JP3927667B2 - Fish feed - Google Patents

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JP3927667B2
JP3927667B2 JP29852197A JP29852197A JP3927667B2 JP 3927667 B2 JP3927667 B2 JP 3927667B2 JP 29852197 A JP29852197 A JP 29852197A JP 29852197 A JP29852197 A JP 29852197A JP 3927667 B2 JP3927667 B2 JP 3927667B2
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weight
feed
fish
soil
administration method
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JPH11127795A (en
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忍 東
平雄 岩谷
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平雄 岩谷
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

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  • Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は養魚用餌料に関するものであり、さらに詳しくは鯛、鮃、フグ、ウナギ、鱒、鮭などの海水魚、淡水魚などの陸上養殖、沿岸養殖を含む養殖全般に利用することができる、魚病発生防止、生育促進、増肉係数アップなどが可能な餌料効率がよい養魚用餌料に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、水産資源保護のため世界的に獲る漁業から育てる漁業へと変化し、鮃、ウナギ、鱒などの陸上養殖、ハマチ、ブリ、マグロ、鯛、鮭などの海面養殖が行われ、日本においても最初はブリ養殖を初めとし、現在はマグロが人工ふ化され養殖されるまでになっており、その養殖技術も向上している。
【0003】
しかし、このような養殖においては、与えた配合餌料の残餌や魚の糞などが水底に沈むことにより水や水底の汚染が起こり、細菌性の病害が多発する問題がある。このため、クロラムフェニコール、テトラサイクリン、オキシテトラサイクリンなどの抗生物質の投与が行われるが、抗生物質に対する耐性がでてききめがなくなり魚病が発生し、生育が阻害されて歩留が悪くなり、魚の価格が上がるなどの問題が発生しており、早急に解決することが望まれている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、抗生物質などを投与しなくても魚病の発生が防止でき、消化効力が高く、生育が促進され、増肉が可能で、餌料効率がよく、早期出荷が可能で、しかも鯛などの色がよくなるなど色上げがよいなどの効果がある、養殖全般に利用できる安全性の高い養魚用餌料を提供することである。
【0005】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等はかかる問題について鋭意研究し、その結果、例えば、入江で養殖されいる魚種についてみると海岸に近い所の方で養殖するのと、沖合に出て養殖するのとを比較すると、同じ魚種の魚で、同じ養殖技術で養殖すると、海岸に近い方の生簀で養殖されている魚の方が良い品質の魚が得られることを見いだし、この現象は、土の中に含まれたミネラル、有効微生物などが雨の日に雨水と一緒に流れ出して海岸近い生簀の魚に影響を及ぼしたものと考えられた。
また、トラフグ、鮃、コチ、オコゼ、その他の魚種は土の中に目だけを出して潜って生存している魚もおり、土の中に潜って目だけを出す行為は土の中にいる有効微生物やその微生物が産生する抗生物質などを利用する、えら虫などによる魚病を防ぐための自然の行為であって、土の中に潜ることによって、魚の身体の調子を整えているのではないかと考えられた。
本発明者等は、これらから魚の生育や魚病などと土との間には強い関連性があると考え、魚病の発生防止、生育促進などに有効な土麹を主体とし、微生物などを組み合わせた養魚用餌料を検討した結果、有用な養魚用餌料を見いだし、本発明を成すに到った。
【0006】
すなわち、本発明の請求項1の発明は、(1)穀類あるいはそのカス、(2)海藻類、(3)成分(1)以外のブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖、およびこれらを主成分として含む炭水化物から選ばれるもの、(4)塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)が20〜600の粘土鉱物、ゼオライト、赤土から選択される少なくとも1つの有効土、および(5)水からなる混合物に(6)土麹を配合して発酵させて得られる発酵処理生成物を乾燥した生成物あるいはこの生成物に配合餌料を添加した混合物から成ることを特徴とする養魚用餌料である。
【0007】
本発明の請求項2の発明は、請求項1記載の養魚用餌料において、前記成分(1)穀類あるいはそのカスが米糠、小麦粉、大麦粉、コーン、大豆、大豆油カス、フスマから選ばれる少なくとも1つであることを特徴とする。
【0009】
本発明の請求項の発明は、請求項1あるいは請求項2記載の養魚用餌料であって、
(1)穀類あるいはそのカス 10〜30重量%
(2)海藻類 5〜20重量%
(3)成分(1)以外のブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖から選ばれる炭水化物
0.1〜15重量%
(4)塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)が20〜600の粘土鉱物、ゼオライト、赤土から選択される少なくとも1つの有効土 5〜25重量%
(5)水 27〜47重量%
(6)土麹 0.1〜15重量%
を配合して発酵させて得られる発酵処理生成物を用いることを特徴とする。
【0010】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の養魚用餌料をさらに詳細に説明する。
本発明においては、(1)穀類あるいはそのカス、(2)海藻類、(3)ブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖から選ばれる炭水化物、(4)有効土、および(5)水からなる混合物に(6)土麹を配合して発酵させて得られる発酵処理生成物を乾燥した生成物をそのまま養魚用餌料としてもよい。また、この生成物を配合餌料に添加した混合物を養魚用餌料としてもよい。
