JP2020534826A - 真核細胞において遺伝子発現をサイレンシングするための非コードrna分子の特異性の改変 - Google Patents
真核細胞において遺伝子発現をサイレンシングするための非コードrna分子の特異性の改変 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明のいくつかの実施形態の方法に従って処置することができる癌の非限定的な例は、任意の固形癌若しくは非固形癌及び/若しくは癌転移又は前癌であってよく、その例としては、消化管の腫瘍(結腸細胞腫、直腸細胞腫、結腸直腸細胞腫、結腸直腸癌、結腸直腸腺腫、遺伝性非ポリポーシス1型、遺伝性非ポリポーシス2型、遺伝性非ポリポーシス3型、遺伝性非ポリポーシス6型;結腸直腸癌、遺伝性非ポリポーシス7型、小腸及び/又は大腸の細胞腫、食道細胞腫、食道癌を伴う胼胝、胃細胞腫、膵細胞腫、膵内分泌腫瘍)、子宮内膜細胞腫、隆起性皮膚線維肉腫、胆嚢細胞種、胆道腫瘍、前立腺癌、前立腺腺癌、腎癌(例えば、ウィルムス腫瘍2型又は1型)、肝癌(例えば、肝芽腫、肝細胞腫、肝細胞癌)、膀胱癌、胎児性横紋筋肉腫、胚細胞性腫瘍、栄養膜腫瘍、精巣胚細胞腫瘍、卵巣の未熟奇形腫、子宮腫瘍、卵巣上皮腫瘍、仙尾骨腫瘍、絨毛癌、胎盤部トロホブラスト腫瘍、成人上皮性腫瘍(epithelial adult tumor)、卵巣細胞癌、漿液性卵巣癌、卵巣性索腫瘍、子宮頸癌、子宮頸部細胞腫、小細胞及び非小細胞肺癌、上咽頭細胞種、乳細胞癌(例えば、乳管癌、浸潤性乳管内癌、散発性;乳癌、乳癌への易罹患性、4型乳癌、乳癌−1、乳癌−3;乳癌卵巣癌)、扁平上皮癌(例えば、頭頸部における)、神経原性腫瘍、星状細胞腫、神経節芽腫、神経芽細胞腫、リンパ腫(例えば、ホジキン病、非ホジキンリンパ腫、B細胞リンパ腫、バーキットリンパ腫、皮膚T細胞リンパ腫、組織球性リンパ腫、リンパ芽球性リンパ腫、T細胞リンパ腫、胸腺リンパ腫)、神経膠腫、腺癌、副腎腫瘍、遺伝性副腎皮質癌、脳腫瘍、種々の他の細胞腫(例えば、気管支原性大細胞癌、腺管癌、エーリッヒ・レトレ(Ehrlich−Lettre)腹水癌、類表皮癌、大細胞癌、ルイス肺癌、髄様癌、粘表皮癌、燕麦細胞癌、小細胞癌、紡錘細胞癌、有棘細胞癌、移行上皮癌、未分化癌、癌肉腫、絨毛癌、嚢胞腺癌)、上衣芽腫、上皮腫、赤白血病(例えば、フレンド白血病、リンパ芽球性白血病)、線維肉腫、巨細胞腫、グリア細胞腫瘍、神経膠芽腫(例えば、多形神経膠芽腫、星状細胞腫)、神経膠腫肝細胞腫、ヘテロハイブリドーマ、ヘテロミエローマ、組織球腫、ハイブリドーマ(例えば、B細胞)、副腎腫(グラヴィッツ腫瘍)、インスリノーマ、膵島腫瘍、角化腫、平滑筋芽腫、平滑筋肉腫、白血病(例えば、急性リンパ性白血病、急性リンパ芽球性白血病、急性リンパ芽球性pre−B細胞白血病、急性リンパ芽球性T細胞白血病、急性巨核芽球、単球性、急性骨髄性、急性骨髄性、好酸球増加症を伴う急性骨髄性、B細胞、好塩基球性、慢性骨髄性、慢性、B細胞、好酸球性、フレンド、顆粒球性又は骨髄球性、ヘアリー細胞、リンパ球性、巨核芽球性、単球性、単球性マクロファージ、骨髄芽球性、骨髄性、骨髄単球性、形質細胞性、pre−B細胞、前骨髄球性、亜急性、T細胞、リンパ系腫瘍、骨髄性悪性腫瘍素因、急性非リンパ球性白血病)、リンパ肉腫、黒色腫、乳房腫瘍、マスト細胞腫、髄芽腫、中皮腫、転移性腫瘍、単球腫瘍、多発性骨髄腫、骨髄異形成症候群、骨髄腫、腎芽腫、神経組織グリア細胞腫瘍、神経組織神経細胞腫瘍、神経鞘腫、神経芽細胞腫、乏突起神経膠腫、骨軟骨腫、オステオミエローマ(osteomyeloma)、骨肉腫(例えば、ユーイング骨肉腫)、乳頭腫、移行細胞、褐色細胞腫、下垂体腫瘍(浸潤性)、形質細胞腫、網膜芽細胞腫、横紋筋肉腫、肉腫(例えば、ユーイング肉腫、組織球性細胞、イエンセン肉腫、骨原性肉腫、細網肉腫)、シュワン腫、皮下腫瘍、奇形癌腫(例えば、多能性)、奇形腫、精巣腫瘍、胸腺腫及び毛包上皮腫、胃癌、線維肉腫、多形神経膠芽腫;多発性グロムス腫瘍、リー・フラウメニ症候群、脂肪肉腫、リンチ癌(lynch cancer)ファミリー症候群II型、雄性生殖細胞腫瘍、マスト細胞白血病、延髄甲状腺、多発性髄膜腫、内分泌腫瘍粘液肉腫、傍神経節腫、家族性非クロム親和性、毛母腫、乳頭腫瘍、家族性及び散発性、ラブドイド腫瘍素因症候群、家族性、ラブドイド腫瘍、軟部肉腫、及び神経膠芽腫を伴うターコット症候群が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
細胞培養
組織培養を、ヒト細胞株で、又はマウス胚性幹細胞において実施する。ヒト骨肉腫上皮細胞(U2OS)、ヒト網膜色素上皮細胞(RPE1)、ヒト肺胞基底上皮腺癌細胞(A549)、子宮頸癌細胞(HeLa)又はヒト結腸直腸癌細胞(HCT116)を、必要に応じて必須栄養素(アミノ酸、炭水化物、ビタミン、ミネラル)、成長因子、ホルモンを添加した組織培養培地中で培養する。この細胞を、適切な生理化学的な条件(pH緩衝液、浸透圧)下で制御された温度(37℃)のCO2加湿培養器中で培養する。
化学感受性は、これまでに記載された[Taniguchiら、Cell(2002) 109:459−72]クリスタルバイオレットアッセイによって決定する。細胞を、2×104/ウェルで12穴プレートに播種し、シスプラチン、カンプトテシン(シグマ(Sigma))、パクリタキセル(シグマ(Sigma))、AZD2281(アクソンメディケム(Axon Medchem))又はNutlin3(セレックケム(Selleckchem))を用いて示された用量で処理する。3日間のインキュベーション後、単層を、10%酢酸を含有する10%メタノールで固定する。接着細胞を、メタノール中の0.5%クリスタルバイオレットで染色する。吸収された染料を、0.1%SDSを含有するメタノールで再溶解し、これを96穴プレートに移し、マイクロプレートリーダーにおいて測光法で(595nm)測定する。細胞生存率は、吸光度を未処理の対照の吸光度に対して規格化することにより算出される。
miRNAを含む小分子RNAを、miRvana RNA単離キット(アンビオン(Ambion)、オースティン(Austin)、テキサス州、米国)を製造業者のプロトコルに従って使用して単離する。RNAを、Qubit又はNanodrop分光光度計(サーモフィッシャー(Thermo Fisher)、ウィルミントン(Wilmington)、デラウェア州、米国)を使用して定量し、品質をAgilent 6000ナノチップ(アジレントテクノロジーズ(Agilent Technologies)、パロアルト(Palo Alto)、カリフォルニア州、米国)によって決定する。
