JP3940407B2 - 非ヌクレオチドを含有する酵素性核酸 - Google Patents
非ヌクレオチドを含有する酵素性核酸 Download PDFInfo
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- JP3940407B2 JP3940407B2 JP2004121910A JP2004121910A JP3940407B2 JP 3940407 B2 JP3940407 B2 JP 3940407B2 JP 2004121910 A JP2004121910 A JP 2004121910A JP 2004121910 A JP2004121910 A JP 2004121910A JP 3940407 B2 JP3940407 B2 JP 3940407B2
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Description
(表1)
リボザイムの性質
グループI イントロン
大きさ:〜300から>1000ヌクレオチド
切断部位の5’につながる標的配列においてUが必要である。
切断部位の5’側において4〜6ヌクレオチドが結合する
このクラスにおいて100を越える公知のヌクレオチドが、テトラヒメナ・サーモフィラのrRNA、黴ミトコンドリア、クロロプラオスト、ファージT4、ブルー・グリーンアルガエおよび他のものから単離されている。
RNアーゼP RNA(M1 RNA)
大きさ:〜290から400ヌクレオチド
リボヌクレオチド酵素のRNA部分。tRNAプレカーサーを切断して成熟tRNAを作製する。このグループはおよそ10個公知のものがあるが、すべては細菌由来である。
ハンマーヘッドリボザイム
大きさ:〜13から40ヌクレオチド
切断部位の5’に直接ついているUH標的配列が必要である
さまざまな数のヌクレオチドが切断部位の両側へ結合する。
このクラスには14個の公知のものがある。RNAを感染剤として用いる植物病原(ウイルソイズ)に認められる(図1)。
ヘアピンリボザイム
大きさ:〜50ヌクレオチド
切断部位の3’に直接ついているGUC配列が必要である。
切断部位の5’側に4ヌクレオチドが結合し、様々な数のヌクレオチドが切断部位の3’側に結合している。
このクラスには1個のみの公知のヌクレオチドがある。これはRNAを感染用に用いる植物病原(タバコリングスポットウイルスのサテライトRNA)から得られたものである(図2)。
肝炎デルタウイルス(HDV)リボザイム
大きさ:〜60ヌクレオチド(現在)
標的RNAを切断することが近年証明された。
必要とする配列は完全には解明されていない。
結合部位と構造的な要求性に関しても完全には解明されていないが、切断部位の5’側にはいずれの配列も必要とはされない。
このクラスには1個のみの公知のヌクレオチドがある。これはヒトのHDVから単離されたものである(図3)。
図1は当該技術分野で公知のハンマーヘッドリボザイム領域の線図である。
図2は当該技術分野で公知のヘアピンリボザイム領域の一般構造の線図である。
図3は当該技術分野で公知の肝炎デルタウイルスリボザイム領域の一般構造の線図である。
図4は核酸酵素に組込むことができる各種の非ヌクレオチド擬似体(ミメティック)の線図である。図4では標準的な略語を用いている。化合物1において、Xは各々、独立して、酸素、窒素、硫黄または置換炭素を含有するアルキル、アルケンまたは炭素原子1〜10個の長さの均等な連鎖である。化合物6、6a、7、8、9および10において、Yは各々、独立して、核酸酵素の他の部分に対するホスホジエステル、エーテルまたはアミド結合部分である。化合物4と5において、Rは各々、独立してH、OH、保護されたOH、0−アルキル、アルケニルもしくはアルキニル、または炭素原子が1〜10個のアルキル、アルケニルもしくはアルキニルである。
図5は各種の非ヌクレオチド擬似体(ミメティック)と核酸酵素に組込むのに好ましい位置を示す線図である。具体的に述べると、擬似体1〜10は、ステムIIの二つのストランドを接続するループ(図5中に/ /で示す)を置換することができる。ステムII自体は1〜10個の塩基対である。後記の実施例1と2では、化合物1と2が、長さが1〜5個の塩基対のステムIIを有する分子中に組込まれた。また化合物1、4および5は、ステムIとIIIの認識アームの中のヌクレオチド、またはステムII自体の中のヌクレオチドを置換する。