【0011】
本発明で使用する前記成分(1)の穀類あるいはそのカスの具体例としては、例えば、米糠、小麦粉、大麦粉、コーン、大豆、大豆油カス、フスマなどを挙げることができ、これらは発酵の培地となるものであり、1種類使用しても、あるいは2種類以上混合したものを使用してもよい。
【0012】
本発明で使用する前記成分(2)の海藻類は一般に海中にはえているソウ類であり、アオサ、アオノリ、シオグサなどの緑ソウ類、コンブ、ワカメ、ヒジキ、カジメ、ホンダワラなどのカッソウ類、アマノリ、トサカノリ、テングサ、オゴノリ、フノリ、ツノマタなどの紅ソウ類などを挙げることができ、これらは1種類使用しても、あるいは2種類以上混合したものを使用してもよい。
【0013】
本発明で使用する前記成分(3)はブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖、およびこれらを主成分として含む炭水化物から選ばれるものである。これらは発酵の培地となるものであり、1種類使用しても、あるいは2種類以上混合したものを使用してもよい。
【0014】
本発明で使用する前記成分(4)の有効土とは、魚病の発生防止、生育促進などに有効な土である。
前記成分(4)の有効土の具体例としては、例えば、モンモリロナイトやバーミキュライトなどの粘土鉱物、ゼオライト(天然ゼオライト、合成ゼオライトいずれでもよい)、赤土などを挙げることができる。これらは1種類使用しても、あるいは2種類以上混合したものを使用してもよい。
これらの中でも、大なり小なりマイナス(−)に帯電しており、プラス(+)に帯電している例えば加里、石灰、苦土等の塩基類又はアンモニア等のN、そのほか鉱石ミネラル類を吸着する性質があるものは好ましく使用できる。
【0015】
本発明においては、前記成分(4)の有効土として、例えばカオリナイト[塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)3〜15]や川砂[塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)0]は不適当であり、例えばモンモリロナイトやバーミキュライト[塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)80〜150]、ヒューマス(腐植、化土質)[塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)600]などは好適である。一般的に作物に対して良い土壌の塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)は20以上であり、悪い土壌の場合は5以下であることなども考慮して、前記成分(4)の有効土の塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)は20〜600の範囲であることが好ましい。
【0016】
なお、上記の作物に対して良い土壌とは、常に呼吸をして活動している健康な土壌のことであり、この健康な土壌中で動植物は自然に備わった生命力て自ら育って大きく成長し、悪い土壌であれば正反対になる。そして、このような健康な土の中には、1g中に下記の糸状菌などの有用な微生物が凡そ1000万〜数億存在しており、また、多くのミネラルや多種の抗生物質も含まれていることが知られている。
【0017】
本発明で使用する前記成分(5)の水とは特別な水ではなく、例えば通常の水道水を使うことができる。
【0018】
本発明で使用する前記成分(6)の土麹とは、下記のようにして作られた元種を、次いで、山土、米糠、デンプなどに添加して発酵させたものである。
元種を作るには先ず、果実酵素と澱粉酵素を作り、この果実酵素と澱粉酵素を通常は果実酵素1、澱粉酵素2の割合で混合したものを元種とするか、あるいはこの混合物をさらに米、麦、大豆などに加えて培養した後、塩、砂糖などを添加して発酵を抑えたものを元種とする。このような元種は有機農業、園芸用などとして市販されており、本発明においては市販の元種を使用することもできる。本発明において使用できる市販の元種の例としては、バイムフード(商品名、島本微生物研究所)がある。
【0019】
果実酵素には主として酒精酵母、ビール酵母、ブドウ酒酵母、パン酵母などの酵母菌類が含まれており、その他に少量の馬鈴薯菌、納豆菌、乳酸菌などの細菌類と麹カビ、青カビ、赤カビ、白カビ、黒カビなどの糸状菌が含まれている。果実や樹木の新芽や特に樹皮には強力な果実酵素が含まれている。
そして、澱粉酵素には麹カビを主体とする糸状菌および馬鈴薯菌、納豆菌などの細菌類が含まれている。したがって、この元種中には、上記酵母菌類、および上記細菌類、および上記糸状菌などの好気性菌が多く含まれている。
【0020】
果実酵素は、例えば、次のようにして作られる。リンゴ、ブドウ、イチゴ、小桃、イチジクなどの果実を3種類以上、ニンジン、大根、ほうれん草などの野菜を2種類以上用い、砂糖を混合して数日間〜1週間培養して、これらに付いている酵母菌類を主として繁殖させ、果実や野菜粕を除去して得られる。この果実酵素は栄養飲み物として美味しいものである。
澱粉酵素は、主として上記糸状菌と上記細菌を多く含むものであり、例えば次のようにして作られる。米糠、馬鈴薯クリーム、小麦粉、麦芽、糸引き納豆の所定量に水を加えて混合して、馬鈴薯菌、納豆菌、ミソ菌などの細菌類を培養し、この培養物を蒸し米と米麹に混合し、発酵を続けると澱粉酵素が得られる。
【0021】
次に、この元種を使用して、本発明で使用する前記成分(6)の土麹を作る例を示す。

Figure 0003927667
山土と米糠は予め混合しておき、澱粉はノリ状にしたものを加えて水分40〜45%に調整し、1〜3日間おくと発酵してきて発酵熱により40〜60℃に達する。切り返して温度を低下させ、24時間後再び発酵熱により45〜60℃に達し、上記酵母菌類や糸状菌のコロニーができる。発酵熱がでなくなってから、広く広げて直射日光をさけて風通しのよいところで数日間乾燥させて土麹が出来上がる。この土麹は紙袋などに入れて長期間保存可能である。
【0022】
本発明で使用する配合餌料としては、一般に市販されている下記のような組成を有する配合餌料を用いることができる。
(従来の配合餌料)の例:
1袋の正味重量 20Kg
Figure 0003927667
(従来の配合餌料に約2〜3重量%添加される餌料添加物)の例:
ビタミンA、ビタミンD3 、ビタミンE、ビタミンK3 、ビタミンB1 、ビタミンB3 、ビタミンB6 、ビタミンB12、ニコチン酸、パントテン酸、コリン、葉酸、ビオチン、パラアミノ安息酸、イノシトール、ビタミンC、硫酸マンガン、硫酸鉄、硫酸コバルト、硫酸銅、ヨウ素酸カルシウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸亜鉛、水酸化アルミニウム、リン酸−水素ナトリウム、リン酸−水素カリウム、フマル酸第一鉄、アスタキサンチン、エトキシキン、ガーリック末、肝臓粉末、コーングルテンミール、動物性油脂、小麦粉末など。
