JP2018517550A - 水処理 - Google Patents
水処理 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2018517550A JP2018517550A JP2017558724A JP2017558724A JP2018517550A JP 2018517550 A JP2018517550 A JP 2018517550A JP 2017558724 A JP2017558724 A JP 2017558724A JP 2017558724 A JP2017558724 A JP 2017558724A JP 2018517550 A JP2018517550 A JP 2018517550A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ions
- nanofibrillar cellulose
- cellulose
- plant
- wastewater
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、一般に、水処理における植物由来のナノフィブリル状セルロースの使用に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを使用して廃水からイオンを除去する方法、および水処理における植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースの使用に関する。
水処理および浄化は、水を所望の最終用途に適したものにするため、例えば、使用した水を単に安全に環境に戻すために、水中の汚染物質を除去する、またはその濃度を減らすことを含む。産業は、浄化が必要な多量の廃水を産出する。pH調整剤、凝固剤、凝集剤、消泡剤および殺生物剤などの廃水処理の化学製品が広く使用されるが、それらは環境負荷を引き起こす。
多くの進歩が水処理の分野でなされてきたが、改良した浄化の化学製品および方法を提供する必要性がまだ存在する。より効率的で、環境に優しい化学製品および方法が、高度な水浄化およびスラッジ処理のために必要である。高度な水浄化は、例えば、特定の汚染物質の廃水からの除去、または大規模な異なる汚染物質の除去のいずれかを含み得る。
・植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを提供し、
・前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを、ナノフィブリル状セルロースの乾燥重量を基準に0.005〜25kg/m3廃水の量で使用して、廃水中に含まれるイオンの前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースへの吸着を含む浄化処理を行い、
・使用した植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを廃水から分離し、および
・処理した廃水を回収する
工程を含む。
別段の定めがない限り、本明細書および特許請求の範囲で使用される用語は、ナノセルロース技術分野、並びに水処理および浄化の分野で一般的に使用される意味を有する。特に、下記用語は、後述の意味を有する。
本発明は、カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースの水処理化学製品または水処理添加剤としての使用に関係する。より具体的には、本発明は、植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを使用してイオンの形態の汚染物質を廃水から除去する方法に関係する。汚染物質は、オキシアニオンなどの負の実効電荷を有するイオン、または金属イオンなどの正の実効電荷を有するイオンである。
本発明の別の実施態様によれば、該方法は連続プロセスである。
廃水処理における既知の技術を、使用したナノフィブリル状セルロースを廃水から分離するために使用し得る。該方法は、使用した植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを回収し、および任意に、回収した植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースから金属イオンなどの汚染物質を回収することを含み得る。該方法は、使用したナノフィブリル状セルロースを回収し、それから水を除去し、および任意に残査を焼却に導くことも含み得る。
次のセクションでは、本発明を実施例によって説明する。
セルロース繊維を、グリシジルトリアルキルアンモニウムクロライド(GTAC)およびNaOHおよび水を触媒として使用してカチオン化した。有効GTAC量はセルロースOHに対して1.1mol当量であった。このカチオン化法では、NaOH水溶液(セルロースOHに対して0.18molのH2O/0.08molのNaOHのモル比)を、全成分の効率的な分配を確保するためにGTACと混合し、次いで混合物を、事前に乾燥した繊維(固形分は〜50%であった)に添加した。この添加後に、混合物を45℃に温め、一定の撹拌で一晩反応させた。次いで最終生成物を、濾過を使用して水およびエタノールで洗浄した。洗浄した試料の全窒素(g/kg)は、ケルダール法によるものであった。置換度(DS)は、全窒素の結果から計算することができる。0.32のDSが達成された。
試料のゼロせん断粘度は32,000Pa・sであり、降伏応力は17Paであった。
カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースの助けを借りた産業廃水からの汚染物質の除去
該試験の目的は、カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースが、有価金属を取り除いた後および鉄の析出前の産業鉱山で産出された廃水(pH2.5)から、どれほど汚染物質を除去できるかを評価することであった。
カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースの助けを借りた産業廃水からの汚染物質の除去
該試験の目的は、カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースが、有価金属を取り除いた後および鉄の析出前の産業鉱山で産出された廃水(pH2.5)から、どれほど汚染物質を除去できるかを評価することであった。
ナノフィブリル状セルロースによる廃水の処理
実施例3では、20gのカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースハイドロゲルをバイアルに添加し、25mlの産業廃水(pH3.2)と混合した。ハイドロゲルの濃度は2.2重量%であった。バイアルを振とう機(light speed)に24時間置いた。混合後に試料を、濾紙(Schleicher & Schuell、Blue Ribbon 589/3)に通して、酸洗浄したプラスチックボトル中に濾過した。硫黄(S)、およびアルミニウム(Al)イオン、鉄(Fe)イオン、マンガン(Mn)イオン、ナトリウム(Na)イオン、ニッケル(Ni)イオン、亜鉛(Zn)イオンの濃度を、誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析(ICP−OES)装置を使用することによって、濾過した試料から測定した。カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを使用しなかったこと以外は同じプロトコルによって、対照試料を処理した。
