JP2018531947A - 蚊活性化製剤 - Google Patents
蚊活性化製剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2018531947A JP2018531947A JP2018519704A JP2018519704A JP2018531947A JP 2018531947 A JP2018531947 A JP 2018531947A JP 2018519704 A JP2018519704 A JP 2018519704A JP 2018519704 A JP2018519704 A JP 2018519704A JP 2018531947 A JP2018531947 A JP 2018531947A
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- formulation
- mosquito
- methylthio
- alkyl
- compound
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
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Abstract
Description
別段定義されていなければ、本明細書で使用される技術用語及び科学用語はいずれも、当該技術分野(例えば、生理学、有機化学、生化学、昆虫製剤、昆虫トラップデザイン及び蚊の行動)において通常の知識を有する者によって通常理解されるものと同じ意味を有すると解釈されるべきである。
本発明の製剤は、蚊を活性化することが可能である。本発明の文脈において使用するとき、用語「activate(活性化する)」、「activating(活性化する)」、「活性剤」及びそれらの変化形は、蚊によって反応、例えば興奮、混乱、刺激、奮闘、誘引または忌避のうち一つを発生する製剤に言及する。ある例では、本発明の製剤またはそれから放出されるチオ化合物の存在は、対象、例えばPlasmodium感染したヒト被験者が蚊に刺される可能性を軽減する。
本発明者らは、チオ化合物が蚊を活性化するのに有用であることを見出した。ある例では、チオ化合物はチオエーテルである。ある例では、本発明は、蚊を活性化することができる任意のチオ化合物(例えば、チオエーテル)を包含する。
蚊は、Culicidae系統を含む小型の小虫様の群れである。たいていの種のメスは外寄生生物であって、その管状の口器(吻と呼ばれる)は宿主皮膚を貫通して血を吸う。
この化合物は、製剤、例えば、溶液、ミセル溶液、エマルジョン、マイクロエマルジョン、懸濁液、固体、粉末、フォーム、ペースト、顆粒、ガス、スプレー、エアロゾル、ゲル、ワックス、ならびに活性化合物を含侵させた天然材料及び合成材料に変換可能である。ある例では、チオ化合物は、燻蒸消毒カートリッジ、燻蒸消毒缶、燻蒸消毒コイルなど、そしてさらに超微量(ULV)低温ミスト製剤及び温ミスト製剤のように、煙と一緒に製剤に供給することができる。別の例では、チオ化合物は、加熱により放出するように処方される。
ある例では、本発明の製剤は、チオ化合物を徐放するように設計される。例えば、製剤は、チオ化合物をブロック、パッチ、キャニスターまたは他の器具から徐放するように設計することができる。様々な徐放製剤及び徐放器具が当該技術分野において知られている(例えば、US20060099168に開示されている高分子組成物、US20060201391及びEP548940に開示されている粘土組成物、US6015570及びUS6326015に開示されている布地の含侵、US5750129に開示されている複合高分子ディスペンサー参照)。
本発明の製剤はさらに、他の活性化合物をも含むことができると考えられる。例えば、製剤はさらに、他の活性剤、誘引剤、防虫剤及び殺虫剤またはこれらの組み合わせを含んでもよい。本発明のチオ化合物と組み合わせて使用するのに適した他の活性成分の選定は十分に当業者の技術の範囲内であると考えられる。ただ、本発明のチオ化合物と組み合わせて使用するための様々な典型的な活性成分を以下に提示する。
本発明のチオ化合物は、様々なディスペンサーから放出することができると考えられる。ディスペンサーは、様々な形態、すなわち、ゴム隔膜、中空糸、フレーク、テープ、積層プラスチック、リザーバを覆う膜、及びアセテートビーズ入りポリエチレン瓶で提供することができる。他の典型的なディスペンサーとしては、シリンダー、噴霧器、オイル、ろうそく、ガーゼ芯装置、ファン、そして布及びマットなどの処理済みの物品があげられる。
本発明の製剤、またはそこから放出されるチオ化合物は、蚊を活性化することによって蚊の行動に影響を及ぼす様々な方法で使用することができる。別の例では、製剤は、蚊を誘引する方法に使用される。別の例では、製剤は、蚊を忌避する方法に使用される。別の例では、製剤は、対象から蚊をマスキングする方法に使用される。