【0023】
本発明においては、上記の作物などに良い土壌に鑑みて、先ず、成分(1)穀類あるいはそのカス、成分(2)海藻類、成分(3)ブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖から選ばれる炭水化物、成分(4)有効土、および成分(5)水からなる混合物に、有用微生物のかたまりである成分(6)の土麹を配合して、発酵させて、上記酵母菌類、上記糸状菌、上記細菌を非常に多く含むとともに、多くのミネラルや多種の抗生物質が含まれている発酵処理生成物を作り、この発酵処理生成物を乾燥して、得られる生成物をそのまま養魚用餌料とするか、あるいは、この生成物を上記の配合餌料に添加したもを養魚用餌料とする。
【0024】
成分(1)〜成分(6)を発酵させる際の各成分の配合割合は魚の種類、魚体の大きさ、重さなどにより異なるので特に限定されないが、下記の成分(1)〜成分(6)の配合割合は好ましく使用できる。
(1)穀類あるいはそのカス 10〜30重量%
(2)海藻類 5〜20重量%
(3)ブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖から選ばれる炭水化物 0.1〜15重量%
(4)有効土 5〜25重量%
(5)水 27〜47重量%
(6)土麹 0.1〜15重量%
【0025】
次に上記発酵の実施例を示す。例えば、24時間から72時間、40℃から80℃近い温度で発酵させると、発酵熱が生じるので、これを切り返し、再び積んで約1日、1回から2回の切返しを繰り返すと、盛んに甘い香りや、酒精臭の芳香を放しながら、土麹の表面に糸状菌や酵母酸のコロニーができる。さらに表面がパン状に固まり、段々と甘い香りや酒精臭からカビ臭い臭いに変化してくる。この発酵処理生成物中には、上記の酵母菌類、細菌類、糸状菌が1g中に総数十億以上も存在している。
【0026】
【実施例】
以下に実施例を示して本発明をさらに具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
【0027】
(実施例1)
下記の混合割合で成分(1)〜成分(5)の混合物を作り、この混合物に成分(6)の土麹を下記の混合割合で配合して、48時間、60℃で発酵させ、切り返しを行い、再び積んで約1日、1回から2回の切返しを繰り返して発酵させて発酵処理生成物を作った。
(1)新鮮な米糠 15kg (28.4重量%)
(2)天草 7kg (13.2重量%)
(3)澱粉 0.3kg(0.57重量%)
(4)有効土(ゼオライトを含む粘土鉱物)10kg (18.9重量%)
(5)水(水道水) 20kg (37.9重量%)
(6)土麹 0.5kg(0.95重量%)
【0028】
そして上記発酵処理生成物を乾燥して、次の組成を有する生成物を得た。
(1)新鮮な米糠 45.4重量%
(2)天草 21.2重量%
(3)澱粉 0.9 重量%
(4)有効土(ゼオライトを含む粘土鉱物) 30.3重量%
(5)水 0.6 重量%
(6)土麹 1.5 重量%
【0029】
本発明においては、錦鯉などの養殖の場合はこの生成物をそのまま養魚用餌料とすることができる。
実施例1においては上記生成物2kgを上記配合餌料(市販品)20kgに添加したものを養魚用餌料[成分(4)有効土の混合割合約3重量%]として使用し、下記の投与方法▲1▼および投与方法▲2▼により投与して真鯛(育成当初魚体重7g)の養殖を行った。なお比較のために下記の投与方法▲1▼および投与方法▲3▼により投与して同様にして真鯛(育成当初魚体重7g)の養殖を行った。
【0030】
(投与方法▲1▼)(生餌の投与)
図1に示したように、木を組み立てて作った生簀1(縦13m×横13m×深さ12m)をフロート2を用いて海面に浮かせ、生簀1の真中に生餌3(イワシ、サバ、サンマ、エビ、その他の小魚)を入れた網4を置き、養殖する真鯛5自身が網目の合間から引っ張り出して食べるようにした投与方法。
【0031】
(投与方法▲2▼)(本発明の養魚用餌料の投与)
上記生餌に上記養魚用餌料を配合して攪拌機を用いて攪拌してミンチにして、成長する真鯛の口に合った大きさの粘質状の粒状固形物(モイストと呼ばれる)とし、それを生簀に投与する投与方法。
【0032】
(投与方法▲3▼)(比較のための養魚用餌料の投与)
上記投与方法▲2▼において上記生成物を用いず、上記配合餌料(市販品)を用いた他は、同様にしてモイストとし、それを生簀に投与する投与方法。
【0033】
(養殖方法)
(1)A生簀、およびB生簀を用いて、各生簀に真鯛(育成当初体重7g)を10,000匹の養殖を行った。
(2)A生簀は投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲2▼を組み合わせた投与方法を用い、B生簀は比較のために投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲3▼を組み合わせた投与方法を用いた
(3)1日の餌料の投与量は、A生簀、B生簀、同量とした。
(4)1日の餌料の投与時間は、A生簀、B生簀、ほぼ同じ投与時間とした。
(5)養殖期間:約2年6ヶ月(平成5年6月15日から平成7年12月末日まで)
(6)A生簀における実際の餌料の投与方法
夏期(平成5年6月15日〜同9月30日)の間は、毎日、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲2▼を交互に用いて投与した。
冬期(平成5年10月1日〜平成6年6月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲2▼を交互に用いて投与した。
夏期(平成6年7月1日〜同9月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲2▼を併用して投与した。
冬期(平成6年10月1日〜平成7年6月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲2▼を交互に用いて投与した。
夏期(平成7年7月1日〜同9月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲2▼を併用して投与した。
冬期(平成7年10月1日〜同12月末日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲2▼を交互に用いて投与した。
(7)B生簀における実際の餌料の投与方法
夏期(平成5年6月15日〜同9月30日)の間は、毎日、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲3▼を交互に用いて投与した。
