臓器特異性がないかによって、多くの異なる型の自己免疫疾患が存在する。しかし、殆どの自己免疫疾患では、病原性自己抗体の特異性および自己抗原とその主要なエピトープの特徴は公知である。
図1 (R)-1-[6-(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸と複合体化したSAPの3次元X線結晶構造である。
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11. Ashton,A.W., Boehm,M.K., Gallimore,J.R., Pepys,M.B. and Perkins,S.J. (1997) Pentameric and decameric structures in solution of serum amyloid P component by X-ray and neutron scattering and molecular modelling analyses. J.Mol.Biol., 272: 408-422.
12. Baltz,M.L., de Beer,F.C., Feinsten,A. and Pepys,M.B. (1982) Calcium-dependent aggregation of human serum amyloid P component. Biochim.Biophys.Acta, 701: 229-236.
13. Booth,D.R., Gallimore,J.R., Hutchinson,W.L., Hohenester,E., Thompson,D., Wood,S. and Pepys,M.B. (1999) Analysis of autoaggregation and ligand binding sites of serum amyloid P component by in vitro mutagenesis. In: Amyloid and Amyloidosis 1998, (Kyle,R.A. and Gertz,M.A., eds.), Parthenon Publishing, Pearl River, New York, pp.23-25.
14. Hutchinson,W.L., Hohenester,E. and Pepys,M.B. (2000) Human serum amyloid P component is a single uncomplexed pentamer in wllo1e serum. Mol.Med., 6: 482-493.
15. Hawkins,P.N., Wootton,R. and Pepys,M.B. (1990) Metabolic studies of radioiodinated serum amyloid P component in normal subjects and patients with systemic amyloidosis. J.Clin.Invest., 86: 1862-1869.
16. Hutchinson,W.L., Noble,G.E., Hawkins,P.N. and Pepys,M.B. (1994) The pentraxins, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component, are cleared and catabolized by hepatocytes in vivo. J.Clin.Invest., 94: 1390-1396.
17. Pepys,M.B., Rademacher,T.W., Amatayakul-Chantler,S., Williams,P., Noble,G.E., Hutchinson,W.L., Hawkins,P.N., Nelson,S.R., Gallimore,J.R., Herbert,J., Hutton,T. and Dwek,R.A. (1994) Human serum amyloid P component is an invariant constituent of amyloid deposits and has a uniquely homogeneous glycostructure. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USS, 91: 5602-5606.
18. Holmgren,G., Steen,L., Ekstedt,J., Groth,C.-G., Ericzon,B.-G., Eriksson,S., Andersen,O., Karlberg,I., Norden,G., Nakazato,M., Hawkins,P., Richardson,S. and Pepys,M. (1991) Biochemical effect of liver transplantation in two Swedish patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP-met30). Clin.Genet., 40: 242-246.
19. Holmgren,G., Ericzon,B.-G., Groth,C.-G., Steen,L., Suhr,O., Andersen,O., Wallin,B.G., Seymour,A., Richardson,S., Hawkins,P.N. and Pepys,M.B. (1993) Clinical improvement and amyloid regression after liver transplantation in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Lancet, 341: 1113-1116.
20. Klabunde,T., Petrassi,H.M., Oza,V.B., Raman,P., Kelly,J.W. and Sacchettini,J.C. (2000) Rational design of potent human transthyretin amyloid disease inhibitors. Nature Struct.Biol., 7: 312-321.
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22. Pepys,M.B., Hawkins,P.N., Booth,D.R., Vigushin,D.M., Tennent,G.A., Soutar,A.K., Totty,N., Nguyen,O., Blake,C.C.F., Terry,C.J., Feest,T.G., Zalin,A.M. and Hsuan,J.J. (1993) Human lysozyme gene mutations cause hereditary systemic amyloidosis. Nature, 362: 553-557.
23. Booth,D.R., Sunde,M., Bellotti,V., Robinson,C.V., Hutchinson,W.L., Fraser,P.E., Hawkins,P.N., Dobson,C.M., Radford,S.E., Blake,C.C.F. and Pepys,M.B. (1997) Instability, unfolding and aggregation of human lysozyme variants underlying amyloid fibrillogenesis. Nature, 385: 787-793.
