JP2017514814A - デンドリマー組成物および眼の疾患の処置におけるその使用 - Google Patents
デンドリマー組成物および眼の疾患の処置におけるその使用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、本明細書で十分に示されているように、すべての目的のために参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる、2014年4月30日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/986,495号の利益を主張する。
D−Cy5コンジュゲートの特徴付け。エチレンジアミン−コアポリ−(アミドアミン)[PAMAM]のヒドロキシル終端した世代4(G4−OH)を、本発明者らが以前に報告した通りに(Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2013年;10巻:4560〜71頁;Biomaterials. 2012年;33巻:979〜88頁)、近IR蛍光色素Cy5を用いて標識した。簡潔に述べると、G4−OHを、FMOC保護/脱保護化学を使用して6−アミノカプロン酸によって部分的に官能化して、それらの表面上に約5〜6個のNH2基を有する二官能性デンドリマーを得た。反応性アミン基を有する得られた二官能性デンドリマーを、N−ヒドロキシスクシンイミドモノエステルCy5色素と反応させて、D−Cy5コンジュゲートを得た。得られたコンジュゲートを、透析およびGPC(ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー)を使用して精製し、1H NMRを使用して特徴付けた(図11〜13)。
虚血−再灌流:ミクログリア/マクロファージ集団、形態学および網膜の構造的変化における差異。正常な網膜中のIba−1+常在性ミクログリア/マクロファージは、数がより少なく、特徴的樹状突起を有する分枝型形態学を有した。ミクログリア細胞の不均一集団は、脈絡膜および内顆粒層(INL)において大部分が見出され、そのうち非常に僅かが、外網状層(OPL)において観察された(図2A〜D;2I〜L)。これらの網膜は、硝子体内注射後に正常な積層を有した(図2)。I/R傷害は、構造的に損傷した網膜、ならびに樹状から円形または紡錘状の形態学への変化に基づいた、網膜および脈絡膜におけるミクログリアの顕著な活性化をもたらした。IRの6日後に、網膜ミクログリア/マクロファージは活性化され、数が増加し、全ての網膜層に分布した:内網状層(IPL)、INL、外顆粒層(ONL)および網膜下空間(図3A〜D)。興味深いことに、本発明者らは、脈絡膜ミクログリア/マクロファージの数の減少を見出した。IR傷害は、網膜内層の崩壊ならびに脈絡膜およびRPE層からの網膜剥離を引き起こし、網膜におけるヒダを生じた。本発明者らは、正常な網膜と比較した場合に、IR傷害された網膜において、特に顆粒層(nuclear layer)の網膜厚さ値の菲薄化もまた観察し、これは、神経細胞および神経節細胞の死を示唆する(図3)。
硝子体内および静脈内投与の際のD−Cy5の網膜生体内分布:硝子体内投与。D−Cy5の硝子体内投与は、正常網膜とI/R網膜との間で示差的な生体内分布を示した。D−Cy5の硝子体内注射の24時間後の正常網膜では、網膜および脈絡膜においてごく最小の蛍光が存在した(図2A〜D)。24時間後にはD−Cy5からの蛍光シグナルは存在せず、これは、デンドリマーが網膜から完全に除去されたことを示唆している。対照的に、遊離Cy5は、注射の24時間後に網膜内層中に残存した(図2D〜F)。これは、D−Cy5がインタクトな網膜から迅速に除去されることを示唆している。I/R傷害された網膜では、本発明者らは、注射の24時間後に、網膜切片においてD−Cy5からの有意な蛍光シグナルを観察した(図3A〜H)。