JP2017525702A - ポリガラクツロナンラムノガラクツロナン(pgrg1)組成物 - Google Patents
ポリガラクツロナンラムノガラクツロナン(pgrg1)組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017525702A JP2017525702A JP2017509000A JP2017509000A JP2017525702A JP 2017525702 A JP2017525702 A JP 2017525702A JP 2017509000 A JP2017509000 A JP 2017509000A JP 2017509000 A JP2017509000 A JP 2017509000A JP 2017525702 A JP2017525702 A JP 2017525702A
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Abstract
Description
他の方法で定義されていなければ、本明細書で使用される技術用語および科学用語はすべて、当業者が一般的に理解しているのと同じ意味を有する。本明細書に記載される方法、デバイスおよび材料に類似するまたは相当するいかなる方法、デバイスおよび材料も、本発明の実施または試験において使用することが可能である。本明細書で言及される出版物はすべて、本開示に関連して使用することがある出版物に報告されている方法論および材料を説明し開示する目的で、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
ラムノポリガラクツロナンI(RG−I)の例は以下に示されている。
Astragalus mongholics Bungeの空中部分の抽出物から単離された13種類の多糖は、パイエル板免疫担当細胞に対して免疫調節活性を有することが報告された。末端ベータ−D−GlcAを有するベータ−D−(1−−>3,6)−ガラクトシル側鎖を有するラムノガラクツロナンI(RG−I)は、ペクチンに富んだ画分において活性を示した。興味深いことに、末端GlcAは、アラビノガラクタンに富んだ画分の活性に必要ではなく、少なくとも2つの異なる免疫調節構造を示唆している。(Hiroaki Kiyoharaら、2010年、「Different contributions of side−chains in beta−D−(1−−>3,6)−galactans on intestinal Peyer’s patch−immunomodulation by polysaccharides from Astragalus mongholics Bunge.」Phytochemistry、71巻(2〜3号):280〜293頁)。
Kuliev, V. B.およびKasumov, K. N.「Polysaccharides of the gum − Astragalus microcephalus − in the Azerbaijan−SSR USSR.」1982年、Rastit Resur.18巻(3号):390〜394頁;
Svechnikovaら、「Triterpene Glycosides of Astragalus and their Genins XI. Cyclosiversioside G−A Triglycoside from Astagalus sieversianus.」1983年、Chemistry of Natural Compounds 19巻(3号):296〜299頁;
Wangら、「Isolation and structural analysis of an acidic polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge.」2006年、Journal of Integrative Plant Biology、48巻(11号):1379〜1384頁;
Turska−Szewczuk、「Structural studies of the O−specific polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of Mesorhizobium huakuii strain S−52, the symbiotic partner of Astragalus sinicus.」2011年、Carbohydrate Research、346巻(8号):1065〜1069頁;
