JP2021515356A - 二次電池の充電装置及び方法 - Google Patents
二次電池の充電装置及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021515356A JP2021515356A JP2020543998A JP2020543998A JP2021515356A JP 2021515356 A JP2021515356 A JP 2021515356A JP 2020543998 A JP2020543998 A JP 2020543998A JP 2020543998 A JP2020543998 A JP 2020543998A JP 2021515356 A JP2021515356 A JP 2021515356A
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- secondary battery
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
X. Li、M. Xiao、and S. Y. Choe. "Reduced order model (ROM) of a pouch type lithium polymer battery based on electrochemical thermal principles for real time applications." Electrochimica Acta 97 (2013): 66-78.
J. Li、N. Lotfi、R. G. Landers、and J. Park. "A Single Particle Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Electrolyte and Stress-Enhanced Diffusion Physics." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164、no. 4 (2017): A874-A883.
本発明の実施例で使用された二次電池は、パウチ型リチウムイオン電池であって、容量は15.7Ahである。アノードとカソードの活物質はそれぞれグラファイトとNMC(Li[MnNiCo]O2)である。ROM−EKFの検証は充電と放電過程で得た実験データに基づいて行われた。充電電流の大きさは常温(25℃)で1C、2C、3C、4C、5C及び6Cに調節した。二次電池の温度は、高い電流においても実験室に設計されたカロリメーターを用いて一定に維持された。これを通じて充電及び放電特性に温度が及ぼす影響を排除した。
図6aはリチウム二次電池の充電時のシミュレーション端子電圧及び実験で測定した端子電圧を一緒に示しており、図6bはリチウム二次電池の放電時のシミュレーション端子電圧及び実験で測定した端子電圧を一緒に示している。図6a及び図6bにおいて、図形のプロットと実線/破線はそれぞれシミュレーションデータと実験データを示す。結果は、ROM−EKFによって推定された端子電圧が実験データとよくマッチングすることを示している。
CC/CV充電方法は、最も単純であって広く用いられる充電方法である。しかし、充電電流のみを単独で増加させることは、CV充電モードの拡張によって充電時間を有意に減少させることができない。また、増加された充電電流は二次電池の退化を加速化させる。したがって、新たな充電方法を提供する前に、CC/CV充電方法が充電時間と電池の退化、特に副反応に及ぼす影響をまず分析してみた。
充電が行われるSOC範囲と充電電流を変化させながらCC/CV充電方法が副反応に及ぼす影響を評価した。上述したように、イオン濃度は副反応に大きい影響を及ぼす。活物質粒子の表面イオン濃度をROM−EKFを用いて推定し、その結果を図10aに示した。図10aにおいて、x軸はアノードの貫通平面方向における座標である。それぞれの曲線は特定時間における異なるアノード粒子の表面イオン濃度を示す。充電初期に、イオン濃度は電極内で均一に分散している。カソードからより多くのイオンが輸送されるにつれて、イオン濃度は徐々に高勾配を形成し、数分後は最大値に到達してから低くなり、2200秒以後は最終的に0になる。アノードの活物質層と分離膜との界面におけるイオン濃度は、301秒であるとき(CC充電が終わるとき)が2200秒であるとき(CV充電が終わるとき)より高い。また、粒子の表面イオン濃度値は、拡散速度制限とアノードにおける電解質イオン濃度勾配によって粒子の位置によって異なる。粒子が分離膜に近く位置するほど表面イオン濃度はより高くなる。
新たな高速充電方法は、アノード粒子の表面イオン濃度とアノード電位のような変数を提供するROM−EKFに基づいて設計される。変数はSOCと副反応速度の推定に用いられる。カットオフ電圧を活性化させるため、端子電圧が測定される。提案された高速充電方法のブロック図が図12に示されている。ROM−EKFの入力は充電電流、端子電圧及び二次電池の温度である。一旦要請されたSOC、カットオフ電圧、アノードにおける最大表面イオン濃度及びアノードにおける最大副反応速度に対する基準値(上限)が与えられれば、予測または測定された値と基準値とを比べて充電プロトコルが生成される。充電プロトコルは、充電電流を生成する充電器の制御に用いられる。充電プロトコルは充電電流の大きさに対する減殺スケジュールを含む。充電プロトコルによって電流の減殺要請が充電器に伝達され、充電器はそれに従って充電電流の大きさを減少させる。
Claims (18)
- 二次電池の電圧を測定する電圧測定部と、
二次電池の温度を測定する温度測定部と、
前記電圧測定部及び前記温度測定部から電圧測定値及び温度測定値の入力を受け、充電電流の大きさを調節する制御部とを含み、
前記制御部は、
予め定義された電気化学的減次モデルを用いて、アノード粒子の平均イオン濃度、アノード粒子の表面イオン濃度、アノード粒子電位及びアノード電解質電位のうち少なくとも一つを含む二次電池の内部状態を決定するロジックと、
前記平均イオン濃度から二次電池の充電状態を決定するロジックと、
前記アノード粒子電位及び前記アノード電解質電位から副反応速度を決定するロジックと、
充電電流調節条件として、(i)前記電圧測定値がカットオフ電圧に到達する条件、(ii)前記アノード粒子の表面イオン濃度が濃度上限に到達する条件、及び(iii)前記副反応速度が速度上限に到達する条件のうち少なくとも一つが満たされるか否かを決定するロジックと、
前記充電電流調節条件が満たされると、二次電池に印加される充電電流の大きさを減殺させるロジックとを行うように構成された、二次電池の充電装置。 - 前記制御部は、前記二次電池に接続されて前記二次電池に充電電流を印加する充電器を制御して充電電流の大きさを調節するように構成された、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池の充電装置。
- 請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池の充電装置を含む、電気駆動装置。
- (a)二次電池の電圧及び温度を測定する段階と、
(b)予め定義された電気化学的減次モデルを用いて、アノード粒子の平均イオン濃度、アノード粒子の表面イオン濃度、アノード粒子電位及びアノード電解質電位のうち少なくとも一つを含む二次電池の内部状態を決定する段階と、
(c)前記アノード粒子の平均イオン濃度から二次電池の充電状態を決定する段階と、
(d)前記アノード粒子電位及び前記アノード電解質電位から副反応速度を決定する段階と、
(e)充電電流調節条件として、(i)前記測定した電圧測定値がカットオフ電圧に到達する条件、(ii)前記アノード粒子の表面イオン濃度が濃度上限に到達する条件、及び(iii)前記副反応速度が速度上限に到達する条件のうち少なくとも一つが満たされるか否かを決定する段階と、
(f)前記充電電流調節条件が満たされると、二次電池に印加される充電電流の大きさを減殺させる段階とを含む、二次電池の充電方法。 - 前記(f)段階は、前記二次電池に接続されて前記二次電池に充電電流を印加する充電器を制御して充電電流の大きさを減殺させる段階である、請求項13から17のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池の充電方法。
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