JP4077838B2 - 一つ以上の開放部を有する炭素ナノ球形粒子及び一つ以上の開放部を有する炭素ナノ球形粒子製造方法,並びに前記炭素ナノ球形粒子を利用した炭素ナノ球形粒子の燃料電池用の担持触媒及び前記炭素ナノ球形粒子の担持触媒を採用した燃料電池 - Google Patents
一つ以上の開放部を有する炭素ナノ球形粒子及び一つ以上の開放部を有する炭素ナノ球形粒子製造方法,並びに前記炭素ナノ球形粒子を利用した炭素ナノ球形粒子の燃料電池用の担持触媒及び前記炭素ナノ球形粒子の担持触媒を採用した燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-L L-tartrate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-L 0.000 description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-XIXRPRMCSA-N Mesotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-XIXRPRMCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric Acid Chemical compound [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- MAUZTCHAIPUZJB-OLXYHTOASA-L copper;(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O MAUZTCHAIPUZJB-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82B—NANOSTRUCTURES FORMED BY MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS, MOLECULES, OR LIMITED COLLECTIONS OF ATOMS OR MOLECULES AS DISCRETE UNITS; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- B82B3/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
- B82B3/0009—Forming specific nanostructures
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/734—Fullerenes, i.e. graphene-based structures, such as nanohorns, nanococoons, nanoscrolls or fullerene-like structures, e.g. WS2 or MoS2 chalcogenide nanotubes, planar C3N4, etc.
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/734—Fullerenes, i.e. graphene-based structures, such as nanohorns, nanococoons, nanoscrolls or fullerene-like structures, e.g. WS2 or MoS2 chalcogenide nanotubes, planar C3N4, etc.
- Y10S977/735—Carbon buckyball
- Y10S977/737—Carbon buckyball having a modified surface
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S977/842—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure for carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- Y10S977/843—Gas phase catalytic growth, i.e. chemical vapor deposition
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S977/847—Surface modifications, e.g. functionalization, coating
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
- Y10S977/888—Shaping or removal of materials, e.g. etching
Description
反応炉の温度を下記表1に表した温度まで上げつつ,希釈ガスを500sccm(standard cubic centimeter per minute)の体積流量で大気圧条件でパージングした。有機金属化合物としては,酒石酸銅(CuC4H4O6・H2O)を使用し,炭化水素ガスとしては,アセチレンを使用して炭素ナノ球形粒子を合成した。希釈ガスの流量は,16l/分であり,生成された炭素ナノ球形粒子の処理には,硝酸を利用した。その他の各実施例の反応条件は,下記表1に表した通りである。
反応条件が炭素ナノ球形粒子の形状に及ぶ影響を検討するために,次の通りに反応条件を変えて実験を行った。有機金属化合物としては,同様に酒石酸銅(CuC4H4O6・H2O)が使用され,炭化水素ガスとしては,アセチレンが使用された。各実施例の反応条件は,下記表3に表す通りである。希釈ガスの流量は,16l/分であり,生成された炭素ナノ球形粒子の処理には,硝酸を利用した。
