JP2017535607A - アポエクオリン含有組成物および神経細胞の炎症を治療するためのアポエクオリンの使用方法 - Google Patents
アポエクオリン含有組成物および神経細胞の炎症を治療するためのアポエクオリンの使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2014年11月11日に出願された米国仮出願第62/078,099号の優先権を主張する。前記仮出願の全開示内容は、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明の材料および方法の記載以前に、本発明は特定の方法および材料に限定されず、これらは変更され得ることが理解される。本明細書で使用する用語は、特定の実施態様のみを説明するためのものであり、添付の特許請求の範囲によってのみ限定される本発明の範囲を限定するものではないことも理解されたい。
虚血性脳卒中は、米国で毎年約795,000人の人々に影響を及ぼし、その結果年間推定費用は737億ドルになる。カルシウムは、様々な神経細胞のシグナル伝達カスケードにおいて重要であるが、虚血の間、過剰なカルシウム流入は、興奮毒性細胞死を引き起こす可能性がある。カルシウム結合タンパク質は、神経細胞が虚血の間に細胞内カルシウムレベルを調節/緩衝するのを助ける。エクオリンはクラゲAequorea victoriaから単離されたカルシウム結合タンパク質であり、カルシウム指標として長年使用されてきたが、その神経保護特性についてはほとんど知られていない。本研究は、アポエクオリン(エクオリンのカルシウム結合成分)の海馬内注入が、虚血性細胞死から神経細胞を保護するという仮説を試験するためのインビトロラット脳スライス調製を使用した。両側にカニューレを挿入したラットは、一方の半球においてアポエクオリン注入を受け、他方の半分においてビヒクル対照を受けた。次に、海馬スライスを調製し、5分間の酸素グルコース欠乏(OGD)に供し、トリパンブルー排除によって細胞死をアッセイした。アポエクオリンは、用量依存的にOGDから神経細胞を保護した−トリパンブルー標識神経細胞の数を有意に減少させたのは、1%および4%(0.4%ではなく)の用量であった。この効果もまた時間依存性であり、最大48時間持続した。この時間依存性効果は、サイトカインおよびケモカイン発現の変化と並行して、アポエクオリンが神経免疫調節機構を介して神経細胞を保護し得ることを示している。これらのデータは、アポエクオリンによる前処理が神経細胞を虚血細胞死から保護し、効果的な神経治療薬であるという仮説を支持する。
海馬CA1神経細胞を酸素−グルコース枯渇から保護するアポエクオリンによる前処理
対象
対象は成体雄F344ラット(平均年齢4.0±0.1ヶ月、Harlan)142例であった。対象は、14時間明−10時間暗期で、実験動物管理(AAALAC)認定施設の評価および認定協会で維持され、食物および水に自由にアクセスできるように個別に収容された。
イブプロフェン水(15mg/kg/日)を手術前の少なくとも1日および手術後の2日にラットに投与した。手術の日に、ラットをイソフルランで麻酔し、定位固定装置に装着した。無菌条件下で、両側の26ゲージステンレス鋼製ガイドカニューレを背側海馬に移植した(Bregma:AP−3.5mm、L±2.6mm、V−3.0mmに対して)。カニューレは、ステンレス鋼のネジとアクリルセメントで頭蓋骨に固定した。ステンレス鋼キャップを閉塞を防ぐためにガイドカニューレに入れ、ラットを注入の少なくとも7日前に回復させた。
エクオリンタンパク質は、アポエクオリンとセレンテラジンの2つの成分で構成されている。アポエクオリン成分(AQ)は、Ca2+に結合するEF−hands、すなわち今回の研究で使用される成分、を含有している[51]。ラットには、ゼロCa2+人工大脳脊髄液、これはAQの神経細胞摂取を促進するための6%DMSOも含む、(aCSF;mM:124.00 NaCl、2.80 KCl、2.00 MgSO4、1.25 NaH2PO4、26.00 NaHCO3、10.00 D−グルコース、および0.40 Na−アスコルビン酸塩)中にAQを含む輸液を注入した。ラットは、60秒にわたって両側注入(0.5μl/半球)を受け、注入カニューレは、チップからの拡散を確実にするために、さらに2分間定位置にとどまった。33ゲージの注入カニューレを切断してガイドカニューレを0.5mm越えて延ばした。AQの用量依存性神経保護を決定するために、一方の半球(釣り合いをとる(counterbalanced))に0.4、1または4%のAQ(w/v;クインシーバイオサイエンス、Madison、WI)を注入し、他方にビヒクルを注入した。加えて、ラットのサブセットに、両半球のビヒクル(0%AQ)を対照として注入した(各群についてn=11)。
