JP3225293B2 - 融点以下である搬送過程粉末粒温度を利用した熱スプレー法 - Google Patents
融点以下である搬送過程粉末粒温度を利用した熱スプレー法Info
- Publication number
- JP3225293B2 JP3225293B2 JP50445292A JP50445292A JP3225293B2 JP 3225293 B2 JP3225293 B2 JP 3225293B2 JP 50445292 A JP50445292 A JP 50445292A JP 50445292 A JP50445292 A JP 50445292A JP 3225293 B2 JP3225293 B2 JP 3225293B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- nozzle
- particles
- stream
- combustion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
- F23M5/08—Cooling thereof; Tube walls
- F23M5/085—Cooling thereof; Tube walls using air or other gas as the cooling medium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
- B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
- B05B7/20—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion
- B05B7/201—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion downstream of the nozzle
- B05B7/205—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed by flame or combustion downstream of the nozzle the material to be sprayed being originally a particulate material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
- C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/129—Flame spraying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/641,958 US5120582A (en) | 1991-01-16 | 1991-01-16 | Maximum combustion energy conversion air fuel internal burner |
| US641,958 | 1991-08-06 | ||
| US07/740,788 US5271965A (en) | 1991-01-16 | 1991-08-06 | Thermal spray method utilizing in-transit powder particle temperatures below their melting point |
| US740,788 | 1991-08-06 | ||
| PCT/US1992/000068 WO1992012804A1 (en) | 1991-01-16 | 1992-01-15 | Thermal spray method utilizing in-transit powder particle temperatures below their melting point |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06504227A JPH06504227A (ja) | 1994-05-19 |
| JP3225293B2 true JP3225293B2 (ja) | 2001-11-05 |
Family
ID=27093888
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP50445292A Expired - Fee Related JP3225293B2 (ja) | 1991-01-16 | 1992-01-15 | 融点以下である搬送過程粉末粒温度を利用した熱スプレー法 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5271965A (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP0567569B1 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JP3225293B2 (https=) |
| AT (1) | ATE184328T1 (https=) |
| AU (1) | AU1233892A (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE69229947T2 (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO1992012804A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (69)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5498004A (en) * | 1991-09-30 | 1996-03-12 | Kulite Tungsten Corporation | Game dart |
| ES2115731T5 (es) † | 1992-10-30 | 2001-12-01 | Showa Aluminum Corp | Material de aluminio soldable y un metodo para producirlo. |
| US5330798A (en) * | 1992-12-09 | 1994-07-19 | Browning Thermal Systems, Inc. | Thermal spray method and apparatus for optimizing flame jet temperature |
| US5332422A (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1994-07-26 | Ford Motor Company | Solid lubricant and hardenable steel coating system |
| DE4429142B4 (de) * | 1994-08-17 | 2004-11-18 | Matthäus Götz | Düsenspritzkopf zum Hochgeschwindigkeitsflammspritzen so wie Verfahren zur Verarbeitung von Beschichtungspulvern |
| US5795626A (en) * | 1995-04-28 | 1998-08-18 | Innovative Technology Inc. | Coating or ablation applicator with a debris recovery attachment |
| US5932293A (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1999-08-03 | Metalspray U.S.A., Inc. | Thermal spray systems |
| RU2100474C1 (ru) * | 1996-11-18 | 1997-12-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Обнинский центр порошкового напыления" | Устройство для газодинамического нанесения покрытий из порошковых материалов |
| DE19652649A1 (de) * | 1996-12-18 | 1998-06-25 | Castolin Sa | Flammspritzvorrichtung und Verfahren zum thermischen Spritzen |
| US6231969B1 (en) | 1997-08-11 | 2001-05-15 | Drexel University | Corrosion, oxidation and/or wear-resistant coatings |
| EP0960955A1 (en) * | 1998-05-26 | 1999-12-01 | Universiteit Gent | Method and apparatus for flame spraying to form a tough coating |