冬期(平成5年10月1日〜平成6年6月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲3▼を交互に用いて投与した。
夏期(平成6年7月1日〜同9月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲3▼を併用して投与した。
冬期(平成6年10月1日〜平成7年6月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲3▼を交互に用いて投与した。
夏期(平成7年7月1日〜同9月30日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲3▼を併用して投与した。
冬期(平成7年10月1日〜同12月末日)の間は、1日置きに、投与方法▲1▼と投与方法▲3▼を交互に用いて投与した。
【0034】
養殖した真鯛を出荷した際に、A生簀およびB生簀について、それぞれ、出荷量(匹数、kg)、最大魚重量(kg/匹)、最小魚重量(kg/匹)、平均重量(kg/匹)、養殖期間中に死亡した匹数(匹)、死亡率(%)を測定した。結果を表1に示す。
【0035】
【表1】
Figure 0003927667
【0036】
表1から判るように、本発明の養魚用餌料を使用したA生簀においては、本発明の養魚用餌料を使用しないB生簀に比較して、魚病の発生が防止できて死亡率が低い上、生育が促進され、約7%〜30%の増肉[(A生簀の平均体重−B生簀の平均体重)/(B生簀の平均体重)]アップがみられた。
しかも、本発明の養魚用餌料を使用したA生簀においては真鯛の色が赤みが強くなるなど色上げがよかった。
【0037】
(実施例2)
陸上の水槽A〜水槽D(いずれも8角型簡易水槽)を用いて、魚病などの発生率の高い高水温の夏期(平成8年6月1日〜平成8年9月30日の4ヶ月間)において、水槽A、水槽Bで真鯛(育成当初体重0.1kg)の養殖を行い、水槽C、水槽Dで鮃(育成当初体重50g)の養殖実験を行った。
図2は、使用した8角型簡易水槽の平面図であり、6は水槽本体、7は注水口、8は排水口、9は側溝を示す。水槽本体6の上部には図示しない飛び出し防止用ネットが装着されている。
【0038】
(養殖方法)
(1)A水槽およびB水槽では真鯛各1000匹の養殖を行い、A水槽では、毎日、投与方法▲3▼を用い、B水槽では毎日、投与方法▲2▼を用いて餌料を投与した。1日の餌料の投与量は、A水槽、B水槽ともに、同量とした。1日の餌料の投与時間は、A水槽、B水槽ともに、ほぼ同じ投与時間とした。
(2)C水槽およびD水槽では鮃各1000匹の養殖を行い、C水槽では毎日、投与方法▲3▼を用い、D水槽では比較のために毎日、投与方法▲2▼を用いて餌料を投与した。1日の餌料の投与量は、C水槽、D水槽ともに、同量とした。1日の餌料の投与時間はC水槽、D水槽ともに、ほぼ同じ投与時間とした。
【0039】
養殖した真鯛および鮃を約1か月毎に、平均重量(kg/匹)、死亡した匹数(匹)を測定し、死亡率(%)、増肉率(倍)(9月末平均体重/育成当初体重)を求めた。結果を表2に示す。
【0040】
【表2】
Figure 0003927667
【0041】
表2から、本発明の養魚用餌料を使用した場合は、本発明の養魚用餌料を使用しない場合に比較して、死亡率が低い上、生育が促進され、増肉率(倍)が高いことが判る。
【0042】
以上、本発明の養魚用餌料を使用した実施例を示したが、本発明はこれに限定されず各種の変形実施態様を包含するものである。
【0043】
【発明の効果】
本発明の養魚用餌料は養殖全般に利用できる安全性の高い養魚用餌料であり、抗生物質などを投与しなくても魚病の発生を防止でき、消化効力が高く、生育が促進され、増肉率がアップし、餌料効率がよく、しかも鯛などの魚の色がよくなるなど色上げがよいなどの効果がある。生育が促進され、稚魚から成魚になるまでの養魚期間が短縮されるので、早期出荷が可能となる。
また、従来は与えた配合餌料の残餌や魚の糞などが水底に沈むことにより水や水底の汚染が起こり、細菌性の病害が多発する問題があったが、投与した本発明の養魚用餌料の食い残りや生育した魚から排出されるフンなどが海水などに沈んだりしても、本発明で用いる土麹などの作用によりこれらがきれいに分解されるので魚病の発生を防止できる上、水や水底の汚染を防止でき公害にならない。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 生簀中で養殖する魚、生餌などの関係を示す説明図である。
【図2】 8角型簡易水槽の平面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 生簀
2 フロート
3 生餌
4 網
5 真鯛
6 水槽本体
7 注水口
8 排水口
9 側溝[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to fish feed, and more specifically, fish that can be used for aquaculture, including saltwater fish such as salmon, salmon, puffer fish, eel, salmon, salmon, land culture such as freshwater fish, and coastal culture. The present invention relates to a feed for fish farming that is capable of preventing disease occurrence, promoting growth, increasing the coefficient of increase in meat, etc., and having high feed efficiency.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, the fishery has been changed from the world's fishery to protect fisheries, and has been cultivated and cultivated on land such as sea bream, eel and sea bream, and sea surface culture such as hamachi, yellowtail, tuna, sea bream and sea bream. At first, yellowtail culture was started, and now tuna is artificially hatched and cultured, and its aquaculture technology is also improving.
