JP2022502517A - ヒトdickkopf3に対するモノクローナル抗体およびその使用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2018年10月15日に出願された米国仮出願第62/745,671号の優先権恩典を主張する。米国仮出願第62/745,671号の全内容は参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
本発明は米国立衛生研究所によって付与された助成金番号CA016672およびCA218495に基づいて政府の支援を受けてなされた。米国政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
本願は、EFS-Webを介してASCIIフォーマットで提出されており、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられる配列表を収録している。このASCIIコピーは2019年10月1日に作成され、UTFCP1395WO_ST25.txtと命名され、サイズが9.5キロバイトである。
本発明は、概して、医学、免疫学、およびがん生物学の分野に関する。特に、本発明は、Dickkopf3(DKK3)を中和する抗体およびその使用方法に関する。
腫瘍微小環境は多くのがんにとって重要な腫瘍進行メディエーターとして認識されており(Hwang et al., 2008; Kalluri & Zeisberg, 2006; Apte et al., 2004; Apte & Wilson, 2012; Bhowmick & Moses; 2005; Dvorak, 1986)、特に、膵管腺癌(PDAC)は腫瘍微小環境内にある高密度の線維性間質を特徴とする。この線維性間質は主として膵星細胞(PSC)からなり、膵星細胞(PSC)はPDACの増殖と転移を促進し(Apte & Wilson, 2012; Hwang et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2010)、治療剤に対するPDAC細胞応答を低減する(Hwang et al., 2008; Olive et al., 2009)。しかしながら、これらのプロセスにPSCが影響を及ぼす正確な機構は十分に理解されておらず、結果として、PDACの間質を標的とする臨床試験はほとんどが残念な結果となった(Bijlsma & van Laarhoven, 2015)。PDAC間質を標的とする以前の取り組みは、線維芽細胞を含む間質要素を大まかに排除することに向けられた。PSCによって作り出される特異的な腫瘍促進機構を阻害するもっと有効な戦略が必要とされている。
一態様では、表1および表2からのクローン対(clone-paired)の重鎖CDR配列および軽鎖CDR配列を特徴とするモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片が提供される。一局面では、前記抗体または抗体断片は、SEQ ID NO:1の軽鎖可変配列CDR1、SEQ ID NO:2の軽鎖可変配列CDR2、およびSEQ ID NO:3の軽鎖可変配列CDR3、ならびに、SEQ ID NO:7の重鎖可変配列CDR1、SEQ ID NO:8の重鎖可変配列CDR2、およびSEQ ID NO:9の重鎖可変配列CDR3を有する。一局面では、前記抗体または抗体断片は、SEQ ID NO:4の軽鎖可変配列CDR1、SEQ ID NO:5の軽鎖可変配列CDR2、およびSEQ ID NO:6の軽鎖可変配列CDR3、ならびに、SEQ ID NO:10の重鎖可変配列CDR1、SEQ ID NO:11の重鎖可変配列CDR2、およびSEQ ID NO:12の重鎖可変配列CDR3を有する。様々な局面では、どのCDR配列も、1個または2個のアミノ酸置換により表1および表2のCDR配列と異なってよい。様々な局面では、どのCDR配列も、表1および表2のCDR配列に対して少なくとも70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、または95%の同一性を有してよい。
膵管腺癌(PDAC)の予後は惨憺たるものであり、その間質浸潤物が膵管腺癌の攻撃性に寄与するかどうかは不明である。本明細書において、Dickkopf-3(DKK3)は膵星細胞によって産生され、ヒトPDACの大部分に存在することが見出された。DKK3はパラクライン機構およびオートクライン機構によってNF-κB活性化を介してPDACの成長、転移、および化学療法抵抗性を刺激する。PDAC自発性モデルにおいてDKK3を遺伝子破壊すると腫瘍成長が阻害され、CD8+T細胞の腫瘍周囲浸潤が誘導され、生存時間が二倍を超えた。新規のDKK3遮断モノクローナル抗体で処置するとPDAC進行と化学療法抵抗性が阻害され、生存時間が延長した。DKK3阻害とチェックポイント制御阻害の組み合わせは処置単独よりも腫瘍成長を低減するのに効果的であり、生存時間の長続きする改善をもたらした。このことから、DKK3中和は単一の標的指向型薬剤として、またはがんに対する化学療法もしくは免疫療法と組み合わせて有効であることが示唆される。
DKK3は、Wnt経路の調節に関与している可能性がある糖タンパク質dickkopf(Dkk)ファミリー(DKK1-4)の38kDaメンバーである(Macheda & Stacker, 2008; Moon et al., 2004; Taipale & Beachy, 2001)。DKKファミリーの最も良く特徴付けられたメンバーはDKK1であり、DKK1はWntシグナル伝達の天然可溶性阻害剤であり、腫瘍抑制因子の機能と関連する(Cowling et al., 2007; Shou et al., 2002)。DKK3は、他のDkkと、ユニークなN末端システインリッチドメインおよびC末端コリパーゼフォールド(fold)ドメインを共有するが、その他の点では、DNA配列、染色体群の位置に違いがあり、ひょっとすると、受容体およびシグナル伝達機構にも違いがある分岐したDkkファミリーメンバーである (Guder et al., 2006; Niehrs, 2006)。