デンドリマー(D−Cy5)は、網膜下空間、ONL、INL中、および網膜の内境界膜(ILM)近傍の、Iba−1+ミクログリア/マクロファージにおいて観察された。本発明者らは、硝子体中の、ならびに網膜内層および脈絡膜中の他の細胞中に局在した、デンドリマーもまた観察している。硝子体内注射の72時間後に、D−Cy5は、I/R眼中の他の細胞および硝子体から除去された(図4A〜H)。D−Cy5は、Iba−1標識された細胞内で見出され、ILMの近傍、網膜内層中および網膜下空間中のミクログリア/マクロファージ中に保持された(図4A〜H 矢印)。興味深いことに、注射の21日後には、D−Cy5は、光受容体層中、IPL中およびILM近傍のミクログリア細胞中に特異的に保持された(図5)。しかし、遊離Cy5注射した動物のI/R眼および正常眼の両方の場合、Cy−5は、網膜内層中で見られ得、ILM近傍の血管中に濃縮されているようであるが(図2I〜L 矢印)、注射の72時間後までに完全に除去された(データ示さず)。
静脈内投与。D−Cy5、遊離Cy5またはPBSを、1つの眼において、I/R傷害の6日後に、大腿静脈を介して静脈内注射した。注射後のそれぞれの時点(24時間、72時間および21日)において、これらの眼を、IHCを使用して、I/R傷害された網膜と正常網膜との間での、デンドリマーの網膜生体内分布における差異の定性的評価のために摘出した。硝子体内D−Cy5投与の24時間後のI/R眼では、D−Cy5は、循環から網膜中に進入し、網膜の至る所および網膜下空間中のミクログリア/マクロファージ内に見出された。しかし、遊離Cy5色素投与の24時間後の正常眼およびI/R眼の両方において、Cy−5は、網膜血管および脈絡毛細管板中に存在するようであった(図6I〜L 矢印)。遊離Cy5は、後の時点において除去された。D−Cy5は脈絡膜マクロファージ中に存在したので(図17)、デンドリマーは、正常な脈絡毛細管板を逃れ得るようである。興味深いことに、本発明者らは、非I/R網膜においてD−Cy5からのいかなる蛍光シグナルも見出さず、これは、インタクトな血液網膜関門がデンドリマーの進入を防止したことを示している。静脈内D−Cy5注射の72時間後、D−Cy5は、I/R中のミクログリア/マクロファージ中に選択的に局在および保持され、網膜下空間中に保持された(図7A〜H 矢印)。活性化されたミクログリア細胞は、全ての網膜層中に散在および分布していたが、デンドリマーは、脈絡膜中のミクログリア細胞中に、および網膜下空間中にのみ保持されて見出された(図7E〜H)。注射の21日後に、D−Cy5は、網膜および脈絡膜のミクログリア細胞中に少数が散在して保持された。21日目に、24時間および72時間の時点の網膜と比較して、D−Cy5を有するIba−1+ミクログリア細胞は比較的少なかった。D−Cy5を有するミクログリア細胞は、それらの分枝型形態学に戻っているように思われたが、なおもD−Cy5を保持した(図8E〜H)。
D−Cy5の眼生体内分布:硝子体内 対 IV。D−Cy5のIV用量は、硝子体内用量よりも30倍高かった。興味深いことに、網膜における定性的取込みおよび保持パターンは、両方の様式の投与の後に類似した(図10)。これは、健康な対照眼における比較的低い取り込みとその後の迅速なクリアランス、ならびに片割れのI/R眼におけるはるかに高い取り込みおよび次のI/R眼における持続性の保持を実証している。実際、2つの投与様式間で、定量的取込み/保持パターンにおける有意差は存在しなかった。IV D−Cy5後に正常な眼においていくらかの脈絡膜存在があるが、これは、72時間以内にほとんどが除去されるようである(図7I〜L)。IV投与後のI/R眼では、24時間後に観察されたD−Cy5取込みの約40%が、最大21日間保持される。硝子体内投与については、24時間からのD−Cy5レベルの約16%が、最大21日間保持される。