図6はペリレンベースの非ヌクレオチド擬似体のホスホルアミダイト3の合成を示す線図である。
図7は非塩基のデオキシリボースまたはリボースの非ヌクレオチド擬似体ホスホルアミダイトの合成を示す線図である。
図8aと8bはそれぞれ、8nMまたは40nMの各種リボザイムによる基質の切断を示す線図である。
本発明に有用な非ヌクレオチド擬似体としては先に一般的に述べたものがある。当該技術分野の当業者は、これらの擬似体は、標準の方法によって酵素分子中に所望の位置に組込むことができることが分かるであろう。標準の実験を行い例えば分子を合成してその酵素活性を試験することによってその最適位置を決定して、適切な選択を行うことができる。最適の分子は、酵素活性を得るのに必要な公知のリボヌクレオチドを含有し、かつ分子の構造を簡単なものに変える非ヌクレオチドを含有している。要求されることは、いくつかのヌクレオチドが一つの非ヌクレオチドで置換され、酵素分子合成の合成ステップが節約されて、RNAまたはDNAにさえ比べて酵素分子の安定性が高められることである。
ポリエステルスペーサーである化合物1(図4;X=0、n=2または4)の、n=2もしくは4のものを単独でまたはn=2のものを二重に、ハンマーヘッドリボザイムのステムIIのベースにループ2を置換して組込んだところ触媒効率が低いリボザイムが生成したことが分かった。利用した合成法は、Usmanら、J.Am.Chem.Soc.、109巻、7845頁、1987年;およびScaringeら、Nucleic Acids Res.、18巻、5433頁、1990年に記載されているような通常のRNA合成法の手順にしたがった合成法であり、通常の核酸保護基と核酸カップリング基が用いられ、例えば5'末端ではジメトキシトリチルが3'末端ではホスホルアミダイトが用いられる。段階的カップリングの平均収率は>98%であった。これらの型の擬似体の構造はまだ最適化されていないが、先に述べたように、このことは標準の試験法を用いて容易に達成することができるであろう。これらの試験は、このような擬似体が、触媒活性を維持しながらリボザイムのループと一部分を置換する可能性を示している。これらの擬似体はハンマーヘッドリボザイム中に組込むことができるだけでなく、ヘアピン、肝炎デルタウイルス、またはグループ1もしくはグループ2のイントロン中にも組込むことができる。したがってこれら擬似体は任意の核酸構造中に置換モチーフとして汎用することができる。このような擬似体を用いると、非ヌクレオチド擬似体なしのオリゴヌクレオチドを使用する場合と比べて、最終の核酸分子から約2〜10個のヌクレオチドを省略することができる。
別の実施例で、ハンマーヘッドリボザイムのステムIIC−Gのベースに対する特異的なリンカーを設計した。本発明の発明者は、C−Gの塩基対のC1'炭素間の距離は約16オングストロームであると考えている。これら二つのRNAピースを、共有結合類似体のC−G塩基対で結合するため、GとCそれぞれの残基の3'−OHと5'−OHの間にリンカーを含有する新しい型の二量体ホスホルアミダイトを構築することができる。図4に示す二つの型の塩基対擬似体2または3は剛性の芳香族スペーサーである。これらのスペーサーを、実施例1に記載されているようにして、ループ2を置換してハンマーヘッドリボザイムのステムIIのベースに組込んだところ、触媒効率が低いリボザイムが生成することが分かった。他の擬似体は、Nielsenら、Science、254巻、1497頁、1991年に記載されているポリアミド骨格に類似の可撓性のアルキルスペーサーである(図4の6またはその誘導体6a;Zuckermanら、J.Am.Chem.Soc.、114巻、10464頁、1992年参照)。このような擬似体を使用すると、非ヌクレオチド擬似体なしのオリゴヌクレオチドを使用する場合と比べて、最終の核酸分子から約2〜10個のヌクレオチドを省略することができる。