[0003]
However, in such aquaculture, there is a problem that bacterial diseases occur frequently due to contamination of water and the bottom of water caused by the remaining feed of the mixed feed and fish droppings sinking to the bottom of the water. For this reason, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline are administered, but the resistance to antibiotics is uncomfortable, fish disease occurs, growth is inhibited, and yield decreases. Problems such as rising fish prices have occurred, and it is hoped that they will be resolved immediately.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The purpose of the present invention is to prevent the occurrence of fish disease without administering antibiotics, etc., high digestive efficacy, promoted growth, can increase the meat, good feed efficiency, early shipment is possible, In addition, it is to provide a highly safe feed for fish farming that can be used for aquaculture in general and has the effect of raising the color such as salmon and the like.
[0005]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventors have conducted intensive research on such problems, and as a result, for example, when looking at the species of fish cultivated in the bay, it is compared to culturing near the coast and cultivating offshore. It has been found that fish of the same species and farmed with the same aquaculture technique can produce fish of better quality if they are cultivated in the ginger closer to the coast, and this phenomenon is contained in the soil. It was thought that the minerals and effective microorganisms flowed along with rainwater on rainy days and affected the fish near the coast.
Other fish species such as trough puffer, salmon, kochi, okoze, etc., have their eyes only in the soil and live by diving. It is a natural action to prevent fish diseases caused by gill insects, etc. using effective microorganisms and antibiotics produced by the microorganisms, and the body of the fish is adjusted by diving in the soil It was thought that.
The present inventors consider that there is a strong relationship between the growth of fish, fish diseases, etc., and the soil, and mainly use soil that is effective in preventing the occurrence of fish diseases, promoting growth, etc. As a result of studying the combined fish feed, a useful fish feed was found and the present invention was achieved.
[0006]
That is, the invention of claim 1 of the present invention comprises (1) cereals or casks thereof, (2) seaweeds, (3) glucose other than component (1) , starch, sugar, and carbohydrates containing these as main components. (4) a mixture of clay minerals having a base substitution capacity (me / 100 g) of 20 to 600, zeolite, at least one active soil selected from red soil, and (5) a mixture of water (6 ) A feed for fish farming comprising a product obtained by drying a fermented product obtained by blending and fermenting earthen soil, or a mixture obtained by adding a blended feed to this product.
[0007]
The invention of claim 2 of the present invention is the feed for fish raising according to claim 1, wherein the component (1) cereal or its residue is selected from rice bran, wheat flour, barley flour, corn, soybean, soybean oil residue, and bran. It is characterized by being one.
[0009]
Invention of Claim 3 of this invention is the feed for fish raising of Claim 1 or Claim 2 ,
(1) Cereal or its residue 10-30% by weight
(2) 5-20% by weight of seaweed
(3) Carbohydrate selected from glucose, starch and sugar other than component (1)
0.1 to 15% by weight
(4) At least one effective soil selected from clay minerals, zeolites, and red soils having a base substitution capacity (me / e / 100 g) of 20 to 600 5 to 25% by weight
(5) 27-47% by weight of water
(6) Earthen 0.1-15% by weight
It is characterized by using a fermentation treatment product obtained by blending and fermenting.
[0010]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the feed for fish farming of the present invention will be described in more detail.
In the present invention, (6) a mixture comprising (1) cereal or its residue, (2) seaweed, (3) carbohydrate selected from glucose, starch and sugar, (4) effective soil, and (5) water A product obtained by drying a fermentation treatment product obtained by blending and fermenting earthen soil may be used as a feed for fish farming. Moreover, it is good also considering the mixture which added this product to the compound feed as a feed for fish farming.
[0011]
Specific examples of the cereal of the component (1) or its residue used in the present invention include rice bran, wheat flour, barley flour, corn, soybean, soybean oil residue, bran and the like. A medium is used, and one type may be used, or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
[0012]
The seaweed of the component (2) used in the present invention is generally a sow that grows in the sea, green sows such as Aosa, Aonori and Shiogusa, kusou such as kombu, wakame, hijiki, kajime, honda wall, Examples include red soda such as Amano, Tosakanori, Tengusa, Ogonori, Funori and Tsunomata. These may be used singly or as a mixture of two or more.
[0013]
The component (3) used in the present invention is selected from glucose, starch, sugar, and carbohydrates containing these as main components. These serve as a fermentation medium, and one kind may be used, or a mixture of two or more kinds may be used.
[0014]
The effective soil of the component (4) used in the present invention is soil that is effective in preventing the occurrence of fish diseases and promoting growth.
Specific examples of the effective soil of the component (4) include clay minerals such as montmorillonite and vermiculite, zeolite (which may be either natural zeolite or synthetic zeolite), red soil, and the like. One of these may be used, or a mixture of two or more may be used.
Among these, it is more or less negatively charged (-), and positively (+) is charged, for example, N, such as potassium, lime, bitter earth, or ammonia, or other minerals. What has the property to do can be used preferably.
[0015]
In the present invention, the effective soil of the component (4) is, for example, kaolinite [base substitution capacity (me / 100 g) 3 to 15] or river sand [base substitution capacity (me / 100 g) 0]. Are not suitable, for example, montmorillonite, vermiculite [base substitution capacity (me / 100 g) 80 to 150], human (humus, soil) [base substitution capacity (me / 100 g) 600], etc. Is preferred. In general, the base substitution capacity (me / 100 g) of good soil for crops is 20 or more, and in the case of bad soil, it is 5 or less. The soil base substitution capacity (me / 100 g) is preferably in the range of 20-600.
[0016]
Good soil for the above crops means healthy soil that is constantly breathing and active, and in this healthy soil, animals and plants grow by themselves with the vitality of nature. If it ’s bad, it ’s the opposite. In such healthy soil, there are approximately 10 million to several hundred million useful microorganisms such as the following filamentous fungi in 1 g, and many minerals and various antibiotics are also included. It is known that
[0017]
The water of the said component (5) used by this invention is not special water, For example, normal tap water can be used.