炭素ナノ球形粒子の担持触媒の製造
上記実施例1で製造した炭素ナノ球形粒子の0.5gをビニルバックに入れた後,H2PtCl6の1.9236gを測量して,1.5mlのアセトンに溶解させた。この溶液を,上記炭素担持体が入っているビニルバックに入れて混合した。上記混合溶液を空気中で4時間乾燥させた後,るつぼに移し,るつぼに移した後,60℃の乾燥器内で一晩中乾燥させた。次いで,窒素が流れる電気炉内に上記るつぼを入れて,窒素を10分間流した後,ガスを水素に変えてから常温で200℃まで昇温させ,その温度で2時間維持して,上記炭素担持体に担持された白金塩を還元させた。また,ガスを窒素に切り換えてから温度を250℃に5℃/分の速度で上げた後,5時間維持してから常温まで冷却して,白金の担持濃度が60重量%の炭素ナノ球形粒子の担持触媒を得た。上記担持触媒のXRD(X−ray Diffraction)結果を図4に表した。担持された金属粒子の平均サイズが,3.2nmであることが分かった。
上記の通りに製造された炭素ナノ球形粒子の担持触媒をイソプロピルアルコールにNafion 115(DePont社製)を分散させた溶液に共に分散させてスラリーを製造した後,スプレー工程により炭素電極上にコーティングし,触媒のコーティング濃度は,白金量基準に1mg/cm2になるようにした。次いで,上記電極成形体をローリングマシンに通過させて,触媒層と炭素紙との接着力を向上させてカソードを製造した。一方,アノード電極としては,商用のPtRuブラック触媒を使用して製造されたアノード電極を使用し,これを利用して単位電池を製造した。
上記の通りに製造された単位電池に,1Mメタノール及び空気を過量に流しつつ,30℃,40℃及び50℃で性能を測定した。測定した結果を図5に表した。従来の燃料電池の場合,単位面積当り触媒使用量が,2mg/cm2〜4mg/cm2であることに対し,本実施形態に係る燃料電池の場合には,単位面積当り触媒使用量を1mg/cm2以下で使用したにもかかわらず,従来の燃料電池と同等であるか,または従来の燃料電池よりも優れた性能を示すことが分かった。
12 希釈ガス
14 炭化水素ガス
16 炭素ナノ球形粒子
18 一つ以上の開放部を有する炭素ナノ球形粒子
20 予熱区域
22 反応炉
24 酸処理ステップ
Claims (10)
- (a)酒石酸銅を100〜200℃の予熱区域で20分〜40分間加熱するステップと;
(b)前記(a)で得た有機金属化合物,希釈ガス及び炭化水素ガスを450〜600℃の反応炉で20分〜40分間加熱させつつ反応させることにより,炭素ナノ球形粒子を成長させるステップと;
(c)前記(b)で製造された炭素ナノ球形粒子を酸で処理するステップと;
を含むことを特徴とする,炭素ナノ球形粒子の製造方法。 - 供給される酒石酸銅の量が,生成される炭素ナノ球形粒子の1g当り12.5g以上,100g以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の炭素ナノ球形粒子の製造方法。
- 前記炭化水素ガスのモル流量は,前記希釈ガスのモル流量の0.0006倍〜0.0025倍であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の炭素ナノ球形粒子の製造方法。
- 前記炭化水素ガスは,アセチレン(C2H2)であり,前記希釈ガスは,窒素であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の炭素ナノ球形粒子の製造方法。
- 前記酸は,硝酸であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の炭素ナノ球形粒子の製造方法。
- 粒子直径が100nm〜350nmで,壁厚が5nm〜30nmであり,かつ,一つ以上の開放部を有する炭素ナノ球形粒子と;
一つ以上の開放部を有する前記炭素ナノ球形粒子の内壁及び外壁に分散されて担持され,平均粒子サイズが2nm〜5nmである金属触媒粒子と;
を含むことを特徴とする炭素ナノ球形粒子の燃料電池用の担持触媒。 - 前記炭素ナノ球形粒子は,単一壁または多重壁の構造であることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の炭素ナノ球形粒子の燃料電池用の担持触媒。
- 前記金属触媒粒子は,白金または白金合金であることを特徴とする請求項6または7に記載の炭素ナノ球形粒子の燃料電池用の担持触媒。
- 前記白金合金は,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,Zr,Hf,Ru,Ir,Pd,Os,Rhのいずれか,またはそれらの混合物が使用されることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の炭素ナノ球形粒子の燃料電池用の担持触媒。
- カソード,アノード及び前記カソードと前記アノードとの間に介在された電解質膜を含み,前記カソード及び前記アノードのうち,少なくとも何れか一つが,粒子直径が100nm〜350nm,壁厚が5nm〜30nmである一つ以上の開放部を有する炭素ナノ球形粒子,及び,前記炭素ナノ球形粒子の内壁及び外壁に分散されて担持されて平均粒子サイズが2nm〜5nmである金属触媒粒子を含む炭素ナノ球形粒子の担持触媒を含有していることを特徴とする燃料電池。
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US7837968B2 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
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