虚血の急性脳スライスモデルに対するAQの神経保護効果を測定するために、94匹の雄F344ラット(平均年齢4.4±0.2ヶ月)を使用した。脳スライスは、対照ラット(0%AQ、n=10)または注入後の以下の時点の1つでAQを注入したラットから上述のように調製した:1時間後(n=10)、1日後(n=10)、2日(n=10)、3日(n=10)、または5日(n=5)。簡単には、ラットをイソフルランで深く麻酔し、氷冷酸素添加(95%O2/5%CO2)スクロース−CSF(mM:206.00 スクロース、2.80 KCl、2.00 MgSO4、1.25 NaH2PO4、1.00 CaCl2、1.00 MgCl2、26.00 NaHCO3、10.00D−グルコース、および0.40 Na−アスコルビン酸塩)を添加し、脳を迅速に取り出し、氷冷した酸素添加スクロース−CSFに入れた。脳は、カニューレの部位の近くでブロックし、厚さ400μmの冠状スライスを、上述のように、温度制御されたVibratomeで切断した。カニューレの配置の直後の(そして目に見えるカニューレトラックがない)最初の5つのスライスのみを収集し、以下に記載される実験で使用した。スライスを、水面下のメッシュネット上で、酸素添加(95%O2/5%CO2)したaCSF(mMの組成:124.00 NaCl、2.80 KCl、2.00 MgSO4、1.25 NaH2PO4、2.00 CaCl 2、26.00 NaHCO3、10.00 D−グルコースおよび0.40Na−アスコルビン酸)中35℃でインキュベートした。1時間の回復後、スライスを5分間の酸素グルコース欠乏(OGD)に付して、虚血を誘発した。OGDは95%N2/5%CO2(O2をN2に置き換えた)でバブリングしたフルクトース−CSF(グルコースを等モル濃度のフルクトースで置換したもの)の35℃溶液にスライスを移すことによって誘導した。OGDの後、スライスを酸素化aCSF+0.2%トリパンブルー(Sigma−Aldrich、St.Louis、MO)を含有する35℃の溶液に30分間再灌流した。トリパンブルーは死んだ、および死んでいく細胞に浸透して青色に染色し、生きている細胞を染色しない。次いでスライスを室温、酸素化aCSF中で短時間すすぎ、直ちに冷蔵庫中で一晩中10%中性緩衝ホルマリン中で固定した。スライスを30%スクロースで少なくとも1日間凍結保護し、その後、40μmのクライオスタット上でサブセクションし、ゼラチンコーティングしたスライドにマウントし、アルコールの増加段階で脱水し、そしてPermountでカバーガラスを覆った。
スライスを、デジタルカメラ(Olympus DP70)および10倍対物レンズを備えた直立顕微鏡(Olympus BX51)下で検査した。各40μmサブセクション内で、CA1細胞体層(歯状回の上葉の先端)の写真を撮影した。最初の海馬スライス調製の結果としての神経損傷による過剰な染色を回避するために、分析のために内部サブセクションのみを撮影した。次いで、個々の治療条件に対して盲検して、画像全体にわたって位置するトリパンブルー染色された神経細胞の数を数えた。データは1つのサブセクションのみから計数した。AQ処理半球からビヒクル処理半球へのデータを標準化することにより、各動物の神経保護率を評価した。
AQが注入後にどのくらい長く背側海馬に残っているかを決定するために、24匹の成体雄F344ラット(平均4.2±0.1ヶ月)に両半球の4%AQを注入した。ラットを、注入後1時間(n=4)、1日(n=7)、2日(n=7)、または3日(n=6)で過剰のイソフルランで麻酔し、ドライアイスで急速凍結し、−80℃で保存した。各ラットから、2つの両側脳領域(背側海馬および腹側海馬;それぞれdhpcおよびvhpc)を取り出し、別々にホモジナイズした。サンプルを4000rpmで遠心分離し、上清を取り出し、Bradfordタンパク質アッセイキット(Bio−Rad、Hercules、CA)を用いて測定した。タンパク質サンプルを標準化し(50または150μg/レーン)、SDS−PAGE(10%)にロードした。セミドライ移送装置(Bio−Rad、Hercules、CA)を用いて、タンパク質をPVDF膜上に移した。膜を一次抗体(4℃で一晩;1:5000マウス抗エクオリン[Millipore、Billerica、MA]または1:1000ウサギ抗β−アクチン[Cell Signaling Technology,Boston,MA])、次に2次抗体(90分;1:5000ヤギ抗マウス[Santa Cruz Biotechnology、Santa Cruz、CA]または1:5000ヤギ抗ウサギ[Millipore])でインキュベートした後、ブロッキング緩衝液(3%脱脂粉乳)中で2時間インキュベートした。その後、膜を洗浄し(トリス緩衝生理食塩水中の0.05%Tween−20)、化学発光溶液(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)中に保持し、オートラジオグラフィーフィルム(Hyperfilm MP)に曝露した。画像を採取し、NIH Image J Softwareを用いてデンシトメトリーを行った。バンドの光学濃度値(各レーンのバックグラウンドを差し引いたもの)が腹側海馬バンドの平均よりも2標準偏差を上回る場合、バンドは陽性とみなした。この定量から、1時間バンドの100%、1日バンドの83%、2日間バンドの29%、3日間バンドの0%、およびvhpcレーンの0%において正のバンドが観察された。AQを含有すべきでない隣接脳構造であるため、腹側海馬との比較を行ったので、ネガティブコントロール構造として使用した。