定量的リアルタイムPCR分析を以下のとおりに実施する:RNAを逆転写し、製造業者のプロトコルに従ってmiScript逆転写キット及びmiScript SYBR PCRキット(キアゲン(Qiagen)、バレンシア(Valencia)、カリフォルニア州,米国)を用い、ABI 7500リアルタイムPCRシステムを使用してPCR増幅する。二重の反応物からの値を平均し、U6 SnoRNAのレベルに規格化する。相対的発現レベルを、これまでに記載された[Schmittgen及びLivak. Nat Protoc(2008) 3:1101−1108]比較Ct定量法(comparative Ct method)に従って算出する。あるいは、miRNAを検出し、小分子RNA配列解析[www(dot)illumina(dot)com/techniques/sequencing/rna−sequencing/small−rna−seq(dot)html又はWakeら、BMC Genomics(2016) 17(1):1に記載されている]を使用して相対的に定量する。
計算ゲノム編集誘導遺伝子サイレンシング(GEiGS)パイプラインは、生物学的メタデータを適用し、非コードRNA遺伝子(例えば、miRNA遺伝子)を最小限に編集するために使用されるGEiGS DNA鋳型の自動生成を可能にし、新しい機能獲得、すなわち目的の標的配列へのサイレンシング能力のリダイレクションをもたらす。
a)最小限に改変されたmiRNAを有する200〜500nt ssDNAオリゴ又は250〜5000ntのdsDNAフラグメント配列
b)改変されたものではなく元のmiRNA遺伝子を特異的に標的とする2〜3個の異なるsgRNA
c)改変されたmiRNA遺伝子と元のmiRNA遺伝子の間の異なる制限酵素部位の一覧
ダイサー基質であり、小分子サイレンシングRNAにプロセシングされる非コードRNAタイプの一覧を、Rybak−Wolf A.ら[Rybak−Wolf A.ら、Cell(2014) 159、1153、Ai1167]でこれまでに公開された結果から手作業で整理した。この際、PAR−CLIP技術を使用して、ダイサー並びにアルゴノート2及び3によって結合されたRNA分子を特定した。ダイサー基質をさらにフィルタリング処理して、コード遺伝子と重なる領域を排除し、曖昧なアノーテーション(annotation)を除外するためにさらに整理した。配列決定アダプタマーを除外するために、AGO2及びAGO3小分子RNA配列をcutadapt v1.7[Martin M.、EMBnet.journal(2011) 17(1):10−12]で加工した。加工したリードを、次に、パラメータ「−−alignIntronMax 1 −−alignEndsType EndToEnd −−scoreDelOpen −10000 −−scoreInsOpen −10000」を用いてSTAR v2.6.1a[Dobin A.ら、Bioinformatics(2013) 29、15、Ai21]を使用して、ヒトゲノムのGRCh37アセンブリに対してアラインメントした。グラフを、Integrated Genomics Viewerソフトウェア[Thorvaldsdottir H.ら、Brief Bioinform(2013) 14(2):178−92]を使用して得た。
遍在する発現プロファイルを有するmiRNAが選択される(用途によっては、特定の組織、発生段階、温度、ストレスなどに特異的である発現プロファイルを有するmiRNAを選択してもよい)。
標的特異的siRNAは、サーモフィッシャー・サイエンティフィック(ThermoFisher Scientific)の「BLOCK−iT(商標)RNAi Designer」及びインビボジェン(Invivogen)の「Find siRNA sequences」などの公的に入手可能なsiRNA設計ツールによって設計される。
sgRNAは、Parkら、Bioinformatics(2015) 31(24):4014−4016に以前に記載されているように、公的に入手可能なsgRNA設計ツールを用いて内在miRNA遺伝子を標的とするように設計される。2つのsgRNAはそれぞれのカセットに対して設計されているが、1細胞あたり1つのsgRNAが発現し、遺伝子交換が開始される。sgRNAは、交換後に改変されるpre−miRNA配列に対応する。
400bのssDNAオリゴはmiRNA遺伝子のゲノムDNA配列に基づいて設計されている。このpre−miRNA配列は、オリゴの中心に位置する。次に、ガイド(サイレンシング)siRNA鎖が標的に対して100%相補的に保たれるように、二本鎖siRNA配列を成熟miRNA配列と交換する。パッセンジャーsiRNA鎖の配列を改変して、元のmiRNA構造を保存し、同じ塩基対形成プロファイルを維持する。
4000bpのdsDNAフラグメントはmiRNA遺伝子のゲノムDNA配列に基づいて設計される。pre−miRNA配列はdsDNAフラグメントの中心に位置している。このフラグメントを標準的なベクター(例えば、Bluescript)にクローニングし、Cas9システム成分を有する細胞にトランスフェクトする。次に、ガイド(サイレンシング)siRNA鎖が標的に対して100%相補的に保たれるように、二本鎖siRNA配列を成熟miRNA配列と交換する。パッセンジャーsiRNA鎖の配列を改変して、元のmiRNA構造を保存し、同じ塩基対形成プロファイルを維持する。
ヒトmiR−150
1. CCAGCACTGGTACAAGGGTTGGG(配列番号5)
2. CCAACCCTTGTACCAGTGCTGGG(配列番号6)
1. ヒトmiR−150(配列番号13)
2. ヒトmiR−210(配列番号14)
3. ヒトmiR−34(配列番号19−21)
5. ヒトLet7b(配列番号15)
6. ヒトmiR−184(配列番号16)
7. ヒトmiR−204(配列番号17)
8. ヒトmiR−25(配列番号18)
オリゴ−1:GFP−siRNA1__hsa−mir150(5’→3’)(配列番号1)