この化合物は、Salunkheら、J.Am.Chem.Soc.、114巻、6324頁、1992年に初めて報告された。その合成法は以下のように改変した。DMF(12ml)中のテレフタル酸(1.0g、6.0mmol)に、EDC(2.54g、13.2mmol)、アミノヘキサノール(1.55g、13.2mmol)およびN−メチルモルホリン(1.45ml、13.2mmol)を添加した。その反応混合物を一夜撹拌したがその時、溶液は濁っていた。その反応混合物に水を添加して生成物を沈澱させた。固形分をろ取して水で洗浄し乾燥して562mg(25.7%)のジオールを得た。
図6に示すように、キノリン(10ml)中の3、4、9、10−ペリレンテトラカルボン酸二無水物11(1.0g、2.55mmol)に、エタノールアミン(919μl、15.3mmol)とZnOAc・2.5H2O(140mg、0.638mmol)を添加した。反応混合物を190℃で8時間加熱した。得られた溶液を冷却し、1NHClを添加して生成物を沈澱させ、次いでその混合物をろ過した。固形分を、ろ液がもはや淡緑色でなくなるまで熱10%CaCO3溶液で洗浄した。残留した鮮やかな赤色の沈澱12を乾燥した。
化合物4(R=H)をIyerら、Nuleic Acids Res.、18巻、2855頁、1990年にしたがって製造した。図7に示すように、化合物4と5(R=o−t−ブチルジメチルシリル)のホスホルアミダイトを以下のようにして製造した。
図8aと8bを参照して、基質の切断を、8nMと40nMの濃度で各種修飾リボザイムを未修飾リボザイムと比較することによって示す。具体的に述べると、配列ucuccA UCU GAU GAG GCC GAA AGG CCG AAA Auc ccu(小文字は、2'−0−メチル基を含有する)の対照リボザイムを、リボザイムA(ucu ccA UCU GAU GAG GCC SGG CCG AAA Auc ccu)、B(ucu ccA UCU GAU GAG CSG CG AAA Auc ccu)、C(ucu ccA UCU GAU GAG GCC bbb bGG CCG AAA Auc ccu)、およびD(ucu ccA UCU GAU GAG Cbb bbG CGAA AAu ccc u)(S=ヘキサエチレングリコールリンカー;およびb=非塩基のヌクレオチド4)と比較した。これらはすべて、基質を切断する活性を有していた。
選択されたリボザイムは例えば、イオン導入法、電気穿孔法またはイオン対分子もしくは共有結合付加物、およびその外の薬理学的に承認された送達法を用いて、適切な送達ビヒクル例えばリポソーム、放出調節媒体により関連組織にリボザイムを外因的に送達することによって、ウイルス感染患者または疾病患者に予防的に投与することができる。投与経路としては、筋肉内、エアゾール、経口(錠剤または丸剤の形態)、局所、全身、眼、腹腔内および/またはくも膜下の経路がある。
a.リポソーム内への封入
b.レトロウイルスベクターによる形質導入
c.コレステロールとの接合
d.大部分のsnRNAまたは核タンパク質に見られる抗原結合部位または核標的部位を利用する核コンパートメントへの局在化
e.ヌクレオチド誘導体を用いることによるリボザイムの電荷の中和、および f.血液幹細胞を用いて行うリボザイムの全身体への分布、である。
静脈内に注射されたリポソームは、肝臓、肺および脾臓への蓄積を示す。その組成と大きさを調節して、注射投与量の30〜40%が蓄積されるようにすることができる。残りの投与量は血流中を24時間まで循環する。
その外の実施態様は後記の特許請求の範囲に含まれている。
Claims (4)
- 該核酸分子が、2’糖の修飾を有するヌクレオチドを少なくとも1つ含む、請求項1に記載の核酸分子。
- 該核酸分子が、ホスフェート骨格の修飾を有するヌクレオチドを少なくとも1つ含む、請求項1または2に記載の核酸分子。
- 該核酸分子が、5’キャップまたは3’キャップあるいは5’キャップと3’キャップの両方を含む、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の核酸分子。
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| DE69431669T2 (de) | 2003-10-23 |
| US6362323B1 (en) | 2002-03-26 |
| US6555668B2 (en) | 2003-04-29 |
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