JP4365216B2 - 生体触媒ゾルゲルマイクロアレイ - Google Patents
生体触媒ゾルゲルマイクロアレイ Download PDFInfo
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Description
化学物質は、陽性および陰性様式の両方で生存生物に影響を与える。新規薬物は生命を救うことができ、あるいは環境汚染は健康問題を引き起しうる。ときどき、同じ化学物質が、陽性および陰性効果の両方を有しうる(疾患を治すが、副作用もまた有する薬物など)。複数の化学物質は相互作用して、予期しない効果を生じ得、例えば、組み合わされたある医薬品は副作用を生じる。例えば、テルフェナジン(SELDANE (登録商標))は、他の薬物とのその相互作用が致命的な心臓不整脈を生じたので、1998年に市場から除かれた。米国におけるある研究は、米国における1年当たり100,000 人の多数の死亡をかかる医薬品副作用(ADR) にあるとし、それが死亡の主な原因の4 番目〜6 番目となっている。
本明細書に開示されるのは、医薬を含む化学物質の生物学的効果の迅速な、有効なおよび経済的な試験を可能にするマイクロアレイチップである。本発明はまた、迅速におよび経済的に薬物候補のバリエーションを合成し、その生物学的効果を試験するために使用されうる。
本発明は、一般に、高スループット、微小規模化学反応、および各反応の所望の特徴の検出を行なうための方法およびシステムに関する。本発明は、例えば、ヒトにおける薬物の副作用を試験するために使用されうる。装置における薬物と被包されたヒト代謝酵素との間の反応は、代謝産物と呼ばれる生成物を作製しうる。ヒト細胞を用いる細胞ベースアッセイが装置に適用され、ある位置にある細胞が死滅するか、さもなければその位置で作製される代謝産物により測定可能な生理学的または形態学的変化を受ける場合、薬物はおそらく毒性でありうる効果を有することを示す。本発明はまた、例えば、潜在的な薬物候補または薬物団(pharmacophore) を最適化してその効力を改善するおよび/またはその副作用を低減するために使用されうる。例えば、見込みのある抗癌剤が装置に適用されうる。アレイにおける薬物と各被包された酵素との間の反応は、密接に関連する薬物のアレイを作製しうる。例えば癌細胞を含む細胞ベースアッセイは、アレイに適用されうる。この場合、特定の位置での細胞の死滅は、その位置で出発薬物および酵素により作製された化合物の抗癌活性をおそらく示す。このアプローチを副作用試験と組み合わせる装置が構築され得、それにより新しい、より有効な薬物を作製し、新規薬物を副作用に対して同時に試験する。
活性酵素を含むゾルゲルマイクロマトリックスを、中性近くのpHで室温にてガラスに安定化した。ポリジメチルシロキサン(PDMS)のマルチウェル二分子層を使用して、マトリックスアレイを支え、反応培地を含有させた。ゾルゲル中の酵素は、その溶液対照物を触媒反応的に表した;ゾルゲル酵素の活性を可溶性加水分解酵素の活性に対してプロットした場合、良好な線形相関(R =0.98)が得られた。ゾルゲルアレイは再利用可能であり、可溶性酵素と比較した場合、より熱安定性を示した。
ゾル溶液を、25μl メチルトリメトキシシラン(MTMOS )を10μl ポリビニルアルコール(PVA 、MW10,000)を含有する蒸留水(10%w/w )と混合することにより調製した。得られたゾルは2 のpHを有しており、次いで、形成したゲルを水性緩衝液で洗浄することにより速やかに中和した。スライドガラスからのゾルゲルマトリックスの剥離を防ぐためおよび半球状マトリックスを作製するために、MTMOS 溶液(pH7 )をガラス上にスピンコートした(30秒間3000rpm にて2 μl )。反応を、150 のゾルゲルマトリックス(それぞれ手動マイクロピペッターを使用して調製された1 μl の容積を有する)を含むアレイ中で実施した。P450活性を以下のように試験した:0.5 μl 緑色蛍光基質(2mM 、DBOMF 、フルオレセインアナログ)、2.5 μl のNADP+ (10mM)および2.5 μl 再生系(グルコース6-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ+グルコース6-リン酸)を94.5μl リン酸緩衝液(200mM 、pH8 )に添加した。P450活性を、P450(0.14pmolまたは約5.6 μl/mLのヒドロキシラーゼ(hydroxlase)成分)を含む1 μl ゾルゲルマトリックス上に5 μl の適用組成物溶液をスポットすることによりアッセイし、反応性蛍光強度を、プレートリーダー(384 ウェルプレートの頂上にあるスライドガラス)を用いて485nm の励起波長および535nm の放出波長で時間に対してモニターした。