オリゴ−2:GFP−siRNA6__hsa−mir150(5’→3’)(配列番号2)
オリゴ−3:TP53−siRNA1__hsa−mir150(5’→3’)(配列番号3)
オリゴ−4:TP53−siRNA2__hsa−mir150(5’→3’)(配列番号4)
オリゴ−5:TP53−siRNA1−mMIR17(5’→3’)(配列番号243)
オリゴ−6:TP53−siRNA2−mMIR17(5’→3’)(配列番号244)
オリゴ−7:HPRT−siRNA1−mMIR17(5’→3’)(配列番号245)
オリゴ−8:HPRT−siRNA2−mMIR17(5’→3’)(配列番号246)
オリゴ−9:TP53−siRNA1−mMIR21a(5’→3’)(配列番号247)
オリゴ−10:TP53−siRNA2−mMIR21a(5’→3’)(配列番号248)
オリゴ11:HPRT−siRNA1−mMIR21a(5’→3’)(配列番号249)
オリゴ12:HPRT−siRNA2−mMIR21a(5’→3’)(配列番号250)
オリゴ13:GFP−siRNA1−mMIR17(5’→3’)(配列番号251)
オリゴ14:GFP−siRNA1−mMIR21a(5’→3’)(配列番号252)
利用したトランスフェクションプラスミドは、以下のものを含む4つのモジュールから構成される。
1)BGHポリ(A)シグナル終結配列によって終結したCMVプロモーターによって駆動されるmCherry;
2)BGHポリ(A)シグナル終結配列によって終結されたEF1aコアプロモーターによって駆動されるCas9(ヒトコドン最適化);
3)ガイド1に対するpol III(U6)プロモーターsgRNA;
一過性発現には、3つの転写単位を含むプラスミドを用いる。最初の転写単位は、Cas9の発現を駆動するEF1aコアプロモーター及びBGHポリ(A)シグナル35Sターミネーターを含む。次の転写単位は、mCherryの発現を駆動するCMVプロモーター及びBGHポリ(A)シグナルターミネーターからなる。3番目は、miRNA遺伝子を標的とするためのsgRNAを発現するpol III(U6)プロモーターを含む(各ベクターは単一のsgRNAを含む)。
概念実証のために、本発明者らは、標的遺伝子に逆に相補する小分子RNAを生成することによって、ゲノム的状況において、成熟したmiR−173及びmiR−390の配列を、(植物細胞における)GFP、AtPDS3又はAtADH1を標的とするように、変更するように設計した。さらに、miRNA前駆体転写産物の二次構造を維持するために、pri−miRNAのさらなる変更を行った(下記表2)。これらのフラグメントをPUCプラスミドにクローン化し、ドナー(DONOR)と命名し、DNAフラグメントをSWAPと称した。miR−173を改変するための配列について、 − SWAP1及びSWAP2はGFPを標的とし、SWAP3及びSWAP4はAtPDS3を標的とし、SWAP9及びSWAP10はAtADH1を標的とする(下記表2参照)。miR−390を改変するための配列について、 − SWAP5及びSWAP6はGFPを標的し、SWAP7及びSWAP8はAtPDS3を標的とし、SWAP11及びSWAP12はAtADH1を標的とする(下記表2参照)。
トランスフェクションのために、リポフェクタミン(登録商標) 2000トランスフェクション試薬(又は任意の他のもの)を、製造業者のプロトコルに従って使用する。要約すれば以下のとおりである。
接着細胞について:トランスフェクション時に細胞が90〜95%コンフルエントになるように、トランスフェクションの1日前に、0.5〜2×105細胞を500μlの、抗生物質を含まない増殖培地にプレーティングする。
プラスミド/RNA送達の48時間後、細胞を収集し、フローサイトメーターを用いて蛍光タンパク質発現(例えば、mCherry)について選別し、以前に記載されたように[Chiangら、Sci Rep(2016)6:24356]、蛍光タンパク質/編集剤発現細胞を濃縮した。この濃縮工程は、抗生物質選択をバイパスし、蛍光タンパク質、Cas9及びsgRNAを一過性に発現する細胞のみを収集することを可能にする。これらの細胞は、HR事象による標的遺伝子の編集、及びそれに続く標的遺伝子、すなわちGFPの効率的なサイレンシングについてさらに試験することができる。
シロイヌナズナ根調製物
塩素ガス滅菌シロイヌナズナ(cv.Col−0)種子をMSマイナススクロースプレート上に播種し、暗所で4℃で3日間春化処理し、続いて25℃で恒光下で垂直に発芽させた。2週間後、根を1cm根切片に切り出し、Callus Induction Media(CIM:B5ビタミン、2%グルコース、pH5.7、0.8%寒天、2mg/l IAA、0.5mg/l 2,4−D、0.05mg/lキネチンを含む1/2MS)プレート上に置いた。暗所、25℃で6日間インキュベートした後、根切片を濾紙ディスク上に移し、衝撃に備えて、4〜6時間、CIMMプレート(ビタミン、2%グルコース、0.4Mマンニトール、pH5.7及び0.8%寒天を含まない1/2MS)上に置いた。
プラスミド構築物を、PDS−1000/He粒子送達(バイオ・ラッド(Bio−Rad);PDS−1000/Heシステム#1652257)を介して根組織に導入し、以下に概説するいくつかの調製工程が、この手順を実施するために必要であった。
40mgの0.6μm金(バイオ・ラッド(Bio−Rad);カタログ:1652262)を1mlの100%エタノールと混合し、パルス遠心分離してペレットにし、エタノールを除去した。この洗浄手順をさらに2回繰り返した。
要するに、以下のことを行った。
単一のチューブは、シロイヌナズナ根の2つのプレートに衝撃を与えるのに十分な金であり(プレート当たり2ショット)、従って、各チューブを4つの(1,100psi(約7.6MPa))のBiolistic破裂板(バイオ・ラッド(Bio−Rad);カタログ:1652329)の間に分配した。
1)493μlのddH2Oを1アリコート(7μl)のスペルミジン(シグマ・アルドリッチ(Sigma−Aldrich);S0266)に添加し、0.1Mスペルミジンの最終濃度を得た。1250μlの2.5M CaCl2をスペルミジン混合物に添加し、ボルテックスし、氷上に置いた。
2)予め調製した金のチューブをサーモミキサーに入れ、1400rpmの速度で回転させた。