上記のように12匹の雄ラット(それぞれ3.8カ月齢)は4%AQの片側注入を受け、注入後1時間、1日、または2日目に組織を採取した(n=4/群)。海馬を摘出し、すぐにTRIzol試薬(Life Technologies Corp.、Carlsbad、California)に入れた。25ゲージの針とシリンジを用いて組織をホモジナイズし、サンプルをRNA分離まで−80℃で保存した。TRIzol法(Life Technologies Corp、Carlsbad、CA)を使用して、製造者の指示に従って、全ての組織からのRNA単離を同時に行った。単離したRNAを50μlのRNaseを含まないH2Oに溶解し、260nmおよび280nmの吸光度比に基づいてRNA純度を計算した。1.8と2.1との間の吸光度読み取り値は、逆転写を進行させるのに十分に純粋であると考えられた。1.8未満の比で存在するサンプルを、製造者の説明書に従いQiagen RNeasy MinElute Cleanup Kit(Qiagen、Valencia、CA)を用いてさらに精製し、精製したRNAを50μlのRNaseを含まないH2Oに再懸濁した。Qiagen RT2 HT First Strand Kit−96(Qiagen)を用いて、全サンプルからの全RNAをcDNAに逆転写した。サンプルは、ラットIL−10およびβ−アクチン(RT2 qPRCプライマーアッセイ;Qiagen)に特異的なプライマー、及びStepOneリアルタイムPCRシステムおよびソフトウェア(Life Tecenologies Corp.、Carlsbad、CA)上でRT2 SYBR Green qPCRマスターミックス(Qiagen)を用いて96ウェルプレートで三倍に増幅された。ビヒクル処理と比較してAQ処理によるIL−10遺伝子発現の変化を、各時点での対応するサンプルにおけるβ−アクチン発現に対して標準化し、各ラットから単離したビヒクル処理海馬と比較するPfaffl式を用いて計算した。プライマー効率は、IL−10およびβ−アクチンについて2つのランダムに選択されたサンプルの希釈曲線に基づいて計算した。β−アクチン発現は、aCSFを注入した組織と比較した場合、AQの注入によって変化しなかった。これは、AQ注入が遺伝子転写に一般的または非特異的に影響しないことを示す。
RT−PCRに使用したラットからcDNAを採取した(方法参照)。PCR分析は、製造元のプロトコルに従って実施されたQiagenのRT2プロファイラアレイを用いて、炎症性サイトカインおよび受容体の全体的な遺伝的マーカーに焦点を当てた。簡潔には、2X RT2 SYBR Green Mastermix、cDNA(上記参照)、およびRNaseフリー水を合わせ、この混合物25μlを96ウェルPCR Profiler Arrayウェルプレートの各ウェルに添加した。StepOneリアルタイムPCRシステムおよびソフトウェアを使用してサンプルを実行し、複数の融解曲線を有するサンプルを分析から除外した(n=2を除く)。研究からの1匹の動物は、平均からの2標準偏差を超える遺伝子発現の一般的な変動のために、完全に排除されなければならなかった。QiagenのWeb−Based RT2 Profiler PCRアレイ解析ソフトウェアv3.5を用いて遺伝子発現の変化を計算した。
統計分析は、Statview(v5.0;SAS Institute、Inc.、Cary、NC)を用いて行った。ANOVAを用いて治療効果を評価した。ポストホック比較のためにフィッシャーのPLSDを使用した。データは、平均の平均±標準誤差として報告する。
有意な細胞死における酸素−グルコース欠乏の結果
急性海馬スライスを調製し、5分間の酸素グルコース欠乏(OGD)に曝し、トリパンブルーを含む酸素化aCSFにそれらを移すことにより染色した(方法参照)。図1に見られるように、OGDは、OGDを受けなかったコントロールスライスと比較して、有意により多くの細胞死をもたらした。虚血状態または非虚血状態におけるトリパンブルー染色細胞の平均数を分析するANOVAは、虚血の統計学的に有意な効果を示した(F(1,12)=9.65、p<.01)。これらの所見は、OGDが海馬のCA1領域で有意な細胞死をもたらすことを示す先行研究と一致する[52]。