本明細書において、DKK3は、ほぼ全てのヒトPDACで発現するタンパク質だと突き止められ、PDAC自発性モデルではCPおよび前がん性PanIN病変部にも存在した。DKK3は、PDACの腫瘍関連間質中にあるPSCによって産生される分泌因子であり、オートクラインとパラクラインの両方で、PSC活性を刺激するだけでなくPDAC細胞の増殖、遊走、および浸潤を高めるようにも作用する。さらに、DKK3は、化学療法によって誘導されるアポトーシスを受けないようにがん細胞を保護する。これらの効果は、少なくとも部分的には、PSC細胞とPDAC細胞の両方でNF-κB活性化によって媒介される。PDACの異種移植片モデルおよび同系モデルにおいて遺伝子破壊と、mAbを用いた薬理学的枯渇によってDKK3を阻害すると、腫瘍の成長、転移が阻害され、化学療法に対する応答が改善し、生存時間が延長した。これらのデータから、DKK3がPDACにおいて腫瘍促進因子として作用し、有望な治療標的であるように思われる最初の証拠が得られる。
「抗体」とは、標的、例えば、炭水化物、ポリヌクレオチド、脂質、ポリペプチドなどに、免疫グロブリン分子の可変領域に位置する少なくとも1つの抗原認識部位を介して特異的に結合することができる免疫グロブリン分子である。本明細書で使用する時、この用語はインタクトなポリクローナル抗体またはモノクローナル抗体だけでなく、その断片(例えば、Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2、Fv)、単鎖(ScFv))、その変異体、天然変種、必要とされる特異性の抗原認識部位をもつ抗体部分を含む融合タンパク質、ヒト化抗体、キメラ抗体、および必要とされる特異性の抗原認識部位を含む、免疫グロブリン分子の他の任意の改変された配置も包含する。
一態様では、前記抗体は、キメラ抗体、例えば、異種の非ヒト、ヒト、またはヒト化配列(例えば、フレームワークおよび/または定常ドメイン配列)につなげられた、非ヒトドナーに由来する抗原結合配列を含む抗体である。外来抗体の可変領域はそのままにして、モノクローナル抗体の軽鎖定常ドメインおよび重鎖定常ドメインを、ヒトに由来する類似ドメインと交換する方法が開発されている。または、「完全ヒト」モノクローナル抗体は、ヒト免疫グロブリン遺伝子を導入したマウスにおいて産生される。げっ歯類、例えば、マウスアミノ酸配列とヒトアミノ酸配列が両方ともある抗体可変ドメインを組み換えにより構築することによって、モノクローナル抗体の可変ドメインを、よりヒト型に変換する方法も観察されている。「ヒト化」モノクローナル抗体では、超可変CDRだけがマウスモノクローナル抗体に由来し、フレームワークおよび定常領域はヒトアミノ酸配列に由来する(参照により本明細書に組み入れられる、米国特許第5,091,513号および同第6,881,557号を参照されたい)。げっ歯類に特有の、抗体内にあるアミノ酸配列を、ヒト抗体の対応する位置に見出されるアミノ酸配列と交換すると、治療的使用の間に重篤な免疫反応の可能性が低下すると考えられている。ハイブリドーマまたは抗体を産生する他の細胞は遺伝子変異または他の変化も受けることがあり、これにより、ハイブリドーマによって産生される抗体の結合特異性が変化してもよく、変化しなくてもよい。
「単離された抗体」は、天然環境の成分から分離または回収されている抗体である。天然環境の汚染成分とは、診断または治療での抗体の使用を妨害する材料であり、酵素、ホルモン、および他のタンパク質性溶質または非タンパク質性溶質を含むことがある。特定の態様では、前記抗体は、(1)ローリー法によって求められた時に抗体の95重量%超まで、最も詳細には99重量%超まで;(2)スピニングカップシーケネーター(spinning cup sequenator)を用いてN末端アミノ酸配列もしくは内部アミノ酸配列の少なくとも15残基を得るのに十分な程度まで;または(3)クマシーブルーもしくは銀染色を用いて、変性条件下もしくは非変性条件下でのSDS-PAGEによって均一になるまで精製される。単離された抗体は、インサイチューで組換え細胞内にある抗体を含む。なぜなら、抗体の天然環境の少なくとも1つの成分が存在しないからである。しかしながら、通常、単離された抗体は少なくとも1つの精製工程によって調製される。
上記の抗体またはその断片が治療を目的としている場合、免疫反応を減弱するために、これらを「ヒト化する」ことが望ましい場合がある。このようなヒト化抗体はインビトロ状況で研究されてもよく、インビボ状況で研究されてもよい。ヒト化抗体は、例えば、抗体の免疫原性部分を、対応しているが非免疫原性の部分と交換することによって作製され得る(すなわち、キメラ抗体)。PCT出願PCT/US86/02269;EP出願184,187;EP出願171,496;EP出願173,494;PCT出願WO86/01533;EP出願125,023; Sun et al.(1987); Wood et al.(1985); および Shaw et al.(1988);これらの参考文献の全てが参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。「ヒト化」キメラ抗体の総説はMorrison(1985;これも参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)によって提供されている。または、「ヒト化」抗体はCDRまたはCEA置換によって産生することができる。Jones et al.(1986)およびBeidler et al.(1988)。これらはそれぞれ参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。このために、GenBankデータベース内を検索することによって、マウスモノクローナル抗体のVHフレームワークおよびVLフレームワークと相同なヒトVH配列およびVL配列を特定することができる。次いで、相同性が最も高いヒト配列をヒト化用アクセプターとして選択する。次いで、選択されたヒトフレームワークの対応する位置にマウスモノクローナルのCDR配列を移す。
本発明のモノクローナル抗体にはいくつかの用途があると理解される。これらの用途には、DKK3の検出において使用するための、ならびに高レベルのDKK3に関連する疾患を処置するための診断キットの製造が含まれる。これらに関連して、このような抗体を診断剤もしくは治療剤に結び付ける、競合アッセイにおいて捕獲剤もしくは競合物質(competitor)として使用する、またはさらなる薬剤を取り付けることなく個々に使用することができる。前記抗体は、下記でさらに議論されるように変異または改変することができる。抗体を調製および特徴付ける方法は当技術分野において周知である(例えば、Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988;米国特許第4,196,265号を参照されたい)。
1)不対Cys残基、