3)チューブに11μlのDNAを加え、ボルテックスし、回転するサーモミキサーに戻した。
4)DNA/金粒子を結合させるために、70μlのスペルミジンCaCl2混合物を各チューブ(サーモミキサー中)に添加した。
5)チューブを15〜30秒間激しくボルテックスし、氷上に約70〜80秒間置いた。
6)混合物を7000rpmで1分間遠心分離し、上清を除去し、氷上に置いた。
7)500μlの100%エタノールを各チューブに添加し、ペレットをピペッティングにより再懸濁し、ボルテックスした。
8)チューブを7000rpmで1分間遠心分離した。
9)上清を除去し、ペレットを50μlの100%エタノールに再懸濁し、氷上で保存した。
層流キャビネット内で以下のことを行った。
1)マクロ担体(バイオ・ラッド(Bio−Rad);1652335)、停止スクリーン(バイオ・ラッド(Bio−Rad);1652336)、及びマクロ担体ディスクホルダーを滅菌乾燥した。
2)マクロ担体のディスクホルダーにマクロ担体を平らに配置した。
3)DNA被覆金混合物をボルテックスし、各Biolistic破裂板の中心に広げた(5μl)。
エタノールを蒸発させた。
要するに、以下のことを行った。
ヘリウムボトルの調整弁を少なくとも1300psi(約9.0MPa)の流入圧力に調整した。真空は、真空/ベント/ホールド・スイッチを押し、稼動スイッチを3秒間押し続けることによって作り出した。これは、ヘリウムが配管に流れ込むことを確実にした。
1)1つの破裂ディスクをディスク保持キャップ内に配置した。
2)マイクロ担体発射アセンブリを構築した(停止スクリーンと金含有マイクロ担体を備えた)。
3)シャーレ上でシロイヌナズナ根カルスを発射アセンブリの6cm下に置いた。
4)真空圧を27インチHg(水銀)(約91kPa)に設定し、ヘリウム弁を開いた(約1100psi(約7.6MPa)で)。
5)真空を解放した。マイクロ担体発射アセンブリ及び破裂板保持キャップを取り外した。
6)同じ組織への衝撃(すなわち、各プレートを2回衝撃した)。
7)次に、衝撃を与えた根を、暗所で、25℃で、さらに24時間、CIMプレート上に置いた。
GEiGSプラスミドの組み合わせに衝撃を与える場合、5μg(1000ng/μl)のsgRNAプラスミドを8.5μg(1000ng/μl)のswap(スワップ)プラスミドと混合し、この混合物11μlを試料に添加した。同時により多くのGEiGSプラスミドを衝撃する場合、使用したsgRNAプラスミド対swapプラスミドの濃度比は1:1.7であり、この混合物11μg(1000ng/μl)を試料に添加した。GEiGS交換に関連しないプラスミドを同時衝撃する場合、等しい比率を混合し、11μg(1000ng/μl)の混合物を各試料に添加した。
シュート再生のために、Valvekensら[Valvekens,D.ら、Proc Natl Acad Sci USA(1988) 85(15):5536−5540]からの改変プロトコルを実施した。B5ビタミン、2%グルコース、pH5.7、0.8%寒天、5mg/l 2 iP、0.15mg/l IAAを有する1/2MSを含むシュート誘導培地(SIM)プレート上に、衝撃を与えた根を置いた。プレートを、25℃で16時間明、23℃で8時間暗のサイクルに放置した。10日後、プレートを、3%スクロース、0.8%寒天を含むMSプレートに1週間移し、次いで、新鮮な同様のプレートに移した。植物が再生したら、それらを根から切り出し、分析するまで、3%スクロース、0.8%寒天を含むMSプレート上に置いた。
上記のとおり、蛍光、及び細胞形態、又は標的遺伝子に依存する成長速度/阻害及び/若しくはアポトーシス等の他の表現型、TP53サイレンシングの場合にはNutlin3耐性を見ることによる。
アッセイは、精製されたインターフェロン原液の効力を決定するために一般に使用される細胞変性効果(CPE)に基づく。CPEアッセイでは、クリスタルバイオレット生細胞染色[Rubinsteinら、J Virol. (1981) 10:755−758によりこれまでに記載されている]により測定される、ウイルス誘導細胞病理を阻害する能力に基づいて抗ウイルス活性を測定する。
アリルアルコールで植物を選択するために、衝撃後10日目に、根をSIM培地上に置いた。根を30mMアリルアルコール(シグマ・アルドリッチ(Sigma−Aldrich)、米国)に2時間浸漬した。次に、根をMS培地で3回洗浄し、3%スクロース、0.8%寒天を含むMSプレート上に置いた。再生プロセスは、先に記載したように実施した。
植物組織試料を処理し、アンプリコンを製造業者の推奨に従って増幅した。MyTaq Plant−PCR Kit(BioLine BIO 25056)を短い内部増幅に用い、Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit(サーモサイエンティフィック(Thermo Scientific);F−130WH)を長い外部増幅に用いる。これらの増幅のために使用されるオリゴは、上記の表2に特定される。miRNA遺伝子座における異なる改変は、以下のようにアンプリコンの異なる消化パターンを介して特定された。
植物試料を液体窒素中に回収し、処理するまで−80℃で保存した。組織の粉砕は、ドライアイス中に置かれたチューブ中で、プラスチック組織粉砕ペスル(Axygen、米国)を用いて行った。RNA/DNA精製キット(カタログ番号48700;Norgen Biotek Corp.、カナダ)を用いて、製造業者の説明書に従って、粉砕組織からのDNA及び全RNAの単離を行った。RNA画分の低い260/230比(<1.6)の場合、単離RNAは、1μlグリコーゲン(カタログ10814010;インビトロジェン(Invitrogen)、米国)10%V/V酢酸ナトリウム、3M pH5.5(カタログAM9740、インビトロジェン(Invitrogen)、米国)及び3倍の体積のエタノールを用いて−20℃で一晩沈殿した。溶液を4℃で最高速度で30分間遠心分離した。これに続いて、70%エタノールで2回洗浄し、15分間風乾し、ヌクレアーゼを含まない水(カタログ番号10977035;インビトロジェン(Invitrogen)、米国)に再懸濁した。