| US6245390B1 (en) * | 1999-09-10 | 2001-06-12 | Viatcheslav Baranovski | High-velocity thermal spray apparatus and method of forming materials |
| US20030039856A1 (en) | 2001-08-15 | 2003-02-27 | Gillispie Bryan A. | Product and method of brazing using kinetic sprayed coatings |
| US6685988B2 (en) | 2001-10-09 | 2004-02-03 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Kinetic sprayed electrical contacts on conductive substrates |
| US20030209610A1 (en) * | 2001-12-14 | 2003-11-13 | Edward Miller | High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) method for spray coating non-melting polymers |
| US6808817B2 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2004-10-26 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Kinetically sprayed aluminum metal matrix composites for thermal management |
| US6896933B2 (en) * | 2002-04-05 | 2005-05-24 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method of maintaining a non-obstructed interior opening in kinetic spray nozzles |
| US6623796B1 (en) | 2002-04-05 | 2003-09-23 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method of producing a coating using a kinetic spray process with large particles and nozzles for the same |
| US6811812B2 (en) | 2002-04-05 | 2004-11-02 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Low pressure powder injection method and system for a kinetic spray process |
| US7476422B2 (en) | 2002-05-23 | 2009-01-13 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Copper circuit formed by kinetic spray |
| US6682774B2 (en) | 2002-06-07 | 2004-01-27 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Direct application of catalysts to substrates for treatment of the atmosphere |
| US6821558B2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2004-11-23 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method for direct application of flux to a brazing surface |
| US7108893B2 (en) * | 2002-09-23 | 2006-09-19 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Spray system with combined kinetic spray and thermal spray ability |
| US6743468B2 (en) * | 2002-09-23 | 2004-06-01 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method of coating with combined kinetic spray and thermal spray |
| US20040065432A1 (en) * | 2002-10-02 | 2004-04-08 | Smith John R. | High performance thermal stack for electrical components |
| US20040101620A1 (en) * | 2002-11-22 | 2004-05-27 | Elmoursi Alaa A. | Method for aluminum metalization of ceramics for power electronics applications |
| US20040142198A1 (en) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-07-22 | Thomas Hubert Van Steenkiste | Magnetostrictive/magnetic material for use in torque sensors |
| US6872427B2 (en) * | 2003-02-07 | 2005-03-29 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method for producing electrical contacts using selective melting and a low pressure kinetic spray process |
| US6871553B2 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2005-03-29 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Integrating fluxgate for magnetostrictive torque sensors |
| US7125586B2 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2006-10-24 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Kinetic spray application of coatings onto covered materials |
| FR2854086B1 (fr) * | 2003-04-23 | 2007-03-30 | Saint Gobain Pont A Mousson | Procede de revetement par flamme et dispositif correspondant |
| US20050040260A1 (en) * | 2003-08-21 | 2005-02-24 | Zhibo Zhao | Coaxial low pressure injection method and a gas collimator for a kinetic spray nozzle |
| US7351450B2 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2008-04-01 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Correcting defective kinetically sprayed surfaces |
| US7335341B2 (en) * | 2003-10-30 | 2008-02-26 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Method for securing ceramic structures and forming electrical connections on the same |
| US7141110B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2006-11-28 | General Electric Company | Erosion resistant coatings and methods thereof |
| US7024946B2 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2006-04-11 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Assembly for measuring movement of and a torque applied to a shaft |