2)N結合型グリコシル化、
3)Asn脱アミド、
4)Asp異性化、
5)SYE切断、
6)Met酸化、
7)Trp酸化、
8)N末端グルタミン酸、
9)インテグリン結合、
10)CD11c/CD18結合、または
11)断片化
を含有する部位に関連する配列モチーフを検索することによって特定することができる。このようなモチーフは、組換え抗体をコードするcDNAの合成遺伝子を変えることによって排除することができる。
本発明の態様のある特定の局面は、高レベルのDKK3に関連する疾患または障害、例えば、膵管腺癌または乳がんなどのがんを予防または処置するのに使用することができる。DKK3の機能は任意の適切な薬物によって低減され得る。好ましくは、このような物質は抗DKK3抗体であろう。
多種多様な化学療法剤が本発明の態様に従って使用され得る。「化学療法」という用語は、がんを処置するための薬物の使用を指す。「化学療法剤」は、がんの処置において投与される化合物または組成物を意味するために用いられる。これらの薬剤または薬物は、細胞内での活性状態、例えば、細胞周期に影響を及ぼすかどうか、どの段階で影響を及ぼすかによって分類される。または、薬剤は、DNAを直接架橋する能力、DNAにインターカレートする能力、または核酸合成に影響を及ぼすことで染色体異常および有糸分裂異常を誘導する能力に基づいて特徴付けられる場合がある。
DNA損傷を引き起こし、広範に用いられてきた他の要因には、γ線、X線、および/または腫瘍細胞への放射性同位体の特異的送達として一般に知られているものが含まれる。マイクロ波、陽子線照射(米国特許第5,760,395号および同第4,870,287号)、ならびにUV照射などの他の形態のDNA損傷因子も意図される。これらの要因が全て、DNA、DNA前駆体、DNAの複製および修復、ならびに染色体の集合および維持に対する広範な損傷に影響を及ぼす可能性が高い。X線の線量範囲は、長期の場合(3〜4週間)は50〜200レントゲンの1日線量から、2000〜6000レントゲンの単回線量まで及ぶ。放射性同位体の線量範囲は多種多様であり、同位体の半減期、放出される放射線の強度およびタイプ、ならびに新生細胞による取り込みによって決まる。
当業者は、免疫療法が前記態様の方法と組み合わせて、または前記態様の方法と共に使用され得ることを理解する。がん処置の文脈において、免疫療法は、一般的に、がん細胞をターゲティングおよび破壊するために免疫エフェクター細胞および免疫エフェクター分子の使用に頼る。このような例はリツキシマブ(RITUXAN(登録商標))である。免疫エフェクターは、例えば、腫瘍細胞の表面にある、何らかのマーカーに特異的な抗体でもよい。抗体が単独で療法のエフェクターとして働いてもよく、実際に細胞死滅に影響を及ぼす他の細胞を動員してもよい。抗体はまた、薬物または毒素(化学療法剤、放射性核種、リシンA鎖、コレラ毒素、百日咳毒素など)にコンジュゲートされ、単なるターゲティング薬剤として働いてもよい。または、エフェクターは、腫瘍細胞標的と直接的または間接的に相互作用する表面分子を運ぶリンパ球でもよい。様々なエフェクター細胞には細胞傷害性T細胞およびNK細胞が含まれる。
がんがある人のうち約60%が何らかのタイプの外科手術を受ける。外科手術には、予防手術、診断または病期決定のための手術、根治手術、および緩和手術が含まれる。根治手術は、がん組織の全てまたは一部が物理的に除去、摘出、および/または破壊される切除を含み、本発明の態様の処置、化学療法、放射線療法、ホルモン療法、遺伝子療法、免疫療法、および/または代替療法などの他の療法と併用され得る。腫瘍切除とは、腫瘍の少なくとも一部の物理的な除去を指す。腫瘍切除の他に、外科手術による処置には、レーザー手術、凍結手術、電気手術、および顕微鏡により管理された手術(モース術)が含まれる。
処置の治療効力を改善するために、本発明の態様のある特定の局面と共に他の薬剤が用いられる場合があることが意図される。これらのさらなる薬剤には、細胞表面受容体およびギャップ結合のアップレギュレーションに影響を及ぼす薬剤、細胞分裂阻害剤および分化薬剤、細胞接着阻害剤、アポトーシス誘導物質に対する過剰増殖性細胞の感受性を高める薬剤、または他の生物学的薬剤が含まれる。ギャップ結合の数を増やすことによって細胞間シグナル伝達を増やすと、隣接する過剰増殖性細胞集団に対する抗過剰増殖作用が高まるだろう。他の態様では、処置の抗過剰増殖効力を改善するために細胞分裂阻害剤または分化薬剤が本発明の態様のある特定の局面と併用することができる。本発明の態様の効力を改善するために細胞接着阻害剤が意図される。細胞接着阻害剤の例は局所接着キナーゼ(FAK)阻害剤およびロバスタチンである。さらに、処置効力を改善するために、抗体c225などのアポトーシスに対する過剰増殖性細胞の感受性を高める他の薬剤が本発明の態様のある特定の局面と併用できることが意図される。
前記態様の様々な局面では、治療剤ならびに/または他の治療剤および送達薬剤を備えるキットが想定される。一部の局面では、本発明の態様は、態様の療法を調製および/または投与するためのキットを意図する。キットは、本発明の態様の任意の薬学的組成物を含有する1つまたは複数の密封したバイアルを含んでもよい。キットは、例えば、前記態様の成分を調製する、製剤化する、および/もしくは投与するために、または本発明の方法の1つもしくは複数の工程を実施するために少なくとも1種類のDKK3抗体ならびに試薬を含んでもよい。一部の態様では、キットはまた、キットの成分と反応しない容器である適切な容器、例えば、エッペンドルフチューブ、アッセイプレート、注射器、瓶、またはチューブも備えてよい。容器は、プラスチックまたはガラスなどの滅菌可能な材料から作られてもよい。
以下の実施例は、本発明の好ましい態様を証明するために含まれる。以下の実施例に開示される技法は、本発明者が発見した技法が本発明の実施において十分に機能することを示し、従って、本発明を実施するための好ましい態様を構成すると考えられると当業者に理解されるはずである。しかしながら、本開示を考慮すれば、本発明の精神および範囲から逸脱することなく、開示された特定の態様において多くの変更を加えることができ、それでもなお、類似または同様の結果を得ることができると当業者に理解されるはずである。
細胞培養