OGDの前にアポエクオリン(AQ)の海馬内注入の潜在的な神経保護効果を調べるために、OGDの24時間前にラットに0、0.4、1、4%のAQを注入した(図2A参照)。AQは、虚血前に1%または4%AQのいずれかを有する海馬内注入が、ビヒクル(0%AQ)注入と比較して神経保護の有意な増加をもたらしたような用量依存的な方法で神経保護性であった、F(3,40)=3.61、p<.05(図2BおよびC)。ポストホック分析では、1または4%のAQの注入は、0%のAQ群に対して神経保護を有意に増強し、0.4%のAQの注入は他の群と統計的に異ならないことが明らかになった。1%と4%のAQ治療群では、神経保護の量に違いはなかったことも注目に値する。
海馬内注入後にAQが背側海馬内にどのくらい長く残っているかを決定するために、4%AQの両側注入後に異なる時間(1時間、1日、2日または3日)でウエスタンブロット分析を用いてAQタンパク質レベルを測定した背側海馬に投与する。図3Cは、背側海馬内でAQが1時間および1日に存在し、2日でほとんど見えず、注入後3日ではもはや存在しないことを示している。したがって、正のバンドが1時間の100%、1日の83%、2日の29%、および3dレーンの0%で観察された。予想通り、AQは腹側海馬(vhpc)で検出されず、そしてそれは注射部位からの距離が与えられたネガティブコントロール構造として用いられた(図3C参照)。非常に弱いバンドの可視化のために十分なタンパク質がゲルにロードされたことを確実にするため、動物のサブセットでウエスタンブロットを繰り返したが、ゲルにはレーン当たりタンパク質150μgをロードした(レーン当たり通常の50μgではなく)。これらのブロットでは、2日および3日のレーンにさらにバンドがあり、2日の57%および3日のレーンの25%がAQが、背側海馬内で背側海馬注入後3日まで検出可能であることが示唆された。重要なことに、サンプルがβ−アクチンについて染色された場合、時間依存性の変化は観察されず、これらの差異はAQの存在下での時間依存的変化を反映し、タンパク質含量の一般的な変化ではないことを示唆した(図3C参照)。
AQの海馬内注入により、タンパク質がほとんど存在しない時点で有意な神経保護がもたらされたということは、AQが虚血発作から神経細胞を最終的に保護する事象のいくつかのカスケードを引き起こす可能性があることを示唆している。1つの可能性は、AQが前処理様の効果を誘発し、後の時点で細胞死を減少させることである。虚血性前処理は、短時間の虚血性エピソードがその後のより重度の虚血性傷害によって引き起こされる損傷を減弱させる現象である。最近の証拠は、複数のサイトカインおよびケモカインが虚血前処理に関連していることを示している。虚血前処理とサイトカイン産生の変化との関係を考えると、我々は、AQの注入がサイトカインまたはケモカイン発現の増加をもたらし、最終的には後の虚血性傷害を許容する神経細胞の能力に影響を及ぼす可能性があるという仮説を試験した。抗炎症性サイトカインインターロイキン10(IL−10)におけるmRNAの変化を調べるためにRT−PCRを用い、PCRアレイを用いてAQ注入後の複数の遺伝子発現の変化を調べた。成体ラットには、一方の半球に4%のAQを注入し、他方のビヒクルには、記載されているように(方法参照)、注入した。AQ注入(1時間後、1日後、または2日後)の異なる時点で、海馬を除去し、定量的RT−PCRを行って、時間および治療依存性の変化を評価した。一元配置ANOVAは、4つの処置群、F(3,19)=9.55、p<.0005の間に有意差を示した。ポストホック分析は、IL−10mRNAが、ビヒクル処置半球と比較してAQ−注入後1時間で有意に増加したことを明らかにした(p<.001;図4A参照)。さらに、1時間でのAQ誘導性IL−10発現の増強は、1日(p<.001)または2日(p<.001)での増強よりも有意に大きかった。IL−10の発現は後の時点で2〜3倍に増加したが、これらはビヒクル処理した半球と統計的に有意差がなく1時間で観察されるIL−10の有意な増加は、AQ注入に対する急性反応によるものであり得る。
本研究は、カルシウム結合タンパク質アポエクオリン(AQ)が、虚血性損傷の前に投与される場合、時間および用量依存的に神経保護性であることを実証している。1%または4%AQのいずれかの海馬内注入は、対照で注入された動物と比較して死亡または死に至る神経細胞を有意に少なかった(図2参照)。この神経保護は、発達に1〜2日かかり、3〜5日で収縮するという点で、時間依存性であった。神経保護は、AQ注入がサイトカインおよびケモカイン発現を調節し、続いて神経細胞を酸素−グルコース欠乏(OGD)から保護する、前処理様の効果を含み得る。
アポエクオリンの海馬内注入がサイトカインタンパク質発現に及ぼす影響
カルシウム結合タンパク質アポエクオリンの神経治療効果
カルシウム結合タンパク質(CaBP)は、虚血細胞死を緩和する。
AQの経口投与は、急性スライスモデルにおいて神経保護性である