概要
Y字管オルファクトメーターを使用して、ヒトの息の揮発性成分がマラリア媒介生物であるAnopheles stephensiの行動反応を誘発するかどうかを実証した。
MR4系統のAn.Stephensi(New Delhi, India)を27℃、相対湿度70%、L:D比12:12及び明/暗周期30分で保持した。実験では、生後4〜7日齢メスの蚊であって、未だに血粉を受容していないものを使用した。蚊は、適宜10%糖溶液で生命を保持したが、試験前12時間は飢えさせた。
a)試験:アリルメチルスルフィド(AMS)
b)試験:1−メチルチオ−1−プロペン(MTPE)のE型立体異性体とZ型立体異性体の混合物
c)試験:3−メチルチオ−1−プロパノール(MTPL:メチルチオ誘導体、息に含まれていないもの)
d)ポジティブコントロール:1−オクテン−3−オール/5%CO2
Y字管オルファクトメーターは、全てガラス製であって、放出チャンバーと、Y字管自体と、それぞれのアームに取り付けられたトラップチャンバーとで構成されている(図1)。各トラップチャンバーは、ファインガラスフィルターで2つに分割されている。前記フィルターの遠端で、トラップチャンバーをチャコールフィルターまたはガスバッグもしくはガスシリンダーに接続することができる。空気は、管の内容物を排出する真空タップに放出チャンバーを接続することによって、オルファクトメーターを通過させる。0.1〜1.2LPMの流量計(John Morris Pty, LTD)を使用して標準空気流量(0.4L/分)を保持する。Y字管の空気容量は約1リットルであるため、2.5分ごとに置き換える。
10−2〜10−5%試験刺激の鉱油溶液(Sigma Aldrich)1μLを1cm2Whatmanろ紙に点々と配置した。
10−4%の1−オクテン−3−オールの鉱油溶液(Sigma Aldrich)1μLを1cm2Whatmanろ紙に点々と配置した。
実験はすべて、PC2検疫条件下、27℃、相対湿度70%において赤外光の下で行った。観察者らは、試験中、オルファクトメーターの、Y字管の2本のアーム間にあるトラップチャンバーの末端において常に同じ位置にいた。
多くの節足動物は、特定用量範囲の情報物質に反応する。少なくとも実験環境では、いくつかの濃度で陽性の方向応答性を誘発する化学物質は、より一般的には、それ以外の濃度では方向性のない興奮状態あるいは忌避性を示す可能性がある(Knols et al. 1997、Smallegange et al.2005、及びVale and Hall 1985)。
蚊を「活性化した」用量範囲を実証したところで、方向応答性を開始する濃度の能力を試験した。この場合、実験は、CO2/1−オクテン−3−オール[10−4%v/v]のポジティブコントロールと比較して行った。CO2/1−オクテン−3−オールは、この混合物が一貫してCO2単独よりも蚊を強く誘引することからポジティブコントロールとして使用した。ポジティブコントロールを使用して、試験刺激が標準方向性刺激と少なくとも同じくらい誘引性を示すかどうかを評価した。
Y字管オルファクトメーター実験は、Anopheles stephensiiについて行った。蚊の活性化及び誘引は、試験化合物であるアリルメチルスルフィド(AMS)、3−メチルチオ−プロパノール(MTPL)及び1−メチルチオ−1−プロペン(E型鏡像異性体とZ型鏡像異性体との混合物として)(MTPE)へ暴露した後に測定した。
試験化合物は、フィルターから引き込まれた清浄空気というニュートラルコントロールに対して比較した。MTPEは、濃度0.0001%v/vでその最大活性化反応を開始する。活性化は、より低い濃度(0.00001%)及びより高い濃度(0.001〜0.01%)(v/v)で低下した(図2)。AMSは、濃度0.00001%v/vでその最大活性化反応を開始する。AMSは、0.00001%v/vで活性化を引き起こした(図3)。メチルチオ誘導体であるMTPLもまた、広範囲の濃度にわたって(0.00001〜0.01%)活性化反応を開始した(図4)。
試験化合物は、既知の誘引剤である1−オクテン−3−オール/CO2の混合物に対して比較することで、試験化合物が蚊誘引剤でもあるかどうかを決定した。 AMSは、0.00001%では1−オクテン−3−オール/CO2の2倍の誘引性を示し(図5A)、MTPEは、0.00001%では1−オクテン−3−オール/CO2よりも強い誘引性を示し(図5B)、また、MTPLは、1−オクテン−3−オール/CO2よりも1.5倍強い誘引性を示した(図5C)。
活性化及び誘引実験から得られたデータの概要を表2に提示する。