細胞は実験前にマイコプラズマフリーであることが確認された。HPSCが治験審査委員会(Institutional Review Board)の方針および実施に従って、残ったPDAC手術組織から開発され、以前に述べられている(Hwang et al., 2008)。細胞純度は、α-SMA、ビメンチン、およびデスミンに対する免疫組織化学ならびに形態およびOil Red O陽性染色によって確かめた。PDAC細胞株は、American Type Culture Collection(CFPAC、BxPC3、Capan2、MiaPaca2、MPanc96、HS766t、Panc1、SU86.86、ASPC-1、HPAFII、HPAC、CapanI)、Dr. I. J. Fidler (L3.6pl, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center)、およびDr. C. Logsdon (Panc3、PSN1、Panc48、Panc28) (Li et al., 2003; Frazier et al., 1990; Yamada et al., 1986)から入手した。MDA1およびMDA2初代ヒトPDAC細胞株はマウス異種移植片モデルにおいて継代することによって開発した。KPCマウス膵臓がん細胞は、Dr. S. Ullrich(Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center)の厚意により提供されたPDACの遺伝子操作KPCマウスモデル(Hingorani et al., 2005)において見出された腫瘍から単離した。MOH細胞はDr. R. Mohamed (Wayne State University, Detroit, MI)から入手した。全ての細胞を10%胎仔ウシ血清/ダルベッコ変法イーグル培地中で37℃で、5%CO2の加湿雰囲気中で維持した。HUVEC細胞はAmerican Type Culture Collectionから入手し、15%FBS、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム(Sigma, St. Louis, MO)、1×ビタミン溶液(Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA)、1×非必須アミノ酸、および10ng/mL bFGF(Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA)を含有する最小必須培地(Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA)に溶解した0.5%ゼラチンAでコーティングしたプレート上で培養した。共培養研究のために、HPSCおよびPDAC細胞を10-cm Transwell coculture system(Corning Incorporated, Lowell, MA)の中で培養し、96時間後にRNA単離のために細胞を収集した。
RNeasy mini kit(Qiagen, Valencia, CA)を用いて全RNAを細胞から単離し、Quantitect reverse transcription kit(Qiagen, Valencia, CA)を用いてcDNAを全RNAから合成した。DKK3転写物は、特異的プライマーペアDKK3:
を用いて増幅した。Collagen1(COL1A1)転写物は、特異的プライマーペア:
を用いて増幅した。qPCRは、I-cycler IQ multicolor real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercule, CA)において内部標準として18s(プライマーペア
)を用いて行った。
HPSCによってDKK3が分泌されることを確認するために、以前に述べられたように(Kalluri & Zeisberg, 2006)、CMを収集し、タンパク質濃度をブラッドフォードアッセイ(Bio-Rad Laboratories)によって測定し、50μgのタンパク質をドデシル硫酸ナトリウム-ポリアクリルアミド(SDS-PAGE)ゲルにローディングし、ヤギ抗ヒトDKK3抗体(Abcam, Cambridge, MA)に対してブロットした。DKK3によって活性化された経路を評価するために、HPSCから血清を一晩欠乏させ、10μg/ml rhDKK3で処理した。タンパク質溶解産物をSDS-PAGEによって分離し、全p65およびリン酸化p65(Cell Signaling)ならびに全IκBαおよびリン酸化IκBα(Cell Signaling)に対してブロットした。
一次ウサギ抗マウスDKK3抗体はProteintech Incから入手した。ヤギ抗ヒトDKK3はAbcamから入手した。ウサギ抗ヤギ二次抗体はJackson ImmunoResearch Laboratoriesから入手した。マウスα-SMA、Ki67、CD3、およびCD8に対するモノクローナル抗体は、それぞれ、Abcam、ThermoScientific、Santa Cruz、およびBioLegendから購入した。スライドを盲検方式で評価し、専任のGI病理学者(H.W.)によってスコア付けした。
PDACまたはCP(または正常対照)の患者に由来する血漿試料を治験審査委員会によって認可されたプロトコールの下で入手した。DKK3レベルを、RayBio(登録商標)Human DKK-3 ELISA Kit(RayBiotech, Inc, Norcross, GA)を用いて、製造業者により提供された説明書に従って検出した。
ヒトpcDNA3.1/V5-His A-DKK3構築物はDr.Lin Zhang(Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh PA)(Yue et al., 2008)の厚意により提供された。
細胞増殖をMTSアッセイ(Promega, Madison, WI)によって測定した。組換えヒトDKK3(R&D, Minneapolis, MN)による刺激を用いた細胞遊走と浸潤の研究を、6.5mm Transwell(登録商標)と8.0μm孔メンブレンインサート(Corning Incorporated)およびBioCoat Matrigel-coated invasion chambers(BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA)を用いて行った。