Kimら、「Variation of Astragalosides Contents in Cultivated Astragalus membranaceus.」2012年、Korean J. Medicinal Crop Sci. 20巻(5号):372〜380頁;および
Fuら、「Structural features of a polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao.」2013年、J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 15巻(6号):687〜692頁。
本明細書に開示および記載される単離されたPGRG1組成物は水溶性であり、10〜50kDaの重量平均分子量を有する。それは主に、ガラクツロン酸、ラムノシル、アラビノシル、ガラクトシル、グルコシル残基からなり、少なくとも20%のラムノース+ガラクツロン酸総モル%および少なくとも0.06%のラムノース対ガラクツロン酸の比を有する。このPGRG1組成物の代表的な糖組成を以下の表1に示す。
単離および精製されたPGRG1多糖組成物は、第1に、Astragulas membranaceusを熱水で抽出するステップにより調製した。典型的には、乾燥根を刈り込み、清潔な水および70%エタノールなどの消毒液で洗浄し、薄い切片に切断し、ほぼ無菌条件下で乾燥し、「根チップ」と呼ばれるものを得ることにより、加工し、チップにしたまたは薄片にした清潔な乾燥根を調製した。熱水は典型的には80℃以上であり、しばしば90℃以上であり、一部の実施形態では約100℃である。さらに、根からのPGRG1の実質的なおよび/または最適な抽出をもたらすために多くの抽出サイクルを使用することができ、典型的には、各サイクル100℃で3時間にわたり少なくとも3サイクルを実施した。細かく砕いた乾燥根の調製に続く全てのステップは、典型的には、清潔な装置を用いるほぼ無菌条件下で行った。60〜70℃の減圧下での蒸発によるなど、「根チップ」約1L/kgの濃度まで熱水抽出物を濃縮し、次いで高濃度の低級アルカノール(例えば、40〜80%エタノール、またはより具体的には60〜70%エタノール)での沈殿によるなど、水溶性ではない材料を除去するために処理し、PGRG1多糖組成物を沈殿させた。沈殿物は、次いで水に再溶解させ、低級アルカノール濃度、例えば20〜40%エタノールで再び沈殿させ、デンプンを除去した。上清は次いで、高濃度の低級アルカノール、例えば60〜80%エタノールで沈殿させた。沈殿物を、結果生じる典型的には黄色粉末のPGRG1多糖組成物まで乾燥した(典型的には、噴霧乾燥、減圧乾燥、または凍結乾燥による)。
「PGRG1−5K」は、MWが5000より小さい分子を除去する5000MWカットオフ限界濾過後、上記のPGRG1組成物の多糖画分から得る。PGRG1−5Kは重量でPGRG1のおよそ52%である。
PGRG1−5K組成物は、PGRG1沈殿物が5K MWCO UFシステムを使用して単離および限外濾過されたことを除いて、上記のPGRG1組成物と同じ方法で調製された。この5K限外濾過の保持液をさらに濃縮し、濃縮物を70%エタノール沈殿後、噴霧乾燥機により、または60〜70℃の減圧オーブンを介して乾燥し、このPGRG1−5K組成物を生成した。
本明細書に記載のように、PGRG1およびPGRG1−5K組成物の骨格構造は以下の一般的な構造を有する。
腎臓は、血液からの廃棄物および過剰体液の除去、血液中の塩およびミネラルの維持、血圧の調節を含むいくつかの生命維持の役割を実施する。腎臓が損傷した場合、体内に老廃物および体液が蓄積し、足首の腫れ、嘔吐、衰弱、浅眠、および息切れを引き起こす。未処置のままにした場合、病的腎臓は、最終的には機能を完全に停止することがある。腎臓機能の喪失は、深刻であり潜在的に致命的である。腎臓は、血圧の調節を助ける酵素レニン、赤血球産生を刺激するエリスロポエチンおよび骨健康に必要なビタミンDの活性形態も産生する。腎臓疾患は本質的に、急性または慢性であり得る。急性腎不全は、失血を伴う外傷性損傷、腎臓への血流の突然の減少、敗血症と呼ばれる重症感染症中のショックによる腎臓への損傷、前立腺肥大によるなど尿流の閉塞、特定の薬物もしくは毒素による損傷、または妊娠合併症の結果として起こり得る。