1μgの単離された全RNAを、製造業者のマニュアルに従ってDNase Iで処理した(AMPD1;シグマ・アルドリッチ(Sigma−Aldrich)、米国)。この試料を、High−Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit(カタログ4368814;アプライド・バイオシステムズ(Applied Biosystems)、米国)の使用マニュアルに従って逆転写した。
ゲノム編集誘導遺伝子サイレンシング(GEiGS)プラットフォーム
マイクロRNA(miRNA) マイクロRNA(miRNA)は、長い自己相補的な前駆体に由来する20〜24ヌクレオチド長の小分子の内在性非コードRNA(ncRNA)である。成熟miRNAは、2つのやり方、(i)翻訳阻害することにより、又は(ii)標的mRNAとの完全又はほぼ完全な相補体によってコードmRNAを劣化させることにより、遺伝子発現を制御する。動物では、miRNAに関する重要な研究が、シード領域(5’末端の2〜8位にまたがる配列)だけが標的認識にとって非常に重要であることを示している。このシード配列は、標的mRNAの主に30−非翻訳領域(UTR)でその応答配列に十分に対合する。miRNAs生合成機構、miRNA発現レベル及びmiRNA制御ネットワークの変化は、細胞分化及びアポトーシス等の重要な生物学的経路に影響を及ぼし、この変化は、種々のヒト疾患及び症候群、とりわけ癌において検出される。
ゲノム編集誘導遺伝子サイレンシング(GEiGS)
GEiGSオリゴを設計するためには、プロセシングされ、誘導体である小分子サイレンシングRNA分子(成熟)を生じる鋳型非コードRNA分子(前駆体)が必要とされる。本発明者らは、Rybak−Wolf[Rybak−Wolf、A.ら、Cell(2014) 159:1153、Ai1167]においてこれまでに論じられたように、ヒト及びエレガンス線虫においてサイレンシングに関与する小分子RNA(すなわち、アルゴノート2及びアルゴノート3によって結合される小分子RNA)を生成するダイサー基質RNA(すなわち、ダイサーによって結合される細胞RNA)を特徴づけている。両方のデータセット(ダイサー結合RNA並びにAgo2及びAgo3結合小分子RNA)を横断することで、小分子サイレンシングRNAの前駆体である非コードRNAの一覧を生成することが可能になった(図10及び図11A〜E)。前駆体の2つの供給源及びその対応する成熟配列を、GEiGSオリゴを生成するために使用した。miRNAについては、配列は、miRBaseデータベース[Kozomara、A.及びGriffiths−Jones,S.、Nucleic Acids Res(2014) 42:D68、AiD73]から得た。他の種類の前駆体(tRNA、snRNAs、及び種々の種類のリピートを含む)は、ダイサー結合及びAGO結合RNAを記載する最近の刊行物[Rybak−Wolf,A.ら、Cell(2014) 159:1153、Ai1167]から得た。
「内在」導入遺伝子のGEiGS
GEiGSの効率を確認するための迅速で堅牢なアプローチは、内在性遺伝子として働くことになり、加えてGFP(緑色蛍光タンパク質)のようなマーカー遺伝子でもある導入遺伝子をサイレンシングすることである。細胞におけるGFPサイレンシングの有効性を評価するための選択肢はいくつかあり、本発明者らは、細胞におけるGFPサイレンシングの有効性を評価するために、FACS分析、RT−qPCR及び顕微鏡法を使用している。
組織培養細胞における外来性導入遺伝子(GFP)のGEiGS
GFPサイレンシングの前述の例(上記の実施例2)に加えて、GEiGSの効率を実証するための別の方法は、一過性GFPトランスフェクションアッセイにおいてGFPのようなマーカー遺伝子をサイレンシングすることである。図4に示すように、(上記の実施例2で論じたように)GFP遺伝子を標的とする小分子siRNAの分子の発現を介して内在性miRNAのサイレンシング特異性をリダイレクトするために、ヒト細胞を、GEiGSを使用して処理する。次に、対照の未処置の細胞及びGEiGS−GFP細胞(すなわち、siGFPを発現する)を、別々に2つのマーカー(センサー)GFP+RFP(赤色蛍光タンパク質)を発現するプラスミドでトランスフェクトする。GEiGS処理においてRFPのみを発現するがGFPを発現しない細胞は、siGFP発現に起因するGFP遺伝子サイレンシングの結果である。これらの細胞(赤色だが、GFP発現を欠く)由来のDNAを抽出し、正確なゲノム編集事象について調べる。さらには、この細胞を、例えば、GFPの蛍光検出、又はq−PCR、HPLCによりGFPの発現の喪失について分析することができる。
TP53又はHPRTの発現のGEiGSは、U2OS及びRPE1又はマウス胚性幹(mES)細胞においてNutlin3誘導又は6TG(チオグアニン、6−TG、6−チオグアニン)細胞死/増殖阻害を阻害する
ヒト細胞におけるGEiGSのPOCを示すために、本発明者らは、U2OS、RPE1又はマウス胚性幹細胞を用いて検討している。U2OSは、早く成長して高効率でトランスフェクトし易い細胞である。これらの細胞は、骨癌 − 骨肉腫に由来する。RPE1は、正常な網膜に由来する(すなわち、疾患又は病気の培養物由来ではない)上皮細胞であり、mESと同様に正常で活性なTP53を有する。
アポトーシス促進性遺伝子(BAX、PUMA、NOXA)のGEiGSは、ヒト癌細胞において化学療法誘導細胞死を阻害する
この実験では、本発明者らはU2OS細胞を使用している。CPT、エトポシド、オラパリブ等のような化学療法剤に耐性がある細胞を作り出すために、本発明者らは、最初に、アポトーシス促進性遺伝子として公知のBAX、PUMA及びNOXAのようなアポトーシス遺伝子を標的とすることができるsiRNAを使用している。
GEiGSを使用して、ウイルス感染に対してヒト細胞を免疫する
GEiGSが、外来の病原性遺伝子をノックダウンする能力を有してヒト免疫化について堅牢な方法であることを証明するために、本発明者らは、ウイルス遺伝子のサイレンシングの例を提供する。レンチウイルス系は、モデル生物全体及びほとんどすべての哺乳類細胞(非分裂の非増殖細胞を含む)、並びに難トランスフェクト細胞(神経細胞、初代培養細胞及び幹細胞を含む)に遺伝子材料を送達する上で非常に効果的である。レンチウイルストランスフェクションの効率は、感染多重度(MOI)によっては100%に近く、これは、レンチウイルスを発現ベクター系として理想的なものにする。