2人の異なる患者(HPSC、HPSC-20Aim)からの初代HPSC細胞株を6ウェルディッシュの中で5×105細胞/ウェルで3回繰り返してプレーティングし、組換えヒトDKK3(10μg/mL)またはPBSのいずれかで20分間処理した。ワールドワイドウェブ上でmdanderson.org/education-and-research/resources-for-professionals/scientific-resources/core-facilities-and-services/functional-proteomics-rppa-core/index.htmlに記載のように、テキサス大学MDアンダーソンがんセンター(University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center)機能プロテオームコア施設(Functional Proteomic core facility)(Houston, TX)において細胞を溶解し、調製し、分析した。試料の段階希釈液をニトロセルロースコーティングスライド上に配置し、220の検証済みの抗体に対して操作した。
ルシフェラーゼレポーターアッセイを用いてNF-κB活性を求めた。簡単に述べると、96ウェルプレート中にある、lenti-NF-κBルシフェラーゼレポーター構築物(Arumugam et al., 2006)を安定発現する細胞を無血清条件でrhDKK3(10μg/mL)で5時間処理した。ルシフェラーゼシグナルが、D-ルシフェリンホタルカリウム塩(Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA)およびIVIS(登録商標)イメージングシステム(Xenogen Corp., Alameda, CA)を用いて検出された。
フローサイトメトリーを用いてDKK3の細胞表面結合を行った。手短に述べると、BxPC3またはL3.6pl細胞(0.5×106)をHis標識rhDKK3(10μg/mL)と、またはHis標識rhDKK3(10μg/mL)とJM6-6-1(70μg/mL)と30分間インキュベートした。結合緩衝液(PBSに溶解した3%BSA)で洗浄した後に、細胞を1:100抗His抗体(abCam)で30分間染色した後に、Dylight488コンジュゲート二次抗体で20分間染色した。細胞を2%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、BD FACSCaliburによる蛍光シグナル検出に供した。
ヌードマウスおよびC57BL/6マウスをJackson Laboratoryから入手し、米国農務省、保健社会福祉省、およびNIHの現行の規制と規格に従って、国際実験動物管理評価認定協会(Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International)によって認可された施設において維持した。全ての動物処置が、テキサス大学MDアンダーソンがんセンター動物実験委員会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)によって審査および認可された。
DKK3に対する中和mAbは、A/Jマウスを精製組換えヒトDKK-3/His(R&D)で免疫化することによって作製した。初回スクリーニングをELISAハイスループットスクリーニングを用いて行った。これから、30超のハイブリドーマクローンが強力かつ特異的なDKK3結合を示した。抗DKK3 mAbハイブリドーマをサブクローニングした後、12種類の精製mAbを機能アッセイによってさらに試験した。最も効果的なクローンのうち2つ(JM6-6-1およびJM8-12-1)を用いてデータを示した。非特異的IgG1アイソタイプ対照クローンを陰性対照として使用した。
Histopaque1077(Sigma)を用いた密度遠心分離によってバフィーコートから末梢血単核球(PBMC)を入手し、pan T-cell isolation kit(Miltenyi Biotec)を用いてCD3+T細胞を単離した。細胞をCFSE(Invitrogen)で標識し、96ウェルプレートの中でCD3/CD28ヒトT細胞アクチベータービーズ(Life Technologies)と1:1で組み合わせた。DKK3またはHPSC-CMを添加し、96時間後に、系列を明らかにするために細胞をCD3、CD4、およびCD8に対して染色し、フローサイトメトリーによって分析した。データを増殖中のCD3+T細胞に対するパーセントとして報告した。
少なくとも3回の独立した実験から結果を示し、平均±SEMで示した。両側スチューデントt検定を用いてデータを解析した、有意差はp<0.05だと定義された。カプラン・マイヤー法(ログランク)を用いて生存分析を行った。GraphPad Prism 6を用いて全ての統計解析を行った。
ヒトPSC(HPSC)および20種類のPDAC細胞株におけるDKK3発現を逆転写酵素-ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(RT-PCR)によって調べた(図1A)。HPSCにおける発現が最強であり、7種類の細胞(HS766T、Panc1、SU86.86、Psn1、Panc48、Panc28、およびMDA1)での発現は最小であり、試験したがん細胞株の大部分(21のうち14)において発現はなかった。HPSC条件培地(HPSC-CM)のウェスタンブロッティングによって確認した時にDKK3はHPSCによって分泌されている(図7A)。異なる患者からの4種類のHPSC調製物におけるDKK3発現は似ていた(図7C)。
DKK3が主としてHPSCによって産生されるという知見に基づいて、DKK3がHPSC活性において機能的な役割を有するかどうかを調べた。10μg/mLの組換えヒトDKK3(rhDKK3)で48時間または72時間処理するとHPSC増殖がPBS対照と比較して有意に増加した(図2A)。HPSCにおける安定したDKK3サイレンシング(HPSC-shDKK3;図7B)によって、細胞増殖が6日目までに対照細胞と比較して67%低下し(p<0.00001;図2B)、細胞遊走が対照の16.3%まで低下した(p<0.00001;図2C)。他の患者に由来する初代HPSCにおいてDKK3発現が確認され、DKK3が発現停止された時に増殖および遊走に対する同様の阻害作用が観察された(図8A〜D)。