[0018]
The soil of the above component (6) used in the present invention is obtained by fermenting the original seed produced as described below to mountain soil, rice bran, dams, and the like.
To make the original species, first make a fruit enzyme and starch enzyme, and then mix this fruit enzyme and starch enzyme in the ratio of fruit enzyme 1 and starch enzyme 2 as the original species, or add this mixture further After culturing in addition to rice, wheat, soybeans, etc., the original species is made by adding salt, sugar, etc. to suppress fermentation. Such original species are commercially available for organic agriculture, horticultural use, and the like, and commercially available original species can also be used in the present invention. Examples of commercially available original species that can be used in the present invention include bime food (trade name, Shimamoto Microbiology Laboratory).
[0019]
Fruit enzymes mainly include yeasts such as sake yeast, beer yeast, wine yeast, and baker's yeast, as well as small amounts of bacteria such as potato, natto, and lactic acid bacteria, and mold, blue and red mold. It contains filamentous fungi such as white mold and black mold. Fruits and shoots of trees and especially the bark contain powerful fruit enzymes.
The starch enzyme contains filamentous fungi mainly composed of mold fungi and bacteria such as potato and natto. Therefore, the original species contains many aerobic bacteria such as the yeasts, the bacteria, and the filamentous fungi.
[0020]
A fruit enzyme is produced as follows, for example. 3 or more kinds of fruits such as apples, grapes, strawberries, peaches, figs, 2 or more kinds of vegetables such as carrots, radishes and spinach, mixed with sugar and cultured for several days to a week It is obtained by mainly breeding yeast fungi and removing fruits and vegetable straw. This fruit enzyme is delicious as a nutritional drink.
The starch enzyme mainly contains a large amount of the above-mentioned filamentous fungi and the above bacteria, and is produced, for example, as follows. Water is added to a predetermined amount of rice bran, potato cream, flour, malt, and yarn-drawn natto and mixed to cultivate bacteria such as potato, natto and miso, and this culture is steamed into rice and rice bran. When mixed and fermented, starch enzyme is obtained.
[0021]
Next, an example is shown in which this elemental species is used to make the soil of component (6) used in the present invention.
Figure 0003927667
Mountain soil and rice bran are mixed in advance, and starch is adjusted to a moisture content of 40 to 45% by adding a paste, and after 1 to 3 days of fermentation, it reaches 40 to 60 ° C. by fermentation heat. The temperature is lowered by turning back, and after 24 hours, the temperature reaches 45 to 60 ° C. again by the heat of fermentation, and colonies of the yeasts and filamentous fungi are formed. After the heat of fermentation disappears, it spreads widely, avoids direct sunlight, and is dried in a well-ventilated area for several days to complete the soil. The soil can be stored for a long time in a paper bag.
[0022]
As the mixed feed used in the present invention, a commercially available mixed feed having the following composition can be used.
Example of (conventional compound feed):
Net weight of one bag 20Kg
Figure 0003927667
Example of (feed additive added about 2-3% by weight to a conventional blended feed):
Vitamin A, Vitamin D 3 , Vitamin E, Vitamin K 3 , Vitamin B 1 , Vitamin B 3 , Vitamin B 6 , Vitamin B 12 , Nicotinic acid, Pantothenic acid, Choline, Folic acid, Biotin, Paraaminobenzoic acid, Inositol, Vitamin C , Manganese sulfate, iron sulfate, cobalt sulfate, copper sulfate, calcium iodate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, phosphoric acid-sodium hydrogen, phosphoric acid-potassium hydrogen, ferrous fumarate, astaxanthin, ethoxyquin, garlic Powder, liver powder, corn gluten meal, animal fat, wheat powder, etc.
[0023]
In the present invention, in view of the good soil for the above crops, etc., first, a carbohydrate selected from component (1) cereals or its residue, component (2) seaweed, component (3) glucose, starch, sugar (component ( 4) Mixing the effective soil and the component (5) water with the soil of the component (6) which is a cluster of useful microorganisms, fermenting the mixture, fermenting the yeast fungi, the filamentous fungi and the bacteria A fermentation treatment product containing many minerals and various antibiotics, and drying this fermentation treatment product, and using the resulting product as a feed for fish farming, or A fish feed is obtained by adding this product to the above blended feed.
[0024]
The blending ratio of each component when fermenting component (1) to component (6) is not particularly limited because it varies depending on the type of fish, the size and weight of the fish, etc., but the following components (1) to (6) The blending ratio of can be preferably used.
(1) Cereal or its residue 10-30% by weight
(2) 5-20% by weight of seaweed
(3) Carbohydrate selected from glucose, starch and sugar 0.1 to 15% by weight
(4) Effective soil 5-25% by weight
(5) 27-47% by weight of water
(6) Earthen 0.1-15% by weight
[0025]
Next, examples of the fermentation will be shown. For example, when fermenting at a temperature close to 40 ° C. to 80 ° C. for 24 hours to 72 hours, fermentation heat is generated. A colony of filamentous fungi and yeast acid is formed on the surface of the soil while releasing a sweet scent and aroma of alcohol. Furthermore, the surface hardens into a bread shape, and gradually changes from a sweet fragrance and alcoholic odor to a musty odor. In the fermented product, the total number of the above-mentioned yeasts, bacteria, and filamentous fungi is 1 billion or more in 1 g.
[0026]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples.
[0027]
Example 1
A mixture of component (1) to component (5) is prepared at the following mixing ratio, and the earthen earth of component (6) is blended at the following mixing ratio into this mixture and fermented at 60 ° C. for 48 hours. It was carried out again and loaded for about one day, and it was repeatedly fermented once or twice, and fermented to produce a fermented product.