ゾルゲルマトリックスを、スピンコーティングに関する1つの変更を除き、上記のように調製した。具体的には、MTMOS スピンコートは疎水性であり得、コラーゲンゲルによって不十分に濡れ得、従って、スライドへのコラーゲンゲルの不十分な付着を生じる。スライドガラスからのゾルゲルマトリックスの剥離を防ぐために、かつ半球状のマトリックスを生成するため、ポリマレイン酸無水物-alt- α- オレフィン(PMA-OL)を含有するトルエンを、ガラス上にスピンコートした(30秒間3000rpm にて2ml )。次いで、P450反応(CYP3A4を含む)を、40ゾルゲルマトリックス(それぞれ手動マイクロピペッターを使用して調製された1 μl の容積を有する)を含むアレイ中で実施した。P450反応のために、5 μl 基質溶液(1mM シクロホスファミドおよび2mM のNADPH )をP450ゾルゲル上にスポットし、30℃にて2 時間インキュベートして、MCF7乳癌細胞に対して毒性の生成物として4-ヒドロキシシクロホスファミドを生成した31。シクロホスファミドはMCF7細胞に対する公知のプロドラッグであり、肝臓中のCYP3A4により活性化合物(例えば、4-ヒドロキシシクロホスファミドなど)へ代謝され得る(スキームI)。
ゾルゲルに封入された酵素は、活性かつ安定であり、水溶液とほぼ同じ高さのV max を有し得る。酵素活性を最適化し、これらの予備的結果を他の酵素アイソフォームに広げるため、幅広い階乗設計が、試験組成物活性および安定性へのゾルゲル製剤化条件の影響を解明するために所望され得る。例えば、p450アイソフォームについて、重要な変数、および研究対象のパラメーターの範囲を表5にまとめる。二次階乗設計を使用して、P450酵素活性および安定性に影響を及ぼすのに重大であるとして同定されている因子の影響を研究した:H2O/MTMOS 比、MTMPS/TMOS比、溶液pHポリ(ビニルアルコール)(PVA )濃度、およびP450濃度。市販の蛍光生成(fluorogenic )酵素バリアントを用いることにより、この最適化段階が容易になり得る。
Claims (35)
- (a)固体支持体;ならびに
(b)該固体支持体上の複数の独立したマイクロマトリックス
を含んでなる装置であって、ここで該マイクロマトリックスの各々が、
(i)1ピコリットルよりも大きく1マイクロリットル未満の容量を有し、
(ii)タンパク質を含む少なくとも1つの試験組成物を、該試験組成物のマイクロマトリックスへの共有結合の非存在下および該試験組成物の固体支持体への共有結合の非存在下で被包し、
(iii)物理的障壁によって互いから引き離されておらず、
(iv)該試験組成物に対して実質的に不浸透性であり、
(v)該試験組成物との反応の可能性を有する構成要素を含む適用される組成物に対し浸透可能であり、
該適用される組成物が該試験組成物とは異なるものであり、前記マイクロマトリックスの各々が独立して、ゾルゲル、ヒドロゲル、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリアクリレート、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニレン、またはポリビニルシリケートを含有する材料からなり、該材料は置換されているかまたは非置換である、装置。 - 各マイクロマトリックスが1ピコリットルよりも大きく250 ナノリットル未満の容量を有する請求項1記載の装置。
- 前記マイクロマトリックスが、前記固体支持体上の規則正しく間隔をあけた二次元アレイに固定化される請求項2記載の装置。
- 前記マイクロマトリックスの少なくとも2つが、各々別個の試験組成物を被包する請求項2記載の装置。
- 前記材料がゾルゲルである請求項3記載の装置。
- 前記試験組成物が、生物学的起源の少なくとも1つのタンパク質構成要素を含む、請求項1〜5いずれか記載の装置。
- 検出器をさらに含み、該検出器が、細胞増殖アッセイ、細胞毒性アッセイ、イムノアッセイ、結合アッセイ、または染色アッセイを実施するための成分を含有してなる請求項6記載の装置。
- 試験組成物が、哺乳動物起源の構成要素を含有する請求項6記載の装置。
- 試験組成物が、ヒト起源の構成要素を含有する請求項8記載の装置。
- 前記試験組成物の各々が、酵素およびその関連する補因子を含有する請求項9記載の装置。
- 前記試験組成物の各々が、シトクロムP450酵素アイソフォームおよびその関連する補因子を含有する請求項10記載の装置。
- 前記試験組成物の各々が、単一のシトクロムP450酵素アイソフォームおよびその関連する補因子からなる請求項11記載の装置。
- a.試験組成物の各々が少なくとも1つの酵素およびその関連する補因子を含有し、該試験組成物の少なくとも2つが別個のものである、複数の試験組成物;ならびに
b.固体支持体上の固定化アレイに空間的に分離されている複数の独立した浸透可能なマイクロマトリックスであって、