HPSCはPDACにおいて化学療法抵抗性を強化する分泌因子を産生する(Hwang et al., 2008)。従って、DKK3がこの現象に寄与し得るかどうかを調べた。L3.6pl細胞はゲムシタビンに対する感受性が比較的高く、ごくわずかなDKK3を発現するのに対して、Panc1およびHS766Tはゲムシタビンに対する抵抗性が比較的高く、中程度のレベルのDKK3を発現する(Arumugam et al., 2009)。DKK3を化学感受性L3.6pl細胞において発現させると、ゲムシタビンの存在下での軟寒天におけるコロニー形成は対照と比較して>90%増加し(p<0.001;図2H)、これにはアポトーシス低下が伴った(p<0.01;図2I)。化学療法抵抗性が比較的高いHS766T細胞(HS766T-siDKK3)においてDKK3を一過的に発現停止させた(図7)。これらの細胞におけるゲムシタビン存在下でのアポトーシス率は対照細胞と比較して2倍になった(p<0.01;図2J)。まとめると、DKK3はゲムシタビン化学療法抵抗性に寄与する。
HPSCおよびPDACに対するDKK3効果の機構を調べるために、ハイスループット抗体ベースのRPPA分析を、PBSまたはrhDKK3のいずれかで20分間処理した初代HPSC細胞株(HPSCおよびHPSC20Aim)ならびにPDAC細胞(Panc1、BxPC3、およびL3.6pl)に対して行った。教師なしクラスタリング(unsupervised clustering)から、DKK3処理によって最も活性化された経路の1つがNF-κB-p65であることが明らかになり、これはウエスタンブロット分析を用いて確認された(図3A)。HPSCおよびPDAC細胞においてDKK3で刺激すると、NF-κBによって調節されるIκBαリン酸化も誘導された。これにより、DKK3がNF-κB活性化を誘導するというさらなる証拠が得られた。HPSCおよびPanc1におけるp65リン酸化のピークはrhDKK3で刺激して15〜30分後に生じた(図3B)。NF-κB依存性プロモーター活性の誘導を確認するために、HPSC、Panc1、BxPC3、およびL3.6pl細胞を野生型(WT)または変異(MT)κB-ルシフェラーゼレポーター遺伝子構築物のいずれかでトランスフェクトし、DKK3で刺激した。デュアルルシフェラーゼアッセイの結果から、DKK3は、野生型レポーターがある細胞ではNF-κBプロモーター活性を誘導するが、変異レポーターがある細胞では誘導しないことが分かった(図3C)。TNFαを陽性対照として使用した。PDACにおけるNF-κB活性化に対するDKK3効果をさらに証明するために、変異IκBαを安定発現し、かつNF-κBを活性化することができない、リン酸化に欠陥があるPanc28膵臓がん細胞(Panc28/IκBαM; Dr. P. Chiaoからの寄贈品)を使用した(Niu et al., 2007)。親Panc28細胞をDKK3で刺激すると、NF-κBプロモーター活性がPBS対照の33%分だけ誘導された。これに対してPanc28/IκBαM細胞では誘導は認められなかった。これらの結果はウエスタンブロット分析によって裏付けられた(図3E)。最後に、DKK3のNF-κB依存性効果がPDAC細胞機能に影響を及ぼすかどうかを調べた。DKK3で処理するとPanc28増殖が用量依存的に刺激された。しかしながら、Panc28/IκBαMの増殖はDKK3によって誘導されなかった。このことから、細胞増殖に対するDKK3を介した効果にはNF-κBが必要なことが示唆される(図3F)。まとめると、これらの結果から、DKK3はHPSC細胞とPDAC細胞の両方でNF-κBを活性化し、NF-κBを阻害すると、PDAC細胞活性のDKK3を介した誘導がブロックされることが証明された。
HPSCをルシフェラーゼ標識BxPC3細胞と同時注射したPDAC同所性マウスモデルを用いると、HPSCの存在が原発腫瘍の成長増加と遠隔転移を用量依存的に刺激することが見出された(Hwang et al., 2008)。腫瘍進行におけるDKK3の役割を評価するために、ヌードマウスに、BxPC3細胞を単独で、またはHPSC-shDKK3または対照細胞(HPSC-shControl)と組み合わせて1:0または1:3の腫瘍対間質比で同所注射した。以前の観察と一致して、HPSCとBxPC3を両方とも注射したマウスは、BxPC3単独注射よりも大きな原発腫瘍を発症し、高い腹膜転移率を示した(図4A)、しかしながら、HPSC-shDKK3と同時移植するとHPSC-shControlとの同時移植と比較して原発膵臓腫瘍は有意に小さくなり、腫瘍サイズは67%縮小し(p<0.05、図4A)、腹膜転移の発生率は少なくなった(25%対31%)。免疫調節におけるDKK3の役割を示唆する最近の報告を考慮して、DKK3効果を免疫応答性PDACモデルにおいて調べた。最初に同系移植モデルを使用し、ルシフェラーゼ標識マウス膵臓がん細胞Panc02(DKK3陰性;図9)をDKK3-/-マウスまたは対照C57/BL6マウスに注射した。腫瘍成長は対照マウス(図4B)では指数関数的であったが、DKK3-/-マウスでは成長は有意に阻害され、22日でのルシフェラーゼシグナルは1/3.8に減少し(p<0.05)、Ki67陽性細胞は対照と比較してかなり少なくなった(図4B)。合わせると、これらのデータは膵臓腫瘍の成長および転移におけるDKK3の刺激的な役割を裏付けている。
免疫応答性モデルにおけるPDACに及ぼすDKK3の影響をさらに調べるために、PDACのKPCモデルにおいてDKK3を除去した。C57/BL6バックグラウンドのDKK3欠損マウス(DKK3-/-マウス、C. Niehrs, Mainz Germanyからの寄贈品)は広範囲にわたって特徴付けられており、わずかな生理学的変化しかなく、1年でがん発達の証拠がない(Barrantes Idel et al., 2006)。KPCマウスと交配させた時に、結果として得られた子孫であるP48-Cre; Kras LSL-G12D;Trp53fl/fl;dkk3-/- (「KPC/DKK3-/-」と名付けた)ならびにそのDKK3ヘテロ接合性同腹子およびDKK3野生型同腹子(KPC/DKK3+/-およびKPC/DKK3+/+)は出生時は正常表現型であった。マウスを瀕死になるまでモニタリングし、次いで、安楽死させ、生存時間を計算した。DKK3を完全に、または部分的に枯渇させた時(KPC/DKK3-/-またはKPC/DKK3+/-)、全生存時間の中央値は野生型DKK3マウスと比較して有意に延びた(KPC/DKK3-/-については68日、KPC/DKK3+/-については63日、これに対してKPC/DKK3-/-については47日;p=0.0002;図4C〜D)。実際に、野生型DKK3マウスの死亡率は、少なくとも部分的DKK3枯渇のあるマウスの5倍であった(HR0.21、95%CI 0.09〜0.47およびHR0.19、95%CI 0.08〜0.46;p=0.0002;図4D)。ヘテロ接合性Trp53がある同様のKPCモデルには悪性度の低い疾患があり、生存時間の中央値が延びた(P48-Cre;Kras LSL-G12D;Trp53fl/+;dkk3-/-)。このゆっくりと成長するモデルにおいてDKK3を除去した時に、インタクトなDKK3があるマウスまたはDKK3が枯渇したマウスとの間の生存時間の中央値の相違は顕著であり、生存時間が2倍超 (83日対177日、p<0.0001)、死亡率が25倍の相違があった(HR0.04、p<0.0001;図10)。