外来ウイルス遺伝子のサイレンシングによりウイルス感染に対してヒト細胞を免疫すること(細胞生存率アッセイ)
GEiGSが、外来遺伝子をノックダウンする能力を有してヒト免疫化について堅牢な方法であることを証明するために、GFPを発現するレンチウイルスを使用する例(上記の実施例6)に加えて、本発明者らは、野生型RNAウイルス感染を使用しており、細胞生存についてスコア付けしている。本発明者らは、水疱性口内炎ウイルス(VSV)遺伝子のサイレンシングの例を提供する。
アポトーシス促進性のFAS遺伝子発現のGEiGSは、HCT116細胞において5−フルオロウラシル誘導アポトーシスを低下させる
Pedroら[Pedroら Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(2007) 1772:40−47]によって、野生型p53を発現するHCT116ヒト結腸直腸癌細胞において、RNA干渉によるFAS発現のサイレンシングが5−FU誘導アポトーシスを緩和することが以前に示された。
異なる遺伝子を標的とする内在性miRNAを改変した植物の生成
miRNAのゲノム遺伝子座におけるその認識配列(miRNAに成熟するであろう)のごくわずかな改変は、非トランスジェニック様式で、新しい遺伝子を調節する新しいシステムに導くことができる。従って、シロイヌナズナ根の衝撃によるこれらの改変を導入するために、及びさらなる解析のためのそれらの再生のために、アグロバクテリウムフリー一過性発現方法を使用した。本発明者らは、シロイヌナズナ植物において2つの遺伝子、PDS3及びADH1を標的とすることを選択した。
衝撃及び植物再生
GEiGS構築物を、(上記の材料と実験手順の節で詳細に議論したように)予め調製された根に衝撃し、そして再生した。PDS3形質転換体については退色表現型を介して、ADH1形質転換体についてはアリルアルコール処理での生存を介して植物を選択した。SwapをSwapなし、すなわち保持された野生型と比較して検証するために、これらの植物を、改変領域にわたる特異的プライマーを介した挿入について続いてスクリーニングし、続いて制限消化した(図13)。
表現型選択の遺伝子型検証
前述したように、よく知られた表現型形質であるフィトエンデサチュラーゼ(PDS3)とアルコールデサチュラーゼ(ADH1)を標的として、遺伝子編集システムの概念実証(POC)が確立された。
改変されたmiRNAはその新しい標的遺伝子の発現を低下させる
GEiGS系における改変miRNAが新たに指定された標的の発現を下方制御する可能性を検証するために、qRT−PCR(定量的リアルタイムPCR)を用いて遺伝子発現解析を行った。陽性に特定された再生植物からRNAを抽出し、逆転写し、再生植物と比較し、並行して処理したが、関連する改変構築物は導入されなかった。miR−173をPDS3を標的とするように改変した場合(GEiGS#4+SWAP4)では、遺伝子発現量の平均83%の低下が認められた(図15)。ADH1を標的とするように改変されたmiR−390(GEiGS#3+SWAP11)を有する植物では、同様の遺伝子発現の変化が観察され、対照植物のレベルの82%であった(図16)。まとめると、これらの結果は、内在遺伝子座におけるmiRNA転写産物中の標的認識配列を置換することにより、内在miRNAを改変して新たな遺伝子をうまく標的とし、その発現を低下させる遺伝子編集法を実証する。
Claims (49)
- 真核細胞においてRNAサイレンシング活性を有さない非コードRNA分子をコードするか又はそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変する方法であって、ただし前記真核細胞は植物細胞ではなく、前記方法は、目的の標的RNAに対する前記非コードRNA分子のサイレンシング特異性を付与するDNA編集剤を前記真核細胞に導入し、それによって前記非コードRNA分子をコードするか又はそれにプロセシングされる前記遺伝子を改変する工程を含む方法。
- 真核細胞において標的RNAに対するRNAサイレンシング分子をコードするか又はそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変する方法であって、ただし前記真核細胞は植物細胞ではなく、前記方法は、前記RNAサイレンシング分子のサイレンシング特異性を第2の標的RNAに向けてリダイレクトするDNA編集剤を前記真核細胞に導入し、それによって前記RNAサイレンシング分子をコードする前記遺伝子を改変する工程を含み、前記標的RNA及び前記第2の標的RNAは異なる方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子をコードするか又はそれにプロセシングされる前記遺伝子が、前記真核細胞に対して内在性である請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAサイレンシング分子をコードする前記遺伝子が、前記真核細胞に対して内在性である請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子をコードするか又はそれにプロセシングされる前記遺伝子を前記改変することが、前記非コードRNA分子に、前記目的の標的RNAに対して少なくとも45%の相補性を付与することを含む請求項1又は請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAサイレンシング分子をコードする前記遺伝子を前記改変することが、前記RNAサイレンシング分子に、前記第2の標的RNAに対して少なくとも45%の相補性を付与することを含む請求項2又は請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子の前記サイレンシング特異性が、前記目的の標的RNAのRNAレベル又はタンパク質レベルを測定することによって決定される請求項1、請求項3又は請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAサイレンシング分子の前記サイレンシング特異性が、前記第2の標的RNAのRNAレベル又はタンパク質レベルを測定することによって決定される請求項2、請求項4又は請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子の前記サイレンシング特異性が表現型的に決定される請求項1から請求項8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記表現型的に決定されることは、細胞サイズ、成長速度/阻害、細胞形状、細胞膜完全性、腫瘍サイズ、腫瘍形状、生物の色素沈着、感染パラメータ及び炎症パラメータからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの表現型の決定によってもたらされる請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子の前記サイレンシング特異性が遺伝子型的に決定される請求項1から請求項10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 