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Claims (5)
- 好ましくないタンパク質群を患者の血漿から除去するための薬剤であって、
当該薬剤は、血清アミロイドP成分に存在するリガンド結合部位により結合され得る2つのリガンドを含むものであり、
上記リガンドが複数の血清アミロイドP成分と共有結合的に結合することにより複合体が形成され、この複合体が患者の身体内で異常と認識されることにより該複合体が循環系から除去されて、血清アミロイドP成分が患者の血漿から除去されるものであり、
当該薬剤が、式1で表される化合物((R)-1-[6-[(R)-2-カルボキシ-ピロリジン-1-イル]-6-オキソ-ヘキサノイル]ピロリジン-2-カルボン酸)、或いはその薬事上許容される塩、またはそのモノ若しくはジエステルである薬剤。
- 上記複合体が、血清アミロイドP成分の五量体の対が薬剤分子によって架橋された血清アミロイドP成分の十量体を含むものである請求項1に記載の薬剤。
- 薬剤の患者への投与経路が、経口、静脈注入又は皮下注射であり、投与量が、50〜500mg/日であるように用いられる請求項1又は2に記載の薬剤。
- 薬剤の患者への投与経路が、静脈注入であり、投与量が、0.1〜6mg/kg/日であるように用いられる請求項1又は2に記載の薬剤。
- 薬剤の患者への投与経路が、静脈注入であり、投与量が、0.25〜6mg/kg/日であるように用いられる請求項1又は2に記載の薬剤。
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GBGB0119370.5A GB0119370D0 (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2001-08-08 | Therapeutic agent |
US09/985,699 US7045499B2 (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2001-11-05 | Therapeutic agent |
PCT/GB2002/003504 WO2003013508A1 (en) | 2001-08-08 | 2002-07-29 | Therapeutic agent for depletion of an unwanted protein population from plasma |
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EP (1) | EP1418905B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4472333B2 (ja) |
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US7390795B2 (en) | 2000-12-18 | 2008-06-24 | Pentraxin Therapeutics Limited | Treatment and prevention of tissue damage |
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GB0211136D0 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2002-06-26 | Univ London | Treatment and prevention of tissue damage |
GB0313386D0 (en) * | 2003-06-10 | 2003-07-16 | Univ London | Treatment of disease |
WO2008116293A1 (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2008-10-02 | The Governors Of The University Of Alberta | Multivalent heterobifunctional polymers and methods of their use |
GB0718718D0 (en) * | 2007-09-25 | 2007-11-07 | Pentraxin Therapeutics Ltd | Compound and use thereof |
US9886546B2 (en) | 2012-11-20 | 2018-02-06 | General Electric Company | Methods and apparatus to label radiology images |
CN109641878B (zh) * | 2016-06-29 | 2021-09-14 | 斯克里普斯研究学院 | Diprovocim:一类有效的tlr激动剂 |
KR20210029280A (ko) * | 2018-08-02 | 2021-03-15 | 보드 오브 리전츠, 더 유니버시티 오브 텍사스 시스템 | 질환을 제거하기 위한 체크포인트-억제 항체와 상승작용하는 tlr1/2 작용제 디프로보심의 애쥬번트 효과 |
GB202014589D0 (en) | 2020-09-16 | 2020-10-28 | Ucl Business Ltd | Agents for use in the treatment of amyloidosis |
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JPS62277352A (ja) | 1986-01-30 | 1987-12-02 | Ono Pharmaceut Co Ltd | 新規な6−ケト−プロスタグランジンe1誘導体、それらの製造方法およびそれらを有効成分として含有する細胞障害治療剤 |
US4895872A (en) | 1989-03-15 | 1990-01-23 | Cetus Corporation | Immunosupressive analogues and derivatives of succinylacetone |
JPH0667472B2 (ja) * | 1988-11-28 | 1994-08-31 | 鐘淵化学工業株式会社 | 血清アミロイドp蛋白用吸着体 |
CA2159326C (en) * | 1993-03-29 | 2000-05-30 | Robert Kisilevsky | Method for treating amyloidosis |
GB9317120D0 (en) | 1993-08-17 | 1993-09-29 | Royal Postgrad Med School | Human serum amyloid p component |
US6172045B1 (en) * | 1994-12-07 | 2001-01-09 | Neorx Corporation | Cluster clearing agents |
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US8173694B2 (en) | 2012-05-08 |
US20100173969A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
EP1418905B1 (en) | 2007-05-02 |
WO2003013508A1 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
ATE361068T1 (de) | 2007-05-15 |
JP2005501071A (ja) | 2005-01-13 |
DK1418905T3 (da) | 2007-09-10 |
DE60219926D1 (de) | 2007-06-14 |
US20060122124A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
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EP1418905A1 (en) | 2004-05-19 |
US7691897B2 (en) | 2010-04-06 |
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