1gのフィルターパルプを60mLのプラスチックサンプルシリンジの底部に秤量した。5および10gの未乾燥NFC試料(125および250mgの乾燥NFCに匹敵)を、3回反復して、チューブ中のフィルターパルプの上部に秤量した。フィルターパルプを含むが、NFC試料を含まないサンプルシリンジが、対照の役目を果たした。サンプルシリンジを回収シリンジとプラスチックホースで接続し、抽出ユニットを真空抽出装置に取り付けた。25mlの鉱山廃水を15ml h−1の速度で試料に通過させ、回収シリンジ中に回収し、プラスチックボトルに移した。真空抽出工程を、新たな廃水、しかし同じNFC試料で、さらに2回繰り返した。回収シリンジを三つの抽出ラウンド(Vac I、Vac IIおよびVac III)のそれぞれの後で変更し、全ての試料を別のボトルに回収した。アルミニウム(Al)イオン、鉄(Fe)イオン、マンガン(Mn)イオンおよびニッケル(Ni)イオンの濃度を、誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析(ICP−OES)装置を使用することによって、全ての回収試料から測定した。カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースによって除去された各元素の量(mol kg−1)を、未処理の対照水試料中の濃度から、カチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースで処理した水試料中の濃度を差し引くことによって算出することができた。
Claims (18)
- 廃水からイオンを除去する方法であって、
a.植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを提供し、
b.前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを、ナノフィブリル状セルロースの乾燥重量を基準に0.005〜25kg/m3廃水の量で使用して、廃水中に含まれるイオンの前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースへの吸着を含む浄化処理を行い、
c.使用した植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを廃水から分離し、および
d.処理した廃水を回収する
工程を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースが、水中に0.5重量%の濃度で分散されたときに、2,000〜100,000Pa・s、好ましくは5,000〜50,000、最も好ましくは10,000〜50,000のゼロせん断粘度を有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースが、水中に0.5重量%の濃度で分散されたときに、2〜50Pa、好ましくは3〜20Paの降伏応力を有することを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースが、少なくとも0.05、好ましくは0.05および0.8の間、より好ましくは0.1および0.45の間、最も好ましくは0.15および0.35の間の置換度を有するカチオン化セルロース原料から製造されるナノフィブリル状セルロースを含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースを、ナノフィブリル状セルロースの乾燥重量を基準に、0.01〜18kg/m3廃水、好ましくは0.1〜10kg/m3廃水、より好ましくは0.5〜5kg/m3廃水の量で廃水に添加することを含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 廃水のpH値が、4未満、好ましくは3未満であることを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 負の実効電荷を有するイオン、好ましくはアニオン、より好ましくは硫酸イオン、亜硫酸イオン、硝酸イオン、リン酸イオン、セレン酸イオン、亜セレン酸イオン、亜アンチモン酸イオン、重クロム酸イオンおよびヒ酸イオンからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つのオキシアニオンを含むアニオン、より好ましくは硫酸イオンの除去を含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 正の実効電荷を有するイオン、好ましくは金属イオン、より好ましくはナトリウムイオン、アルミニウムイオン、鉄イオン、マンガンイオン、ニッケルイオンおよび亜鉛イオンからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つを含む金属イオンの除去を含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 浄化処理が、前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースおよび前記廃水の混合をさらに含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 浄化処理が、廃水中に含まれる汚染物質種を前記ナノフィブリル状セルロースのナノフィブリルネットワーク中に捕捉することを可能にする、濾過および/または遠心分離をさらに含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 浄化処理が、植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースハイドロゲル層を濾過の布または膜の上部に形成することをさらに含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 浄化処理が、前記廃水を前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースハイドロゲル層に通過させることをさらに含むことを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 使用したナノフィブリル状セルロースを、処理した廃水から濾過または遠心分離を使用することによって分離することを含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースが、本質的にセルロースIからなることを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースが、グリシジルトリアルキルアンモニウムクロライド(GTAC)を使用してカチオン化されたセルロース原料から製造されるナノフィブリル状セルロースを含むことを特徴とする、前記請求項のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 荷電した汚染物質を除去する水処理における植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースの使用であって、荷電した汚染物質の除去が、負の実効電荷を有するイオン、好ましくは以下の硫酸イオン、亜硫酸イオン、硝酸イオン、リン酸イオン、セレン酸イオン、亜セレン酸イオン、亜アンチモン酸イオン、重クロム酸イオンおよびヒ酸イオンからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つのオキシアニオンの除去を含み、好ましくは荷電した汚染物質が、硫酸イオンを含むことを特徴とする使用。
- 荷電した汚染物質を除去する水処理における植物由来のカチオン性ナノフィブリル状セルロースの使用であって、荷電した汚染物質の除去が、正の実効電荷を有するイオン、好ましくは金属イオンの除去を含むことを特徴とする使用。
- 金属イオンが、以下のナトリウムイオン、アルミニウムイオン、鉄イオン、ニッケルイオン、マンガンイオンおよび亜鉛イオンからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つを含むことを特徴とする、請求項17に記載の使用。
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