不完全ラテン方格法に準拠した野外試験では、CO2を含む及び含まないMTPEに対するAn.farautiの誘引を比較した。処理には、CO2単独、CO2とMTPEルアーとの組み合わせ、またはMTPE単独を含めた。アメリカ疾病予防管理センター(CDC)のライトトラップを使用して、MTPEルアー及び/またはCO2を供給した。MTPEルアーはMTPE鉱油溶液500μLから成り、この10〜100,000ppmをろ紙上に拡散した。MTPE/鉱油混合物をろ紙上に拡散して、目の詰んだガーゼ芯に巻き込み、試料チューブに挿入した。試料チューブを次いで、CDCトラップに配線した。CO2をドライアイス1kgを用いて供給して、標準試料プロトコル通りにCDCライトトラップ上に取り付けた。CO2を含む/含まないMTPE複合物を、3晩かけて4箇所のトラップ位置から任意抽出した。各トラップは、干渉に対処するために少なくとも50m離して配置し、毎晩5pm〜7amの間で調節した。トラップ捕集物をその後、実験室に戻して、計数し、そして「Anopheles farauti s.l」または「その他」として識別した。
−用量依存誘引性、
−MTPEは100ppmで誘引性を示すこと、
−MTPE 10,000ppmは誘引性を示さず、おそらく防虫剤であること、
−MTPE 100,000ppmは誘引性を示さず、おそらく防虫剤であること、そして
−CO2は、MTPE 1,000ppmの誘引作用を助けること。
独立した技術を使用してY字管オルファクトメーター実験及び野外試験を評価するため及び観察した活性化及び誘引行動の生理的根拠を調査するために、A. Stephensiメスの蚊について触角電図(EAG)研究及びエレクトロパラトグラム(EPG)研究を行った。EAG研究はさらに、Anopheles farauti、Culex annulirostris及びAedes aegyptiメスの蚊についてもおこなった。
蚊を活性化する製剤の有効性もまた、それらをある期間にわたって大気中に放出して蚊活性化を視覚的に評価することによって評価することができる。つまり、試験製剤及び対照製剤を提供する。試験製剤はチオ化合物を含み、そして対照製剤は1−オクテン−3−オールとCO2を放出する。対照製剤と比較して、試験製剤によって活性化された蚊の数が増加したことは、試験製剤が有効な蚊活性剤であることを示している。
試験化合物であるアリルメチルスルフィド(AMS)、3−メチルチオ−プロパノール(MTPL)及び1−メチルチオ−1−プロペン(E型鏡像異性体とZ型鏡像異性体の混合物として)(MTPE)を、シリンダー、噴霧器、オイル、ろうそく、ストリップまたは同様のものから放出するために処方する。製剤はまた、追加の既知の蚊誘引剤、例えば1−オクテン−3−オールも含んでいてよい。試験化合物の活性化及び誘引特性は、これらルアーが蚊を誘引するのに有効であることを示している。
試験化合物であるアリルメチルスルフィド(AMS)、3−メチルチオ−プロパノール(MTPL)及び1−メチルチオ−1−プロペン(E型鏡像異性体とZ型鏡像異性体の混合物として)(MTPE)を、既存の蚊トラップから放出するために処方する。様々な蚊トラップは、Biogents AG、EnviroSafe Technologies International Limited、Woodstream Corporation、Koolatron、Biosensory Inc.、Bayer AG、Reckitt Benckiserなどの供給元から現在市販されている。試験化合物の活性化及び誘引特性は、これら改質トラップが蚊を誘引するのに有効であることを示している。
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Claims (29)
- チオ化合物を含む、蚊活性化製剤。
- 前記化合物がチオエーテルである、請求項1に記載の製剤。
- 前記チオエーテルが式1の化合物である、請求項2に記載の製剤。
- R1及びR2が、独立して、非置換のC1−6アルキル、非置換のC2−6アルケニル、及びヒドロキシル基で置換されたC1−6アルキルから選択される、請求項3に記載の製剤。
- 前記チオエーテルが、アリルメチルスルフィド、1−メチルチオ−プロパン、3−メチルチオ−プロパノール、(E)−1−メチルチオ−1−プロペン、(Z)−1−メチルチオ−1−プロペン、それらの誘導体、またはそれらのうち2つ以上の混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項2〜4のいずれか1項に記載の蚊製剤。
- (E)−1−メチルチオ−1−プロペン及び(Z)−1−メチルチオ−1−プロペンを含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の製剤。
- 蚊誘引剤である、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の製剤。