表現型が遺伝子型の前に決定される請求項11に記載の方法。
- 遺伝子型が表現型の前に決定される請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子前駆体からプロセシングされる請求項1から請求項13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子がRNA干渉(RNAi)分子である請求項1から請求項14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAi分子が、低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)、短鎖ヘアピンRNA(shRNA)、マイクロRNA(miRNA)、Piwi相互作用RNA(piRNA)及びトランス作用性siRNA(tasiRNA)からなる群から選択される請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記非コードRNA分子が、核内小分子RNA(snRNA)、核小体小分子RNA(snoRNA)、長鎖非コードRNA(lncRNA)、リボソームRNA(rRNA)、転移RNA(tRNA)、リピート由来RNA、及び転移因子RNAからなる群から選択される請求項1、請求項3、請求項5、請求項7及び請求項9から請求項14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記RNAi分子が、構造のオリジナリティを保存し、細胞RNAi因子によって認識されるように改変される請求項15又は請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝子の前記改変は、欠失、挿入、点突然変異及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される改変によって行われる請求項1から請求項18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が、前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子のステム領域にある請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が、前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子のループ領域にある請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が、前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子の非構造化領域にある請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が、前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子のステム領域及びループ領域にある請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が、前記非コードRNA分子又は前記RNAサイレンシング分子のステム領域及びループ領域、並びに非構造化領域にある請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記改変が最大200ヌクレオチドの改変を含む請求項19から請求項24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記真核細胞にドナーオリゴヌクレオチドを導入することをさらに含む請求項19から請求項25のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記DNA編集剤が、植物発現性プロモーターに作動可能に連結された少なくとも1つのgRNAを含む請求項1から請求項26のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記DNA編集剤が、エンドヌクレアーゼを含まない請求項1から請求項27のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記DNA編集剤がエンドヌクレアーゼを含む請求項1から請求項27のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記DNA編集剤が、メガヌクレアーゼ、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ(ZFN)、転写活性化因子様エフェクターヌクレアーゼ(TALEN)及びCRISPRからなる群から選択されるDNA編集システムを含む請求項1から請求項29のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記エンドヌクレアーゼがCas9を含む請求項29又は請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記DNA編集剤が、DNA、RNA又はRNPとして前記細胞に適用される請求項1から請求項31のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記DNA編集剤が、真核細胞における発現を監視するためのレポーターに連結される請求項1から請求項32のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記レポーターが蛍光タンパク質である請求項33に記載の方法。