(1) Fresh rice bran 15kg (28.4% by weight)
(2) Amakusa 7kg (13.2% by weight)
(3) Starch 0.3kg (0.57% by weight)
(4) Effective soil (clay mineral including zeolite) 10 kg (18.9 wt%)
(5) Water (tap water) 20kg (37.9% by weight)
(6) Earthen 0.5kg (0.95% by weight)
[0028]
And the said fermentation treatment product was dried and the product which has the following composition was obtained.
(1) Fresh rice bran 45.4% by weight
(2) Amakusa 21.2% by weight
(3) Starch 0.9% by weight
(4) Effective soil (clay minerals including zeolite) 30.3% by weight
(5) Water 0.6% by weight
(6) Earthen 1.5 wt%
[0029]
In the present invention, in the case of aquaculture such as carp, this product can be used as it is as a feed for fish farming.
In Example 1, 2 kg of the above product added to 20 kg of the above-mentioned mixed feed (commercial product) was used as a fish feed [component (4) effective soil mixing ratio of about 3% by weight], and the following administration method ▲ It was administered according to 1 ▼ and administration method {circle around (2)} to cultivate true sea bream (originally raised fish weight 7 g). For comparison, it was administered according to the following administration method (1) and administration method (3), and sea bream (the initial weight of the fish was 7 g) was cultured in the same manner.
[0030]
(Administration method (1)) (Administration of raw food)
As shown in FIG. 1, a ginger 1 (length 13 m × width 13 m × depth 12 m) made by assembling a tree is floated on the sea surface using a float 2, and raw food 3 (sardines, mackerel, An administration method in which a net 4 containing saury, shrimp, and other small fish) is placed, and the cultured mackerel 5 itself pulls it out between the nets and eats it.
[0031]
(Administration method (2)) (Administration of fish feed of the present invention)
The fish feed is mixed with the raw feed and stirred with a stirrer to make a mince to make a sticky granular solid (called moist) of a size suitable for the mouth of the growing snapper. Administration method administered to ginger.
[0032]
(Administration method (3)) (Administration of fish food for comparison)
A method of administration in which the same product is used in the above administration method (2) but the above mixed feed (commercially available product) is used and the moist is similarly administered to the ginger.
[0033]
(Culture method)
(1) Using the A ginger and the B ginger, each ginger was cultivated with 10,000 fresh sea bream (the initial weight was 7 g).
(2) A ginger uses an administration method that combines administration method (1) and administration method (2), and B ginger uses an administration method that combines administration method (1) and administration method (3) for comparison. (3) The daily dose of feed was A ginger, B ginger, and the same amount.
(4) The daily feed administration time was A ginger, B ginger, and almost the same administration time.
(5) Aquaculture period: About 2 years and 6 months (from June 15, 1993 to the end of December 1995)
(6) Actual feed administration method for ginger A During the summer (June 15th to September 30th, 1993), the administration method (1) and the administration method (2) were alternately used every day. Administered.
During the winter season (October 1, 1993 to June 30, 1994), administration was carried out alternately every other day using administration method (1) and administration method (2).
During the summer (July 1, 1994 to September 30, 1994), the administration method (1) and the administration method (2) were administered in combination every other day.
During the winter season (October 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995), administration was carried out every other day using the administration method (1) and the administration method (2) alternately.
During the summer season (July 1, 1995 to September 30, 1995), administration method (1) and administration method (2) were administered every other day.
During the winter season (October 1, 1995 to the end of December, 1995), the administration method (1) and the administration method (2) were used alternately every other day.
(7) Actual feed administration method for B ginger During the summer (June 15th to September 30th, 1993), the administration method (1) and the administration method (3) were alternately used every day. Administered.
During the winter season (October 1, 1993 to June 30, 1994), administration was carried out every other day using the administration method (1) and the administration method (3) alternately.
During the summer (July 1, 1994 to September 30, 1994), the administration method (1) and the administration method (3) were administered in combination every other day.
During the winter period (October 1, 1994 to June 30, 1995), administration was carried out every other day using the administration method (1) and the administration method (3) alternately.
During the summer season (July 1, 1995 to September 30, 1995), administration method (1) and administration method (3) were administered every other day.
During the winter season (October 1, 1995 to the end of December, 1995), the administration method (1) and the administration method (3) were used alternately every other day.
[0034]
When the cultured fresh sea bream was shipped, for A ginger and B ginger, the shipping amount (number of animals, kg), maximum fish weight (kg / animal), minimum fish weight (kg / animal), average weight (kg / animal), respectively. Animals), the number of animals that died during the culture period (animals), and the mortality rate (%). The results are shown in Table 1.
[0035]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003927667
[0036]
As can be seen from Table 1, in the A ginger using the fish feed of the present invention, the occurrence of fish diseases can be prevented and the mortality rate is lower than in the B ginger not using the fish feed of the present invention. The growth was promoted, and about 7% to 30% increase in the thickness [(A ginger average body weight-B ginger average body weight) / (B ginger average body weight)] up was observed.
In addition, in the A ginger using the fish feed of the present invention, the color of the red snapper was good, such as redness becoming strong.
[0037]
(Example 2)
Using the onshore tanks A to D (both octagonal simple tanks), the high water temperature summer with a high incidence of fish diseases etc. (June 1, 1996-September 30, 1996) In the water tank A and the water tank B, fresh sea bream (the initial growth weight 0.1 kg) was cultivated, and the water tank C and the water tank D were subjected to the culture experiment of the bream (the initial growth weight 50 g).
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the used octagonal simple water tank, wherein 6 is a water tank body, 7 is a water inlet, 8 is a water outlet, and 9 is a side groove. A jump-out preventing net (not shown) is mounted on the upper part of the water tank body 6.