Iba−1+細胞およびD−Cy5の定量化。Imarisソフトウェアを使用して、鋸状縁から鋸状縁までの8mm凍結切片中のIba−1+細胞の数を計数した。各群からの4つの切片を計数した。非I/R眼よりもI/R眼において、有意により多くのIba−1+細胞が存在した(図9A)。このソフトウェアは、単一の標識だけでなく、2つの標識が共局在した細胞も計数する。図9Bは、繊細な突起ではなく細胞の細胞体のみが計数されるパラメーターを設定した後に、両方の標識を有する(矢頭)、ソフトウェアによって選択された細胞を実証している。非I/R網膜中には二重標識された細胞は存在しなかったので、本発明者らは、Iba−1+細胞の有意な数が、両方の様式のD−Cy5送達によって、全ての時点においてD−Cy5を有したことを決定した(図9C〜D)。
重要臓器におけるD−Cy5の定量的生体内分布。重要臓器(肝臓、腎臓、脾臓、心臓、肺および血清)における定量的生体内分布、およびI/R傷害を有する動物中に静脈内注射されたD−Cy5の動態を、FLS(蛍光分光法)法を使用して評価した。分析のために、組織の重量を、ホモジナイズする前に測定し、D−Cy5を、Lesniakら(Molecular pharmaceutics 10巻(12号)、4560〜4571頁)によって以前に記載されたように、メタノールを使用して抽出した。D−Cyコンジュゲートは、37℃のヒト血漿およびin vivoにおいてインタクトで安定であり、また、適用されたメタノール抽出プロトコールは、96%の最良の回収を生じた。メタノール抽出物を、蛍光分光光度計を使用して、発光値についての蛍光測定に供した。各臓器中に蓄積したD−Cy5の量を、発光値(PBSを注射したそれぞれの臓器の発光値からバックグラウンドを差し引いた)を較正グラフ中に取り込むことによって計算し、次いで、これらの値を、全臓器湿重量を使用して、注射した用量(ID)/臓器の%へと逆算した。
後眼杯におけるデンドリマー取込み。デンドリマー取込みを、D−Cy5の組織単離および蛍光定量化を使用して、全身性(図19、パネルA)および硝子体内(図19、パネルB、30分の1の用量)の際の、傷害された眼および傷害されていない眼において評価した。興味深いことに、本発明者らの研究は、全身投与の最大21日後でさえ、傷害されたI/R眼におけるデンドリマーの有意により高い取り込みおよび保持を示している。驚くべきことに、24時間と21日との間に、傷害された眼におけるデンドリマーレベルには、50%の低下だけが存在するようである。対照的に、デンドリマーは、72時間以内に健康な眼から大部分が除去されるようである。デンドリマーが炎症細胞中に選択的に存在するという事実は、デンドリマーを用いた全身治療が、実行可能であり、何週間にもわたって持続可能であることを示唆している。対照的に、静脈内および硝子体内のいずれかで投与された小型の薬物は、短い期間で、眼から容易に除去される。
CNVモデルに対するN−アセチル−システイン(NAC)の効果。D−NAC(デンドリマー−NAC;NAC規準で10mg/kg)および6mgのD−Cy5の組み合わせを、脂質注射の3日後に、陰茎静脈を介して静脈内注射し、動物を、注射の7日後に屠殺した。D−Cy5およびPBSを注射した動物は、対照として機能した。それらの眼を、屠殺後即座に摘出し、固定し、網膜および脈絡膜をミクログリア/マクロファージ特異的抗体Iba−1で染色し、血管をGSAレクチンで染色し、核をDAPIで染色し、次いで、最初にZeiss Meta710共焦点顕微鏡を用いて、別々のフラットマウントとして見た。フラットマウント分析後、組織を別々に凍結保存し、OCT/20%スクロース中で凍結させた。D−NAC処置群および対照群の脈絡膜の共焦点画像を、Image−Jソフトウェアを使用して、CNV面積測定値について分析した。