慢性腎臓疾患(CKD)は、数カ月または数年の期間にわたる腎機能の進行性の欠損である。悪化する腎臓機能の症状は、非特異的であり、通常具合が悪く、食欲低下を経験することを含む場合がある。しばしば、慢性腎臓疾患は、高血圧もしくは糖尿病を患うヒト、または慢性腎臓疾患を患う親族がいるヒトなど、腎臓の疾患または障害を患うリスクがあると分かっている人々のスクリーニングの結果として診断される。CKDは、心血管疾患、貧血症または心膜炎など、その認識された合併症の1つをもたらす場合にも同定され得る。CKDは、腎臓機能の低下が3カ月にわたり存在するはずの急性腎臓疾患と区別される。(全米腎臓基金 KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease:Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 39巻:S1〜S000頁、2002年(補遺1))。
G−CSFは、動物モデルにおけるシスプラチン誘発急性腎不全において腎損傷の減少をもたらす尿細管上皮細胞の再生を加速し、アポトーシスを防ぐことが報告された。(Nishidaら、2004年、Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 324巻(1号):341〜7頁)。腎機能における造血サイトカインのプラスの効果は、マウスにおけるシスプラチン誘発ARFにおいて観察された。理論に縛られることなく、本明細書においては、PGRG1がヒト末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)においてG−CSF産生を刺激するため、PGRG1誘発のG−CSFレベルの上昇によりCKDを患うヒトにおいてみられるPGRG1の保護効果を(少なくとも一部は)説明できると考えられる。CKDにおいて、エリスロポエチン(EPO)は、二次処置として、それが低い赤血球(RBC)レベルを上昇するので、十分支持的であるが、厳密には、EPOが基礎疾患を処置する例は少ない。したがって、PGRG1および/またはPGRG1−5K組成物の治療効果を、本明細書において企図する。
腎臓病学において、腎機能は、腎臓の状態および腎生理学におけるその役割の指標である。糸球体濾過率(GFR)は腎臓を通る濾過液の流量を記載する。クレアチニンクリアランス率(CCrまたはCrCl)は、単位時間あたりのクレアチニンが排除された血漿の体積であり、GFRを概算するための有用な尺度である。クレアチニンクリアランスはクレアチニン分泌に起因してGFRを超える。
eGFR=exp(1.911+5.249/血清クレアチニン−2.114/血清クレアチニン2−0.00686×年齢−[女性の場合、0.205])
血液は多面的な体液であり、それにより必須栄養素が体中の組織へと送達される媒体である。平均して、成人の身体は5リットル超の血液を含有する。血液は、その半分超が液体の血漿であるため、静脈および動脈を自由に流れ、血液体積の残りは、大部分が血漿中に懸濁された固体細胞および細胞断片からなる。3つの主要な血液障害は貧血症、白血球減少症、および血小板減少症である。
白血球減少症は、血液中に見出される白血球(WBC)の数の減少であり、それは個体を感染のリスクが増加した状態にする。好中球減少症は、白血球減少症のサブタイプであり、最も豊富な白血球である循環する好中球顆粒球の数の減少を指す。白血球減少症および好中球減少症という用語は、好中球数が最も重要な感染リスクの指標であるため、時折交換可能に使用され得る。低い白血球数は、風邪またはインフルエンザなど、急性ウイルス感染による場合がある。それは化学療法、放射線療法、骨髄線維症および再生不良性貧血と関連し得る。HIVおよびAIDSも、白血球への脅威である。低い白血球数の他の原因は、全身性エリテマトーデス、ホジキンリンパ腫、いくつかの種類のがん、腸チフス、マラリア、結核、デング熱、リケッチア感染症、脾臓の肥大、葉酸欠乏症、オウム病、および敗血症を含む。銅および亜鉛など、特定のミネラルの欠乏など、多くの他の原因が存在する。白血球の数および機能に影響し得る薬物は、クロザピン、ブプロピオン、ミノサイクリン、バルプロ酸、ラモトリジン、メトロニダゾールを含む。WBC数を抑制する他の薬物は、シロリムス、ミコフェノール酸モフェチル、タクロリムス、シクロスポリンおよびTNF阻害剤などの免疫抑制剤である。Rebif、AvonexおよびBetaseronなど、多発性硬化症の処置に使用されるインターフェロンも、白血球減少症を引き起こす場合がある。化学療法は、腫瘍など、急速に増殖する細胞を標的化するが、急速な増殖として骨髄によって特徴付けられるため、白血球にも影響を及ぼすことがある。がん処置の一般的な副作用は、好中球(特定の種類の白血球)が減少する好中球減少症である。