我々の研究室は、最近、アポエクオリン(AQ)が、酸素グルコース欠乏(OGD)と呼ばれる虚血性脳卒中の急性脳スライスモデルにおいて神経保護性であることを実証した。4%AQ注入を受けたラットは、OGD後の細胞死の減少を示した(Detertら、2013)。
方法
図12、13A−C、14A−D、15A−Bおよび16は以下の結論を支持する:アポエクオリンの神経保護効果は用量依存的である。経口投与された場合、AQはOGD誘導細胞死を48mg/kgの用量で保護する。
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Claims (14)
- 対象にアポエクオリンを投与することを含む、対象の神経細胞の炎症を軽減するために神経細胞を前処理する方法であって、対象の神経細胞は、神経細胞の炎症を軽減するために前処理される方法。
- 前記投与が注射によるものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与が経口送達によるものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、錠剤またはカプセルから選択される単位剤形である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- アポエクオリンが栄養補助食品組成物の形態で前記対象に投与される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 対象における神経細胞の炎症を軽減するために神経細胞を前処理するためのアポエクオリン。
- 対象の神経細胞の炎症を軽減するために神経細胞を前処理するための組成物の製造のためのアポエクオリンの使用。
- 対象に腫瘍壊死因子α(TNFα)タンパク質レベルを低下させる方法であって、対象にアポエクオリンを投与することを含み、対象のTNFαタンパク質レベルを低下させる方法。
- 前記投与が注射によるものである、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記投与が経口送達によるものである、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、錠剤またはカプセルから選択される単位剤形である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- アポエクオリンが栄養補助食品組成物の形態で前記対象に投与される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 対象における腫瘍壊死因子αタンパク質レベルを低下させるためのアポエクオリン。
- 対象における腫瘍壊死因子α(TNFα)タンパク質レベルを低下させるための組成物の製造のためのアポエクオリンの使用。
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IL252070B (en) | 2022-06-01 |
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AU2015346430A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 |
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EP3217998B1 (en) | 2022-03-23 |
MA40959A (fr) | 2017-09-19 |
IL252070A0 (en) | 2017-07-31 |
RS63269B1 (sr) | 2022-06-30 |
EP3217998A4 (en) | 2018-06-27 |
MX2017006063A (es) | 2017-07-27 |
WO2016077437A1 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
BR112017009599A2 (pt) | 2017-12-19 |
SG11201703690XA (en) | 2017-06-29 |
EP3217998A1 (en) | 2017-09-20 |
JP6861162B2 (ja) | 2021-04-21 |
CA2966891C (en) | 2023-07-04 |
KR20170072350A (ko) | 2017-06-26 |
HUE059107T2 (hu) | 2022-10-28 |
CN107106649A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
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