DKK3遮断の治療可能性をさらに評価するために、ヒトDKK3に対する新規のモノクローナル抗体(mAb、クローンJM6-6-1およびJM8-12-1;表1-4)を作製し、HPSC細胞およびPDAC細胞の機能に対する、これらの効力を試験した。HPSCをJM6-6-1またはJM8-12-1で処理すると、無関係のアイソタイプ対照mAbと比較して増殖停止が70〜80倍誘導され(p<0.01およびp<0.001;図5A)、遊走が5〜11倍阻害された(p<0.0001;図5B)。BxPC3がん細胞をJM6-6-1またはJM8-12-1で処理すると、DKK3を介した遊走誘導を逆転できず(p<0.001;図5C)、がん細胞におけるDKK3を介したゲムシタビン化学療法抵抗性誘導も抑制された(図5D)。このアッセイでは、HPSC-CMで処置した、ゲムシタビン中でのBxPC3細胞の生存時間は対照と比べて200%増加したが、どちらか一方のDKK3 mAbクローンを添加するとゲムシタビンに対する感受性が回復し、増殖速度は培地対照と似ていた(図5D)。PDAC細胞上でのDKK3の細胞表面結合をフローサイトメトリーによって評価した。これにより、JM6-6-1の添加はrhDKK3とPDAC細胞との結合をブロックするのに有効なことが確認された(図11B)。
DKK3は免疫モジュレーターであることが示されており、T細胞寛容と関連する。CD3+T細胞をインビトロで組換えDKK3で刺激した時に、培地単独と比較して4.7〜11.5倍の細胞増殖阻害が観察された(図6A;p<0.07)。ルシフェラーゼ標識KPC細胞をDKK3-/-または対照C57/BL6マウスに移植した同系同所性モデルに由来する膵臓腫瘍においてCD3発現細胞とCD8発現細胞を分析した。IHCによって、DKK3-/-マウスでは、対照と比較してCD3+細胞が2.4倍増加したことが証明された(図6B)。CD8+細胞は、C57/BL6マウスに由来する腫瘍ではめったに認められなかったが、DKK3-/-マウスに由来する腫瘍の周辺部では一貫して特定され、発現がほぼ4倍増加した(図6B)。さらなるT細胞活性マーカーをqPCRによって測定した。これから、DKK3-/-腫瘍ではグランザイムBおよびIL-2が有意に増加し(それぞれ、p=0.005およびp=0.01)、IFN-γおよびCD25が増加したが、これらは統計的に有意でないことが分かった(それぞれ、p=0.09およびp=0.07;図6C)。これらのデータから、DKK3はT細胞増殖を阻害し、DKK3枯渇は膵臓腫瘍におけるCD3+およびCD8+T細胞の数および活性の増加と関連したことが示唆される。
Claims (40)
- SEQ ID NO:7のVHCDR1アミノ酸配列、SEQ ID NO:8のVHCDR2アミノ酸配列、およびSEQ ID NO:9のVHCDR3アミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域 (VH)、ならびに、SEQ ID NO:1のVLCDR1アミノ酸配列、SEQ ID NO:2のVLCDR2アミノ酸配列、およびSEQ ID NO:3のVLCDR3アミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域 (VL) ;または
SEQ ID NO:10のVHCDR1アミノ酸配列、SEQ ID NO:11のVHCDR2アミノ酸配列、およびSEQ ID NO:12のVHCDR3アミノ酸配列を含む重鎖可変領域 (VH)、ならびに、SEQ ID NO:4のVLCDR1アミノ酸配列、SEQ ID NO:5のVLCDR2アミノ酸配列、およびSEQ ID NO:6のVLCDR3アミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖可変領域 (VL)
を含む、モノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。 - SEQ ID NO:13に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:14に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とによってコードされる、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:15に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:16に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とによってコードされる、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:13に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:14に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とによってコードされる、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:15に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:16に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とによってコードされる、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:13の重鎖可変配列とSEQ ID NO:14の軽鎖可変配列とによってコードされる、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:15の重鎖可変配列とSEQ ID