貧血症は、赤血球(RBC)の数の減少である。その広範な意味において貧血症はまた、血液中のヘモグロビンの正常な量または質よりも少ないものである。数値的な発生における変形または欠如により各ヘモグロビン分子の酸素結合能の減少を含む。全てのヒト細胞が生存のために酸素に依存するため、貧血症の様々な程度は広範な臨床的帰結を有することができる。貧血症は、最も一般的な血液疾患であり、多くの人々で未確定なままであり、症状は軽症であり得る。最も一般的には、人々は労作時に疲労または息切れを報告する。非常に重症な貧血症では、身体は心拍出量を増加し得る。貧血症は、典型的には、RBCの数およびヘモグロビンレベルを報告する全血球算定で診断される。400種類超の貧血症があり、それらは3つの原因に分けられる:失血、RBC産生の減少、またはRBCの破壊。RBCは出血によって失われ、長期にわたってゆっくり起こり、しばしば未検出なままであり得る。この種の慢性出血は、一般的に、潰瘍、痔、胃炎(胃の炎症)、およびがんなどの胃腸状態、アスピリンまたはイブプロフェンなど非ステロイド抗炎症薬(NSAIDS)の使用、または女性の月経および出産、特に月経出血が過剰である場合、および多胎妊娠の場合から生じる。減少したまたは不完全なRBC産生により生じる貧血では、身体はほとんど血液細胞を産生せず、血液細胞は正しく機能しない。いずれの場合も、貧血症が生じ得る。RBCは、異常なRBCまたはRBCが適切に働くために必要なミネラルおよびビタミンの欠乏により、不完全でありまたは減少され得る。貧血症のこれらの原因と関連する状態は、鎌状赤血球貧血、鉄欠乏性貧血、ビタミン欠乏、骨髄および幹細胞の問題を含む。
血小板減少症は、低い血小板数の医学用語である。血小板(栓球)は血液凝固において重要な役割を果たす無色の血液細胞である。血小板は、血管の穴に凝集および栓を形成することにより失血を止める。血小板減少症は、軽症であり、徴候および症状をほとんど引き起こさない。稀なケースでは、血小板の数が少ないため、危険な内出血が起こり得る。血小板減少症は、通常、基礎原因が処置される場合に改善する。時には、薬物適用、外科手術、または輸血が慢性血小板減少症の処置を手助けし得る。低い血小板数、血小板減少症は様々な理由で引き起こされ、血小板産生の減少、血小板破壊もしくは消費の増加、または脾臓血球貯蔵の増加に分けることができる。血小板産生の減少は、通常骨髄の問題と関係する。これらの状態のいくつかでは、赤血球および白血球産生も影響され得る。骨髄に影響するウイルス感染は、例えば、パルボウイルス、風疹、おたふく風邪、水痘(水疱瘡)、C型肝炎、エプステインバーウイルス、およびHIVである。再生不良性貧血は、骨髄が任意の血液細胞の産生に失敗した場合に使用される一般用語である。これは、いくつかのウイルス感染(パルボウイルスまたはHIV)、薬物適用(金、クロラムフェニコール、ジランチン、バルプロ酸(デパコート))、または放射線によって引き起こされ得る。化学療法薬は、頻繁に血小板減少症を引き起こす。チアジド系利尿薬など、いくつかの他の薬物は、血小板産生を抑制し得る。骨髄および血液のがんまたはリンパ節のがんは、様々な程度の血小板減少症を引き起こし得る。長期のアルコールは、骨髄の直接毒性を引き起こし得る。ビタミンB12および葉酸の欠乏は、骨髄による低い血小板産生をもたらす。血小板破壊または消費の増加は、いくつかの医学的状態において見られ得る。多くの薬物適用は、血小板に対する免疫反応を引き起こすことにより、低い血小板数を引き起こし、スルホンアミド抗生物質、カルバマゼピン、ジゴキシン、キニン、キニジン、アセトアミノフェン、リファンピン、およびヘパリンを含み得る。特発性血小板減少性紫斑病(ITP)は、免疫系が血小板を攻撃する状態である。全身性エリテマトーデス(SLE)または他の自己免疫疾患など、いくつかのリウマチ状態は、血液産物の輸血および臓器移植、血栓性血小板減少性紫斑病(TTP)および溶血性尿毒症症候群(HUS)、ヘルプ症候群、ならびに播種性血管内凝固障害(disseminated intravascular coagulopathy)(DIC)を含む血小板破壊を引き起こし得る。脾臓血球貯留は、様々な理由のために脾臓の肥大または機能における変化の結果として低い血小板数ももたらす。脾臓肥大による血小板減少症の一般的な原因は、門脈圧亢進症(肝硬変、例えば慢性B型肝炎または慢性C型肝炎)を伴う進行した肝臓疾患および血液のがん(白血病またはリンパ腫)を含み得る。