全身投与されたD−NACコンジュゲートは、早期に投与した場合、CNVを抑制する。D−NACを、NAC基準で20mg/kgで、3日目(脂質投与の2日後)ならびに5日目および7日目に投与した。D−NACは、等価な用量の遊離NAC、および未処置の対照と比較して、10日目に評価したとき、CNVの有意な抑制を引き起こした(PBSと比較して約78%の抑制、n=12の眼、p<0.001)。図25に示されるように、CNVに対する全身性遊離NAC、D−NAC(NAC基準で20mg/kg)またはPBSの効果を、確立された脈絡膜フラットマウントプロトコールを使用して、盲検様式で評価した。D−NAC処置した動物は、PBSと比較した場合、CNV面積における有意な減少を示した。遊離NACは、有意ではないいくらかの減少を示した。CNV面積を、Image−Jソフトウェアにおいて形態計測分析を使用して評価した(黄色の描写)。図25のパネルAは、小疱エリアにおけるより大きいCNVおよびマクロファージの増加した集団(緑色)を有するPBS脈絡膜を示し、図25のパネルBは、CNVおよびマクロファージ蓄積が低減された、D−NACの効力を示す。脈管構造を、GSAレクチンで染色し(青色)、マクロファージをIBA−1で染色する(緑色)。値は、n=12およびP<0.001でマン・ホイットニーのt検定を使用して分析した。
全身性D−NACは、CNVエリアへのマクロファージ遊走を低減させ、脈絡膜炎症を減弱する。20mg/kg NACでの全身性D−NAC治療の際の、CNV領域におけるマクロファージ枯渇の程度を、IBA−1染色を使用して、10日目に評価した。総マクロファージ蓄積における有意な低減(約63%)が、D−NAC治療の際に見られた。Ambatiおよび共同研究者による以前の研究は、マクロファージ枯渇がCNV低減と相関することを示している。興味深いことに、Imaris71を使用する形態学的分析により、活性化されたマクロファージにおける80%の低減が存在したこと、およびこれらの活性化されたマクロファージの約90%が(PBS処置動物およびD−NAC処置動物の両方において)D−Cy5を含有したことが示唆され、これは選択性を示している(図26)。
D−NAC脈絡膜炎症の効果を、炎症促進性(IL−1β、IL−6、MCP−1−単球化学誘引物質およびTNFα)サイトカインレベルおよび抗炎症性(IL−10)サイトカインレベルを測定することによって、盲検様式で評価した。10、23、72。全ての炎症促進性サイトカインにおいて、健康な対照において見られるレベルに戻った有意な低減が存在したが、遊離NACは有効ではなかった(図27AおよびB)。興味深いことに、D−NACは、抗炎症性サイトカインIL−10を増強するようであった(図27C)。これは、炎症促進性応答の選択的減弱が、D−NACによって達成できることを示唆している。
全身性デンドリマーは、網膜mi/maを標的化し、D−NACは、網膜炎症を減弱する。CNVエリアにおいて見られる生体内分布パターンと類似して、D−Cy5は、小疱エリア中の活性化されたmi/ma中に選択的に局在したが(図28B)、同じ網膜の罹患していないエリア中には局在しなかった(図28A)。D−NAC処置網膜では、小疱エリア中のmi/maの数における低減が存在し、これらは、より少ないD−Cy5取込みを有し、より分枝型であった。
D−NACおよびD−TAを用いた全身組み合わせ治療は、CNV退縮を生じる。D−NAC(NAC規準で20mg/kg)およびD−TA(TA基準で10mg/kg)の組み合わせを、後の段階(11日目、13日目および15日目)で全身投与して、有意なCNVが既に生じている場合の効力を評価した:(1)21日目に、PBS対照と比較して、デンドリマー処置動物においてCNVにおける72%の低減が存在したが、これは、後期の処置が有効であることを示唆している;(2)10日目のCNV面積の程度と比較して、21日目に、デンドリマー処置動物において約45%の低減が存在したが、これは、CNV退縮の強い示唆を示している(図31〜33)。これらのパイロット結果(n=3)は、有意なCNV抑制が、デンドリマーと共に送達された全身治療を用いて可能であり得ることを示唆している。全身組み合わせ治療は、IOPにおける何らかの増加も、組織学から評価された何らかの全身毒性ももたらさなかった。さらに、図34に示されるように、本発明の組成物の硝子体内投与および全身投与の両方が、傷害された網膜において類似の網膜生体内分布および効果を有するが、これは、全身投与が、硝子体内注射に対する実行可能な代替法であることを意味している。