- 前記目的の標的RNA又は前記第2の標的RNAが、前記真核細胞に対して内在性である請求項1から請求項34のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記目的の標的RNA又は前記第2の標的RNAが癌に関連する請求項35に記載の方法。
- 前記目的の標的RNA又は前記第2の標的RNAが、前記真核細胞に対して外来性である請求項1から請求項34のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記目的の標的RNA又は前記第2の標的RNAが感染症に関連する請求項37に記載の方法。
- 前記真核細胞が、哺乳動物、昆虫、線虫、鳥類、爬虫類、魚類、甲殻類、真菌及び藻類からなる群から選択される真核生物から得られる請求項1から請求項38のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記真核細胞が哺乳類細胞である請求項1から請求項39のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳類細胞がヒト細胞を含む請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記真核細胞が全能性幹細胞である請求項1から請求項41のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 必要とする対象において感染症を処置する方法であって、請求項1から請求項42のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、非コードRNA分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされるか又はRNAサイレンシング分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変し、それによって前記対象において前記感染症を処置する工程を含み、前記目的の標的RNAは、前記感染症の発症又は進行と関連する方法。
- 必要とする対象において単一遺伝子劣性遺伝疾患を処置する方法であって、請求項1から請求項42のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、非コードRNA分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされるか又はRNAサイレンシング分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変し、それによって前記対象において前記単一遺伝子劣性遺伝疾患を処置する工程を含み、前記目的の標的RNAは前記単一遺伝子劣性遺伝疾患と関連する方法。
- 必要とする対象において自己免疫疾患を処置する方法であって、請求項1から請求項42のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、非コードRNA分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされるか又はRNAサイレンシング分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変し、それによって前記対象において前記自己免疫疾患を処置する工程を含み、前記目的の標的RNAは前記自己免疫疾患と関連する方法。
- 必要とする対象において癌性疾患を処置する方法であって、請求項1から請求項42のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、非コードRNA分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされるか又はRNAサイレンシング分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変し、それによって前記対象において前記癌性疾患を処置する工程を含み、前記目的の標的RNAは前記癌性疾患と関連する方法。
- 必要とする対象において化学療法剤の有効性及び/又は特異性を増強する方法であって、請求項1から請求項42のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、非コードRNA分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされるか又はRNAサイレンシング分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変し、それによって前記対象において化学療法剤の有効性及び/又は特異性を増強する工程を含み、前記目的の標的RNAは前記化学療法剤の有効性及び/又は特異性の増強と関連する方法。
- 必要とする対象において細胞アポトーシスを誘導する方法であって、請求項1から請求項42のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、非コードRNA分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされるか又はRNAサイレンシング分子をコードするか若しくはそれにプロセシングされる遺伝子を改変し、それによって前記対象において細胞アポトーシスを誘導する工程を含み、前記目的の標的RNAは前記アポトーシスと関連する方法。
- 真核性非ヒト生物を生成する方法であって、ただし前記生物は植物ではなく、前記生物の細胞の少なくともいくつかは、目的の標的RNAに対するサイレンシング特異性を含む非コードRNA分子をコードするか又はそれにプロセシングされる改変遺伝子を含み、前記方法は、請求項1から請求項42のいずれか一項に記載の方法に従って、遺伝子を改変し、それによって前記真核性非ヒト生物を生成する工程を含む方法。
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