免疫障害は免疫系の機能障害である。これらの障害は、影響される免疫系の成分(複数可)によってか、免疫系が過活動であるか不活発であるかによってか、または状態が先天的であるか後天的であるかによって特徴付けることができる。国際免疫連合によると、150超の原発性免疫不全疾患(PID)が特徴付けられている。しかし、後天性免疫不全の数はPIDの数を超える。ほとんどの人々が少なくとも1つの原発性免疫不全を有することが示唆されてきた(CasanovaおよびAbel.2007年、「Primary immunodeficiencies: a field in its infancy.」Science 317巻(5838号):617〜9頁)。しかし、免疫系の冗長性により、これらの多くは未検出のままである。
本開示の有用性は、CKDプロセスを遅らせることを示す、動物においてクレアチニンレベルを減少することである。慢性腎臓疾患の悪化を遅らせることを明解に示す具体的な処置は存在しない。血管炎など、CKDの基礎原因がある場合、これは損傷を遅らせるために直接処置され得る。より進んだステージでは、処置は貧血症および骨疾患に必要とされ得る。重症CKDでは、透析の形態を含み得るが、理想的には腎臓移植を構成する、腎置換療法を必要とする。(全米腎臓基金KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39巻:S1〜S000頁、2002年(補遺1))。
本開示の有用性は、それぞれ白血球減少症、貧血症、および血小板減少症を有する動物においてWBC、RBC、および血小板を増加することである。これらの血液障害の従来の処置は、しばしば重大な副作用によって妨げられ、いくつかの重症なケースでは、患者は侵襲的手法を行うか、または彼らの残りの人生の間、薬物適用を受ける。しかし、遺伝子治療など新興の治療技術は、近い将来貧血症の予後を改善し得る。さらに、いくつかの血液障害は、容易に処置可能な状態によって引き起こされ得るが、しばしば正当に評価されない。例えば、男性において、低テストステロンは貧血症を引き起こし得、テストステロン置換療法は、この集団において健康な赤血球産生を促進することが示された。
本開示の有用性は、過活動であるか不活発である免疫系を調節することである。処置の目的は、症状を低減し、自己免疫プロセスを制御し、疾患と戦う身体の能力を維持することである。特定の疾患および症状に応じて、いずれかの処置が使用される。何人かの患者は、身体が欠如しているホルモンまたはビタミンを置き換えるために栄養補助剤(supplement)を必要とする場合がある。例としては、甲状腺栄養補助剤、B12などのビタミン、またはインスリン注射が挙げられる。自己免疫障害が血液に影響する場合、輸血が必要な場合がある。免疫系の反応を制御または減少させるために処方される医薬には、コルチコステロイド(プレドニゾンなど)、およびアザチオプリン、シクロフォスファミド、ミコフェノール酸、シロリムス、またはタクロリムスなどの非ステロイド薬が挙げられる。
1994年の栄養補助食品健康教育法(「DSHEA」)は、栄養補助食品を定義および規制するアメリカ合衆国連邦規約の1994年の法令である。DSHEAは、用語「栄養補助食品」が、以下の食用成分:ビタミン、ミネラル、草本、または他の植物、アミノ酸、全食事摂取量を増加させることによって食事を補うためのヒトによる使用のための食用物質、または先に述べた成分のいずれかの濃縮物、代謝物、構成成分、抽出物、もしくは組み合わせのうちの1または複数を保持するまたは含有する、食事を補うことを意図する生産物(タバコ以外)を意味するように規定する。さらに、栄養補助食品は、栄養補助食品と表示しなければならず、かつ摂取を意図し、かつ従来の食品として、または一回分の食事(meal)もしくは食事の単一の品目としての使用を表してはならない。さらに栄養補助食品は、認可または許可前に食品または栄養補助食品として市販されていなければ、新薬、抗生物質または生物製剤として調査のために認可または許可することはできない。DSHEAのもと、栄養補助食品は、薬物定義の目的を除いて、食品であると考えられる。
一般に、本開示の第1の態様の精製されたPGRG1組成物および本開示の第2の態様のPGRG1−5K組成物は、経口投与により治療有効量で、単独でまたは慢性腎臓疾患を阻害することができる少なくとも1つの他の治療剤と組み合わせて投与される。治療有効量は、疾患、その重症度、処置される動物の年齢および相対的健康ならびに他の因子によって広く異なり得る。当業者は過度の実験を行うことなく、その技量および本開示を考慮して、所与の疾患のための本開示の組成物の治療有効量を決定することができる。
PGRG1組成物の調製
ステップA.根チップ加工
PGRG1−5K組成物の調製
ステップA.根チップ加工−実施例1、ステップA.参照