| US7475831B2 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2009-01-13 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Modified high efficiency kinetic spray nozzle |
| US20050214474A1 (en) * | 2004-03-24 | 2005-09-29 | Taeyoung Han | Kinetic spray nozzle system design |
| US20060038044A1 (en) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-02-23 | Van Steenkiste Thomas H | Replaceable throat insert for a kinetic spray nozzle |
| US20060040048A1 (en) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-02-23 | Taeyoung Han | Continuous in-line manufacturing process for high speed coating deposition via a kinetic spray process |
| WO2006034054A1 (en) * | 2004-09-16 | 2006-03-30 | Belashchenko Vladimir E | Deposition system, method and materials for composite coatings |
| US20060100380A1 (en) * | 2004-11-05 | 2006-05-11 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Slush moldable thermoplastic polyolefin formulation for interior skin |
| US7900812B2 (en) * | 2004-11-30 | 2011-03-08 | Enerdel, Inc. | Secure physical connections formed by a kinetic spray process |
| US7717703B2 (en) * | 2005-02-25 | 2010-05-18 | Technical Engineering, Llc | Combustion head for use with a flame spray apparatus |
| FR2883574B1 (fr) * | 2005-03-23 | 2008-01-18 | Snecma Moteurs Sa | "procede de depot par projection thermique d'un revetement anti-usure" |
| US8802191B2 (en) | 2005-05-05 | 2014-08-12 | H. C. Starck Gmbh | Method for coating a substrate surface and coated product |
| US20070074656A1 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-04-05 | Zhibo Zhao | Non-clogging powder injector for a kinetic spray nozzle system |
| US7288497B1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2007-10-30 | San-Tsai Chueh | Ceramic powder |
| US7674076B2 (en) | 2006-07-14 | 2010-03-09 | F. W. Gartner Thermal Spraying, Ltd. | Feeder apparatus for controlled supply of feedstock |
| US20080078268A1 (en) | 2006-10-03 | 2008-04-03 | H.C. Starck Inc. | Process for preparing metal powders having low oxygen content, powders so-produced and uses thereof |
| US20080145688A1 (en) | 2006-12-13 | 2008-06-19 | H.C. Starck Inc. | Method of joining tantalum clade steel structures |
| US8197894B2 (en) | 2007-05-04 | 2012-06-12 | H.C. Starck Gmbh | Methods of forming sputtering targets |
| DE102007061598B4 (de) * | 2007-12-20 | 2011-08-25 | Siemens AG, 80333 | Trägeraufbau für einen Leistungsbaustein mit einer Bodenplatte und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| DE102007061599B4 (de) * | 2007-12-20 | 2011-09-22 | Siemens Ag | Trägeraufbau für einen Leistungsbaustein mit einem Kühlkörper und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| US8246903B2 (en) * | 2008-09-09 | 2012-08-21 | H.C. Starck Inc. | Dynamic dehydriding of refractory metal powders |
| US20110229665A1 (en) * | 2008-10-01 | 2011-09-22 | Caterpillar Inc. | Thermal spray coating for track roller frame |
| US20100080982A1 (en) * | 2008-10-01 | 2010-04-01 | Caterpillar Inc. | Thermal spray coating application |
| EP2547178B1 (de) * | 2009-11-04 | 2014-07-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Plasmaspritzdüse mit innenliegender Injektion |
| US10119195B2 (en) | 2009-12-04 | 2018-11-06 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Multichannel cold spray apparatus |
| BR112012013498B1 (pt) * | 2009-12-04 | 2020-08-18 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Montagem de bico de borrifo a frio e método de cobertura por borrifo a frio |
| US9976664B2 (en) | 2010-11-05 | 2018-05-22 | Hamilton Sundtrand Corporation | Furnace braze deposition of hardface coating on wear surface |
| CN103348454B (zh) * | 2010-12-01 | 2016-04-06 | 株式会社东芝 | 等离子体蚀刻装置部件及其制造方法 |
| US9412568B2 (en) | 2011-09-29 | 2016-08-09 | H.C. Starck, Inc. | Large-area sputtering targets |
| US20130126773A1 (en) | 2011-11-17 | 2013-05-23 | General Electric Company | Coating methods and coated articles |
| US8992656B2 (en) * | 2011-12-21 | 2015-03-31 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Controllable solids injection |