i.該マイクロマトリックスの各々は、該試験組成物のマイクロマトリックスへの共有結合の非存在下および該試験組成物の固体支持体への共有結合の非存在下で、1つの該試験組成物を被包しており、該試験組成物に対して不浸透性である;
ii.該マイクロマトリックスの各々はゾルゲルまたはポリアクリレートヒドロゲルを含有する材料であり、該材料は置換されているかまたは非置換である;
iii .該マイクロマトリックスの各々は1ピコリットルよりも大きく1 マイクロリットル未満の容量を有する;
iv.該マイクロマトリックスは物理的障壁によって互いから引き離されていない;および
v. 各マイクロマトリックスは該試験組成物との反応の可能性を有する構成要素を含む適用される組成物に対し浸透可能である、
マイクロマトリックス、ここで該適用される組成物が該試験組成物とは異なるものである、
を含んでなるマイクロアレイ。 - a.請求項1記載の装置を提供する工程;
b.適用される組成物と該試験組成物とが反応するように、該装置上で1つ以上の別個の適用される組成物と該マイクロマトリックスとを組み合わせる工程;および
c.工程(b)における各々の反応または反応産物をアッセイする工程
を含む、反応または反応産物を検出するための高スループットスクリーニング方法。 - 適用される組成物がポリビニルアルコール、コラーゲン、またはヒアルロン酸を含有する請求項14記載の方法。
- 反応または反応産物が吸引、レーザー脱着、イオンビーム脱着、ガス脱着、液体脱着、接触移動、光学分光測定、顕微鏡検査、デジタル画像化、写真画像化、質量分析、クロマトグラフィー、電気化学、粒子測定学、化学親和性、放射能測定学、磁気共鳴分光測定、細胞増殖アッセイ、細胞毒性アッセイ、イムノアッセイ、結合または染色を含む工程によりアッセイされる請求項14記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロマトリックスが、前記固体支持体上の規則正しく間隔をあけた二次元アレイに固定化される請求項16記載の方法。
- 反応または反応産物が、吸引、光学分光測定、クロマトグラフィー、顕微鏡検査、デジタル画像化および質量分析によりアッセイされる請求項17記載の方法。
- 別個の適用される組成物と別個の試験組成物とを組み合わせる工程をさらに含む請求項17記載の方法。
- e.工程(b)における反応から試料を除去する工程;および
f.該試料を第2の別個の試験組成物に適用する工程
をさらに含む請求項19記載の方法。 - 前記マイクロマトリックスの各々が同じ材料からなる請求項20記載の方法。
- 適用される組成物を含有する溶液中にマイクロマトリックスを沈めさせることにより、適用される組成物とマイクロマトリックスが組み合わされる請求項21記載の方法。
- 工程(b)の反応産物が、
g.装置を細胞で覆う工程;
h.細胞を培養する工程;および
i.生物学的応答についてマイクロマトリックスの各々の微環境において細胞をアッセイする工程
によりアッセイされる、請求項22記載の方法。 - 細胞が哺乳動物細胞である請求項23記載の方法。
- 細胞がコラーゲンゲル培養における培養物である請求項23記載の方法。
- 試験組成物の各々がP450酵素を含有する請求項23記載の方法。
- 試験組成物の各々が独立して選択されたP450酵素またはP450酵素の組み合わせを含有する請求項26記載の方法。
- 試験組成物の各々が独立して選択された組織型において見出されるP450酵素の組み合わせを含有する請求項27記載の方法。
- 適用される組成物が薬物物質または生体異物を含有する請求項28記載の方法。
- 工程(b)の反応産物が、
J.装置を細胞で覆う工程;
k.細胞を培養する工程;および
l.細胞毒性についてマイクロマトリックスの各々の近傍において細胞をアッセイする工程
によりアッセイされる、請求項29記載の方法。 - 細胞が、ヒドロゲル、多糖ゲル、セルロース、ゼラチン、ポリスチレンまたはポリアクリルアミドを含有するマトリックスにおいて培養される請求項23記載の方法。
- 各マイクロマトリックスが1ピコリットルよりも大きく50ナノリットル未満の容量を有する請求項1記載の装置。
- 各マイクロマトリックスが1ピコリットルよりも大きく5ナノリットル未満の容量を有する請求項1記載の装置。
- 細胞増殖アッセイまたは細胞毒性アッセイを実施するための成分をさらに含有してなる請求項11記載の装置。
- 成分がヒト細胞を含む請求項34記載の装置。
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WO2003038131A1 (en) | 2003-05-08 |
EP1451357A4 (en) | 2005-10-26 |
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