[0038]
(Culture method)
(1) In the A and B tanks, 1000 each of the true sea bream was cultivated, and in the A tank, the administration method (3) was used every day, and in the B tank, the food was administered every day using the administration method (2). The daily feed dose was the same for both the A and B tanks. The daily food administration time was the same for both the A and B water tanks.
(2) In C and D tanks, cultivate 1000 fish each, and in C tank, use administration method (3) every day, and in D tank, feed daily using administration method (2) for comparison. Administered. The daily feed dosage was the same for both C and D tanks. The daily food administration time was the same for both the C and D water tanks.
[0039]
The average weight (kg / animal) and the number of dead (animals) were measured about 1 month for cultured culm and culm, and the mortality rate (%) and the rate of increase in meat (times) (average body weight / end of September) The initial growth weight was determined. The results are shown in Table 2.
[0040]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003927667
[0041]
From Table 2, when the feed for fish farming of the present invention is used, compared to the case of not using the feed for fish farming of the present invention, the mortality rate is low, the growth is promoted, and the rate of increase in meat (times) is high. I understand that.
[0042]
As mentioned above, although the Example using the feed for fish farming of this invention was shown, this invention is not limited to this but includes various deformation | transformation embodiment.
[0043]
【The invention's effect】
The fish feed of the present invention is a highly safe fish feed that can be used for aquaculture in general, and can prevent the occurrence of fish disease without administration of antibiotics, etc., has high digestive efficacy, promotes growth, and increases It has the effect of increasing the meat rate, improving the feed efficiency, and improving the color of fish such as carp. Growth is promoted and the fish farming period from fry to adult fish is shortened, enabling early shipment.
In addition, there has been a problem that water and the bottom of the water are contaminated due to sinking of the remaining mixed feed and fish droppings on the bottom of the water, resulting in frequent bacterial diseases. Even if the fish left over or dung from the grown fish sink into seawater, etc., they can be decomposed cleanly by the action of the soil used in the present invention, so that the occurrence of fish disease can be prevented and water And prevents pollution of the bottom of the water.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between fish cultivated in ginger, raw bait, and the like.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an octagonal simple water tank.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Ginger 2 Float 3 Live bait 4 Net 5 Shinji 6 Aquarium body 7 Water inlet 8 Drain outlet 9 Gutter

Claims (3)

(1)穀類あるいはそのカス、(2)海藻類、(3)成分(1)以外のブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖、およびこれらを主成分として含む炭水化物から選ばれるもの、(4)塩基置換容量(m.e./100g)が20〜600の粘土鉱物、ゼオライト、赤土から選択される少なくとも1つの有効土、および(5)水からなる混合物に(6)土麹を配合して発酵させて得られる発酵処理生成物を乾燥した生成物あるいはこの生成物に配合餌料を添加した混合物から成ることを特徴とする養魚用餌料。(1) Cereals or casks thereof, (2) Seaweed, (3) Glucose other than component (1) , starch, sugar, and carbohydrates containing these as main components, (4) Base substitution capacity (m E./100 g) obtained by blending (6) soil with a mixture of 20 to 600 clay minerals, zeolite, at least one effective soil selected from red soil, and (5) water. A feed for fish farming comprising a product obtained by drying a fermentation treatment product or a mixture obtained by adding a blended feed to this product. 前記成分(1)穀類あるいはそのカスが米糠、小麦粉、大麦粉、コーン、大豆、大豆油カス、フスマから選ばれる少なくとも1つであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の養魚用餌料。  The feed for fish farming according to claim 1, wherein the component (1) cereal or its residue is at least one selected from rice bran, wheat flour, barley flour, corn, soybean, soybean oil residue and bran. (1)穀類あるいはそのカス 10〜30重量%
(2)海藻類 5〜20重量%
(3)ブドウ糖、澱粉、砂糖から選ばれる炭水化物 0.1〜15重量%
(4)有効土 5〜25重量%
(5)水 27〜47重量%
(6)土麹 0.1〜15重量%
を配合して発酵させて得られる発酵処理生成物を用いることを特徴とする請求項1あるいは請求項2記載の養魚用餌料。
(1) Cereal or its residue 10-30% by weight
(2) 5-20% by weight of seaweed
(3) Carbohydrate selected from glucose, starch and sugar 0.1 to 15% by weight
(4) Effective soil 5-25% by weight
(5) 27-47% by weight of water
(6) Earthen 0.1-15% by weight
The feed for fish farming according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a fermented product obtained by blending and fermenting is used.
JP29852197A 1997-10-30 1997-10-30 Fish feed Expired - Fee Related JP3927667B2 (en)

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KR100366562B1 (en) * 1999-12-21 2003-01-14 이기원 A process of feeding stuff industrial material by swelling vermiculite, pearlite, kaoline
WO2004082366A2 (en) * 2003-03-19 2004-09-30 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Methods to confer enhanced floral properties to plants
JP2006254905A (en) * 2005-02-15 2006-09-28 Toshiyuki Kuhara Seaweed feed and method for producing the same
CN100367870C (en) * 2006-01-13 2008-02-13 宁波大学 Feed for marine economic animal and pet, and its processing method
KR101140077B1 (en) 2009-06-23 2012-04-30 조규성 Assistance feed for domestic animals using loess and seaweed extracts and method for fabricating the same
KR20120085240A (en) * 2009-07-17 2012-07-31 오션 하베스트 테크놀로지 (캐나다) 아이엔씨. Natural and sustainable seaweed formula that replaces synthetic additives in fish feed
CN110506871A (en) * 2019-09-27 2019-11-29 珠海海龙生物科技有限公司 A kind of mixed feed and preparation method thereof of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco megathermal period stabilizing water quality

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