| JP2017008394A (ja) * | 2015-06-24 | 2017-01-12 | 有限会社エスエスシー | 低温溶射用hvaf溶射装置 |
| WO2018045457A1 (en) | 2016-09-07 | 2018-03-15 | Burgess Alan W | High velocity spray torch for spraying internal surfaces |
| EP3816320A1 (en) | 2019-10-29 | 2021-05-05 | Fundación Tecnalia Research & Innovation | High velocity oxy air fuel thermal spray apparatus |
| CN115901854A (zh) * | 2022-10-27 | 2023-04-04 | 中国兵器装备集团西南技术工程研究所 | 一种模拟发动机烧蚀的试验装置及其方法 |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2861900A (en) | 1955-05-02 | 1958-11-25 | Union Carbide Corp | Jet plating of high melting point materials |
| US3440079A (en) | 1965-02-10 | 1969-04-22 | Avco Corp | Spray coating |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3246114A (en) * | 1959-12-14 | 1966-04-12 | Matvay Leo | Process for plasma flame formation |
| US3676638A (en) * | 1971-01-25 | 1972-07-11 | Sealectro Corp | Plasma spray device and method |
| FR2171469A5 (https=) * | 1972-02-01 | 1973-09-21 | Air Liquide | |
| US4256779A (en) * | 1978-11-03 | 1981-03-17 | United Technologies Corporation | Plasma spray method and apparatus |
| US4235943A (en) * | 1979-02-22 | 1980-11-25 | United Technologies Corporation | Thermal spray apparatus and method |
| US4370538A (en) * | 1980-05-23 | 1983-01-25 | Browning Engineering Corporation | Method and apparatus for ultra high velocity dual stream metal flame spraying |
| US4343605A (en) * | 1980-05-23 | 1982-08-10 | Browning Engineering Corporation | Method of dual fuel operation of an internal burner type ultra-high velocity flame jet apparatus |
| US4416421A (en) * | 1980-10-09 | 1983-11-22 | Browning Engineering Corporation | Highly concentrated supersonic liquified material flame spray method and apparatus |
| EP0163776A3 (en) * | 1984-01-18 | 1986-12-30 | James A. Browning | Highly concentrated supersonic flame spray method and apparatus with improved material feed |
| US4568019A (en) * | 1984-02-24 | 1986-02-04 | Browning James A | Internal burner type flame spray method and apparatus having material introduction into an overexpanded gas stream |
| HU196488B (en) * | 1986-05-21 | 1988-11-28 | Tuezelestechnikai Kutato Es Fe | Recuperative pulse burner of stone insert with uniform case formation |
| EP0249790B1 (de) * | 1986-06-16 | 1990-11-14 | Castolin S.A. | Vorrichtung zum thermischen Spritzen von Auftragsschweisswerkstoffen |
| US4841114A (en) * | 1987-03-11 | 1989-06-20 | Browning James A | High-velocity controlled-temperature plasma spray method and apparatus |
| US4916273A (en) * | 1987-03-11 | 1990-04-10 | Browning James A | High-velocity controlled-temperature plasma spray method |
| US4869936A (en) * | 1987-12-28 | 1989-09-26 | Amoco Corporation | Apparatus and process for producing high density thermal spray coatings |
| US4836447A (en) * | 1988-01-15 | 1989-06-06 | Browning James A | Duct-stabilized flame-spray method and apparatus |
-
1991
- 1991-08-06 US US07/740,788 patent/US5271965A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-01-15 DE DE69229947T patent/DE69229947T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-01-15 WO PCT/US1992/000068 patent/WO1992012804A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-01-15 AU AU12338/92A patent/AU1233892A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-01-15 AT AT92904469T patent/ATE184328T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-01-15 JP JP50445292A patent/JP3225293B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-01-15 EP EP92904469A patent/EP0567569B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2861900A (en) | 1955-05-02 | 1958-11-25 | Union Carbide Corp | Jet plating of high melting point materials |
| US3440079A (en) | 1965-02-10 | 1969-04-22 | Avco Corp | Spray coating |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0567569B1 (en) | 1999-09-08 |
| EP0567569A4 (https=) | 1994-02-02 |
| US5271965A (en) | 1993-12-21 |
| JPH06504227A (ja) | 1994-05-19 |
| AU1233892A (en) | 1992-08-27 |
| WO1992012804A1 (en) | 1992-08-06 |
| EP0567569A1 (en) | 1993-11-03 |
| DE69229947T2 (de) | 2000-05-04 |
| DE69229947D1 (de) | 1999-10-14 |
| ATE184328T1 (de) | 1999-09-15 |
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