PGRG1は、水溶性多糖組成物であり、バイオラッド法によりタンパク質含量について分析し結果2.28wt%を提供し、糖含量はPh−H2SO4法によって分析し結果42.2wt%を得て、TMS誘導体−GC法の結果により糖組成を以下の表3に要約し、図3にGPC−HPLC−RIDによるMW分布および決定を、メチル化GC−MSによるグリコシル結合組成を以下に述べる。
PGRG1−5Kもまた、水溶性多糖組成物であり、バイオラッド法により2.97wt%と分析されたタンパク質含量、Ph−H2SO4法によって44.9wt%と分析された糖含量、表4に示すようにTMS誘導体−GC法による糖組成、図3の下のパネルにGPC−HPLC−RIDによるMW分布および決定、ならびにメチル化GC−MSによるグリコシル結合組成について分析した。
PGRG1およびPGRG1−5Kの分析に基づいて、特にグリコシル残基組成、グリコシル結合組成、およびMW分布、PGRG1およびPGRG1−5Kにおける多糖は、主に多糖ポリガラクツロナンラムノガラクツロナンおよびグルカンからなる。PGRG1およびPGRG1−5Kに存在するポリガラクツロナンラムノガラクツロナンは、[1,4−結合GalAGalA]nが点在した[1,4および1,2−結合RhaGalA]mからなる骨格、および主にRhaの4位に結合するGal、Ara、およびGlcからなる中性糖残基の中から作製される様々なサイズの側鎖から構成される。グルカンは、[1,4−結合Glc]nの骨格を有するα−1,4(1,6)−グルカンであり、Glcからなる側鎖は骨格Glcにたいてい6位を介して結合する。
CKD臨床データ
患者は、高血圧を提示し、血液分析は、正常よりも高いクレアチニンレベル(>1.1mg/dl)を示した。ACE阻害剤を用いて患者の血圧を正常範囲内に安定化した後、PGRG1による処置を開始した(実施例6参照)。
in vitroアッセイ
in vitroアッセイは、免疫機能および造血機能を増強するPGRG1の能力を評価するために使用できる。これらのアッセイは、標準化された薬理活性を有する精製された、活性PGRG1画分の開発のための便利なアッセイシステムを提供するためにも使用できる。in vitroアッセイにおいて活性であると示されたPGRG1抽出物は、次いでその有効性を評価する適切なin vivoモデルでチェックすることができる(添付のin vivo活性を参照)。マウス脾臓細胞増殖およびヒト末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)によるサイトカイン産生は、PGRG1抽出物が、潜在的な免疫刺激活性および造血活性を有するかどうか示すために使用することができる。測定されたサイトカインは、これらのサイトカインが造血および免疫機能に含まれるため、IL−6、およびG−CSFであった。PBMCは調製が容易であり、ならびに免疫および造血機能の研究に適している。
6〜8週齢の雌のC3H/HeJマウス由来の脾臓細胞(Jackson Laboratories、Bar Harbor、Maine)を、以下のように調製した。脾臓をマウスから取り出し、無菌のペトリディッシュ中10mlの冷HBSSに置いた。脾臓を半分に切断し、2枚の無菌のマイクロスライドの艶消し側の間でおだやかに圧縮した。細胞懸濁物は、次いで無菌のナイロンメッシュ(Nytex、Tetco #HD−3−85)を通して15mlの円錐形のポリプロピレン遠心チューブへと濾過し、Beckman GPR卓上遠心機(GH−3.7ローター)で10分間200×gで遠心分離した。HBSS中でのさらなる洗浄後、脾臓細胞は、50μM 2−メルカプトエタノール、2mM グルタミン、1mM ピルビン酸ナトリウム、非必須アミノ酸、100U/ml ペニシリン、100μg/ml ストレプトマイシン、および10%の熱不活化ウシ胎仔血清(Sigma、#F1442)を含有するRPMI1640培地(Gibco)中に2.5×106個の細胞/mlとなるように再懸濁させた。
ヒト末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)は確立された方法を使用して調製した。およそ25ml/ドナーの、ヒト血液バフィーコート試料は、スタンフォード大学医療センターの血液バンクから入手した。無菌技術を使用して、バフィーコート試料を、室温でカルシウムおよびマグネシウムを含まないハンクス平衡塩類溶液(HBSS、Gibco)の添加によって、総体積100mlにおだやかに再懸濁した。体積25mlの細胞懸濁物は、次いで50mlの円錐形の遠心チューブ内で15mlのFicoll−Paque(Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology,Inc.)上に重ねた。チューブをBeckman GPR卓上遠心機(GH−3.7ローター)で、15℃で30分間400×gにて遠心分離した。