NO:16の軽鎖可変配列とによってコードされる、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:17に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:18に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とを含む、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:19に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:20に対して少なくとも70%、80%、または90%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とを含む、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:17に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:18に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とを含む、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:19に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:20に対して少なくとも95%の同一性を有する軽鎖可変配列とを含む、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:17の配列を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:18の配列を有する軽鎖可変配列とを含む、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- SEQ ID NO:19の配列を有する重鎖可変配列と、SEQ ID NO:20の配列を有する軽鎖可変配列とを含む、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- ヒト化抗体である、請求項1記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体断片が、一価scFv(単鎖可変断片)抗体、二価scFv、Fab断片、F(ab’)2断片、F(ab’)3断片、Fv断片、または単鎖抗体である、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体がキメラ抗体または二重特異性抗体である、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体がIgG抗体または組換えIgG抗体または抗体断片である、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体が、画像化剤または細胞傷害剤とコンジュゲートまたは融合されている、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 請求項1〜17のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体またはその抗原結合断片と同じエピトープへの結合について競合する、モノクローナル抗体またはその抗原結合断片。
- ヒト化抗体である、請求項19記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体断片が、一価scFv(単鎖可変断片)抗体、二価scFv、Fab断片、F(ab’)2断片、F(ab’)3断片、Fv断片、または単鎖抗体である、請求項19または20記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体がキメラ抗体または二重特異性抗体である、請求項19〜21のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体がIgG抗体または組換えIgG抗体または抗体断片である、請求項19〜22のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 前記抗体が、画像化剤または細胞傷害剤とコンジュゲートまたは融合されている、請求項19〜23のいずれか一項記載のモノクローナル抗体または抗体断片。
- 請求項1〜17または19〜23のいずれか一項記載の抗体または抗体断片をコードする、ハイブリドーマまたは操作された細胞。
- 有効量のDKK3中和抗体または抗体断片を投与する工程を含む、がんを有する患者を処置する方法。
- DKK3中和抗体または抗体断片が、請求項1〜24のいずれか一項記載の抗体または抗体断片である、請求項26記載の方法。
- 化学療法に対する感受性を増加させるための方法としてさらに定義される、請求項26記載の方法。
- 免疫療法に対する感受性を増加させるための方法としてさらに定義される、請求項26記載の方法。
- がんが、膵臓がん、乳がん、卵巣がん、胃がん、膀胱がん、または肉腫である、請求項26記載の方法。
- 乳がんがトリプルネガティブ乳がんである、請求項30記載の方法。
- がん転移を阻害する方法としてさらに定義される、請求項30記載の方法。
- がん成長を阻害する方法としてさらに定義される、請求項30記載の方法。
- 少なくとも第2の抗がん療法を施す工程をさらに含む、請求項26記載の方法。
- 第2の抗がん療法が、化学療法、免疫療法、放射線療法、遺伝子療法、外科手術、ホルモン療法、抗血管新生療法、またはサイトカイン療法である、請求項34記載の方法。
- 化学療法がゲムシタビンを含む、請求項35記載の方法。
- 免疫療法が免疫チェックポイント阻害剤を含む、請求項35記載の方法。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、CTLA-4アンタゴニスト、PD-1アンタゴニスト、PD-L1アンタゴニスト、OX40アゴニスト、LAG3アンタゴニスト、4-1BBアゴニスト、またはTIM3アンタゴニストである、請求項37記載の方法。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、CTLA-4アンタゴニストとPD1アンタゴニストの組み合わせである、請求項38記載の方法。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が、CTLA-4アンタゴニストとPDL1アンタゴニストの組み合わせである、請求項38記載の方法。
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