本発明の実施形態において、例えば以下の項目が提供される。
(項目1)
デンドリマーナノ粒子を含む組成物であって、前記デンドリマーナノ粒子は、眼における炎症性疾患を抑制または阻害するのに有効な量の同じまたは異なり得る少なくとも1種または複数の生物学的に活性な薬剤に共有結合した、大部分がヒドロキシル終端したポリ(アミドアミン)(PAMAM)デンドリマーを含む、組成物。
(項目2)
前記少なくとも1種または複数の生物学的に活性な薬剤が、酵素、受容体アンタゴニストまたはアゴニスト、ホルモン、増殖因子、抗体、オリゴヌクレオチド、siRNA、マイクロRNA、ビタミンA、ビタミンC、ビタミンE、ベータ−カロテン、検出可能な部分および小分子からなる群より選択される、項目1に記載の組成物。
(項目3)
前記小分子が、抗炎症剤、例えば、トリアムシノロンアセトニド(TA)、メチルプレドニゾン、デキサメタゾンを含むステロイド、COX−2阻害剤を含む非ステロイド性抗炎症剤、コルチコステロイド抗炎症剤、金化合物抗炎症剤、免疫抑制性抗炎症剤、サリチレート抗炎症剤、例えば、N−アセチルシステイン(NAC)、TA、ミノサイクリン、アフリベルセプト、およびラパマイシン、ならびにラニビズマブ、ベバシズマブを含む抗VEGF剤からなる群より選択される、項目2に記載の組成物。
(項目4)
前記眼の炎症性疾患が、加齢黄斑変性(AMD)、網膜色素変性、視神経炎、感染症、ぶどう膜炎、サルコイド、鎌状赤血球症、網膜剥離、側頭動脈炎、網膜虚血、動脈硬化性網膜症、高血圧性網膜症、網膜動脈遮断、網膜静脈遮断、低血圧、糖尿病性網膜症、黄斑浮腫および脈絡膜血管新生からなる群より選択される、項目1に記載の組成物。
(項目5)
前記デンドリマーナノ粒子が、リポソーム、マイクロカプセル、ナノ粒子およびナノカプセルのうち1種または複数を含む製剤中に含まれる、項目1に記載の組成物。
(項目6)
前記PAMAMデンドリマーが、G3、G4、G5、G6、G7、GB、G9またはG10 PAMAMデンドリマーである、項目1に記載の組成物。
(項目7)
被験体の眼における炎症性疾患を抑制または阻害するのに有効な量で、前記被験体に全身投与するステップを含む、前記被験体の眼における炎症性疾患および/または血管形成疾患を処置するための、項目1から6のいずれかに記載の組成物の使用。
(項目8)
前記眼の炎症性疾患が、加齢黄斑変性(AMD)、網膜色素変性、視神経炎、感染症、ぶどう膜炎、サルコイド、鎌状赤血球症、網膜剥離、側頭動脈炎、網膜虚血、動脈硬化性網膜症、高血圧性網膜症、網膜動脈遮断、網膜静脈遮断、低血圧、糖尿病性網膜症、黄斑浮腫および脈絡膜血管新生からなる群より選択される、項目7に記載の使用。
(項目9)
前記組成物が、1日1回、1週間に1回、2週間に1回、1カ月に1回および2カ月に1回からなる群より選択される時間周期で前記被験体に投与される、項目8に記載の使用。
(項目10)
項目1から6のいずれかに記載の組成物が、少なくとも1種または複数のさらなる生物学的に活性な薬剤と併せて投与される、項目7に記載の使用。
(項目11)
前記少なくとも1種または複数のさらなる生物学的に活性な薬剤が、酵素、受容体アンタゴニストまたはアゴニスト、ホルモン、増殖因子、抗体、オリゴヌクレオチド、siRNA、マイクロRNA、ビタミンA、ビタミンC、ビタミンE、ベータ−カロテン、検出可能な部分および小分子からなる群より選択される、項目10に記載の使用。
(項目12)
前記小分子が、抗炎症剤、例えば、メチルプレドニゾン、デキサメタゾンを含むステロイド、COX−2阻害剤を含む非ステロイド性抗炎症剤、コルチコステロイド抗炎症剤、金化合物抗炎症剤、免疫抑制性抗炎症剤、サリチレート抗炎症剤、例えば、NAC、TA、ミノサイクリン、アフリベルセプト、およびラパマイシン、ならびにラニビズマブ、ベバシズマブを含む抗VEGF剤からなる群より選択される、項目11に記載の使用。
(項目13)