骨髄抑制は、特定のがんまたは移植拒絶反応を防ぐための放射線療法または化学療法を受ける患者が直面する深刻な問題である。白血球減少症/好中球減少症、血小板減少症、貧血症、および頻繁に凝固障害、細菌、ウイルス、または真菌感染、全身疲労、および倦怠感など、二次的な合併症をもたらす状態である。PGRG1を調べ、マウスモデルにおける末梢血細胞の放射線誘発性の欠乏から異なる血液成分の回収を増強するかどうか決定した。
10〜12週齢の雌のBALB/cマウス(19〜21g)をCharles River Laboratories(Wilmington、MA)から入手し、標準的な食品ペレットおよびネオマイシン(80mg/L、Sigma Chemical Co.、St. Louis、MO)を含有する水で維持した。ネオマイシン処置は、実験開始の5〜7日前に開始した。
顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(G−CSF;ニューポジェン、フィルグラスチム)をAmgen(Thousand Oaks、CA)から入手し、使用直前の各日に10μg/mlで無菌食塩水中に希釈した。それは、先の研究(23)で記載した最小有効用量、100μg/kg/日(およそ2μg/マウス/日)で使用した。対照動物に使用した無菌食塩水(0.9%塩化ナトリウム注射、USP、NDC0074−4888−99)および薬物調製物は、Abbott Laboratories(North Chicago、IL)から入手した。
0日目、それぞれ5〜6匹のマウスの群は、Philips 250kvp X線装置(スタンフォード大学、Palo Alto、CA)において450cGyのX線照射を受けた。処置は同じ日(0日目)の分割投薬レジメン開始4〜5時間後に、次いでその後、1〜4、7〜9、14〜16、21〜23、および28日目に各日およそ同じ時間に与えた。動物がこの分割レジメンに従って投薬されるかまたは28日間毎日投薬されるかで、有意差は観察されなかった(実験/コンピューターファイルHEM4およびNotebook#160における比較データ)。対照群は、(a)正常、非照射、非処置マウス(重量比較のベースライン対照、データは示さない)、(b)食塩水の皮下注射を受けた照射マウス(陰性対照)、または(c)100μg/kg/日のG−CSFの皮下注射を受けた照射マウス(陽性対照)を含み、G−CSFが有効であることを実証した(データは示さない)。
血小板(PLT)、白血球(WBC)、および赤血球(RBC)を含む末梢血パラメータは、Serono System 9000自動セルカウンタ(Baker Diagnostics、Allentown、PA)を使用して測定した。血液塗抹標本をガラススライド上に作成し、Leukostat Stain Kit(No.CS−430、Fisher Scientific、Wilmington、PA)により染色し、Nikon Labophot−2顕微鏡下でWBC分画を行った。統計分析を独立t−検定またはマンホイットニーのノンパラメトリック検定を使用して行った。血小板(PLT)、白血球(WBC)、好中球、および赤血球(RBC)に対するPGRG1の効果の結果を図7A〜7Dに要約する。
(実施例6)
Claims (19)
- Astragalus membranaceusの根から得られる単離されたポリガラクツロナンラムノガラクツロナン1(PGRG1)組成物であって、前記組成物中のPGRG1が、10kDaから50kDaの重量平均分子量(waMW)および少なくとも0.06のラムノース対ガラクツロン酸(Rha対GalA)モルパーセント比を有する、組成物。
- 前記組成物中のPGRG1が、[1,4−結合GalAGalA]nが点在した[1,4および1,2−結合RhaGalA]mの骨格構造を有する、請求項1に記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物。
- 前記Astragalus membranaceusの変種が、Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.およびAstragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao種から選択される、請求項1に記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物。