- さらに1つ以上の他の昆虫誘引剤を含む、請求項7に記載の製剤。
- 前記別の1つ以上の他の昆虫誘引剤が、二酸化炭素、1−オクテン−3−オール、アンモニア、乳酸、またはそれらのうち2つ以上の混合物からなる群から選択される、請求項8に記載の製剤。
- さらに殺虫剤を含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の製剤。
- 前記チオ化合物が、蚊を忌避するほど十分に高濃度である、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の製剤。
- 溶液、オイル、ゲル、クリーム、ワックス、固体、ガス、スプレーまたはフォームである、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の製剤。
- 前記チオ化合物の徐放を目的として処方される、請求項12に記載の製剤。
- 前記チオ化合物がポリマーに組み込まれている、請求項13に記載の製剤。
- 前記ポリマーが、メチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロースまたはヒドロキシプロピルセルロースなどのセルロースエーテル、アセチルセルロースなどのセルロースエステル、高密度ポリエチレン、低密度ポリエチレン、生分解性熱可塑性ポリウレタン、主鎖にエステル結合を有する生分解性エチレンポリマー、またはポリ(ε−カプロラクトン)ホモポリマーである、請求項14に記載の製剤。
- 加熱によって前記化合物(複数可)を放出することを目的として処方される、請求項12〜15のいずれか1項に記載の製剤。
- 二酸化炭素を含有しない、請求項1〜16のいずれか1項に記載の製剤。
- 請求項1〜17のいずれか1項に記載の製剤を含む、ディスペンサー。
- トラップ及び/またはルアーである、請求項18に記載のディスペンサー。
- 前記トラップが容器トラップである、請求項19に記載のディスペンサー。
- 前記トラップ及び/またはルアーがさらに、殺虫剤を含む餌を含む、請求項19または請求項20に記載のディスペンサー。
- 蚊を活性化するための、請求項1〜17のいずれか1項に記載の製剤または請求項18〜21のいずれか1項に記載のディスペンサーの使用。
- 蚊を活性化するための方法であって、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項において定義されるようなチオ化合物またはチオエーテルを放出することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記放出することが、蒸発、拡散、噴霧または分散による放出を含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記蚊が、Anopheles種、Aedes種、Culex種、Culiseta種、Haemagogus種、またはそれらのうち2つ以上の組み合わせである、請求項1〜17のいずれか1項に記載の製剤、請求項18〜21のいずれか1項に記載のディスペンサー、請求項22に記載の使用、または請求項23もしくは24に記載の方法。
- 前記蚊がAnopheles種である、請求項25に記載の製剤、ディスペンサー、使用または方法。
- 前記Anopheles種が、An.arabiensis、An.funestus、An.gambiae、An.moucheti、An.nili、An.stephensi、An.bellator、An.cruzii、An.farautiまたはそれらのうち2つ以上の組み合わせである、請求項26に記載の製剤、ディスペンサー、使用または方法。
- 前記蚊がAedes種である、請求項25に記載の製剤、ディスペンサー、使用または方法。
- 前記Aedes種が、Aedes aegypti、Aedes albopictusまたはそれらの組み合わせである、請求項28に記載の製剤、ディスペンサー、使用または方法。
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AU2015904254A AU2015904254A0 (en) | 2015-10-16 | Mosquito activating formulations | |
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PCT/AU2016/050966 WO2017063046A1 (en) | 2015-10-16 | 2016-10-14 | Mosquito activating formulations |
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