- 前記Astragalus membranaceusが、山西省、内モンゴル、甘粛省、河北省および遼寧省から選択される中華人民共和国の省で育った、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物。
- 前記根が、2年ものから3年ものの間の栽培されたAstragalus membranaceus植物由来である、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物。
- 前記根が、3年ものから10年ものの間の野生型Astragalus membranaceus植物由来である、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物。
- 前記根が、2年ものまでの栽培されたAstragalus membranaceus植物由来である、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物。
- 40から120kDaの重量平均分子量範囲を有し、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載のPGRG1組成物から精製される、PGRG1−5K組成物。
- (a)治療有効量の請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物または請求項8に記載のPGRG1−5K組成物、および任意選択で
(b)薬学的に適切な賦形剤
を含む、経口PGRG1製剤。 - 請求項1に記載の精製されたPGRG1組成物を生産する方法であって、
(a)Astragalus membranaceusの乾燥根を約100℃の水溶液中、合計で9時間にわたり抽出するステップと、
(b)ステップ(a)由来の抽出物に、前記PGRG1組成物を沈殿させるのに十分な低級アルカノールを添加し、沈殿した前記PGRG1組成物を単離するステップと
を含む、方法。 - 請求項8に記載の単離されたPGRG1−5K組成物を生産する方法であって、
(a)請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物の水溶液を、分子量カットオフが5kDaのフィルターを通して限外濾過にかけるステップと、
(b)ステップ(a)由来の保持液から前記PGRG1−5K組成物を単離するステップと
を含む、方法。 - 血液クレアチニンレベルを減少させることにより哺乳動物における腎臓疾患を処置する方法であって、非処置の哺乳動物中の血液クレアチニンレベルと比べて、血液クレアチニンレベルを減少させるのに有効な量の請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の単離されたPGRG1組成物、請求項6に記載のPGRG1−5K組成物、または請求項8に記載の経口PGRG1製剤を前記哺乳動物に経口的に投与するステップを含む、方法。
- 造血を誘導するのに有効な量の請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の精製されたPGRG1組成物、請求項6に記載のPGRG1−5K組成物、または請求項8に記載の経口PGRG1製剤を哺乳動物に経口的に投与することにより、増加した血液細胞数として測定される前記哺乳動物における造血を誘導する方法。
- 免疫系機能不全を処置するのに有効な量の請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の精製されたPGRG1組成物、請求項6に記載のPGRG1−5K組成物、または請求項8に記載の経口PGRG1製剤を哺乳動物に経口的に投与することにより、免疫系機能不全を処置する方法。
- 前記哺乳動物がヒトである、請求項12から14に記載の方法。
- 腎臓疾患を処置するまたは改善することができる少なくとも1つの追加の治療剤を投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 造血を誘導することができる少なくとも1つの追加の治療剤を投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 免疫機能を向上させることができる少なくとも1つの追加の治療剤を投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の精製されたPGRG1組成物、または請求項8に記載のPGRG1−5K組成物を含む栄養補助食品。
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