前記抗体が、ダクリズマブ、バシリキシマブ、ラニビズマブおよびペガプタニブナトリウムからなる群より選択される、項目11に記載の使用。
Claims (13)
- デンドリマーナノ粒子を含む組成物であって、前記デンドリマーナノ粒子は、眼における炎症性疾患を抑制または阻害するのに有効な量の同じまたは異なり得る少なくとも1種または複数の生物学的に活性な薬剤に共有結合した、大部分がヒドロキシル終端したポリ(アミドアミン)(PAMAM)デンドリマーを含む、組成物。
- 前記少なくとも1種または複数の生物学的に活性な薬剤が、酵素、受容体アンタゴニストまたはアゴニスト、ホルモン、増殖因子、抗体、オリゴヌクレオチド、siRNA、マイクロRNA、ビタミンA、ビタミンC、ビタミンE、ベータ−カロテン、検出可能な部分および小分子からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記小分子が、抗炎症剤、例えば、トリアムシノロンアセトニド(TA)、メチルプレドニゾン、デキサメタゾンを含むステロイド、COX−2阻害剤を含む非ステロイド性抗炎症剤、コルチコステロイド抗炎症剤、金化合物抗炎症剤、免疫抑制性抗炎症剤、サリチレート抗炎症剤、例えば、N−アセチルシステイン(NAC)、TA、ミノサイクリン、アフリベルセプト、およびラパマイシン、ならびにラニビズマブ、ベバシズマブを含む抗VEGF剤からなる群より選択される、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記眼の炎症性疾患が、加齢黄斑変性(AMD)、網膜色素変性、視神経炎、感染症、ぶどう膜炎、サルコイド、鎌状赤血球症、網膜剥離、側頭動脈炎、網膜虚血、動脈硬化性網膜症、高血圧性網膜症、網膜動脈遮断、網膜静脈遮断、低血圧、糖尿病性網膜症、黄斑浮腫および脈絡膜血管新生からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記デンドリマーナノ粒子が、リポソーム、マイクロカプセル、ナノ粒子およびナノカプセルのうち1種または複数を含む製剤中に含まれる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記PAMAMデンドリマーが、G3、G4、G5、G6、G7、GB、G9またはG10 PAMAMデンドリマーである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 被験体の眼における炎症性疾患を抑制または阻害するのに有効な量で、前記被験体に全身投与するステップを含む、前記被験体の眼における炎症性疾患および/または血管形成疾患を処置するための、請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の組成物の使用。
- 前記眼の炎症性疾患が、加齢黄斑変性(AMD)、網膜色素変性、視神経炎、感染症、ぶどう膜炎、サルコイド、鎌状赤血球症、網膜剥離、側頭動脈炎、網膜虚血、動脈硬化性網膜症、高血圧性網膜症、網膜動脈遮断、網膜静脈遮断、低血圧、糖尿病性網膜症、黄斑浮腫および脈絡膜血管新生からなる群より選択される、請求項7に記載の使用。
- 前記組成物が、1日1回、1週間に1回、2週間に1回、1カ月に1回および2カ月に1回からなる群より選択される時間周期で前記被験体に投与される、請求項8に記載の使用。
- 請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の組成物が、少なくとも1種または複数のさらなる生物学的に活性な薬剤と併せて投与される、請求項7に記載の使用。
- 前記少なくとも1種または複数のさらなる生物学的に活性な薬剤が、酵素、受容体アンタゴニストまたはアゴニスト、ホルモン、増殖因子、抗体、オリゴヌクレオチド、siRNA、マイクロRNA、ビタミンA、ビタミンC、ビタミンE、ベータ−カロテン、検出可能な部分および小分子からなる群より選択される、請求項10に記載の使用。
- 前記小分子が、抗炎症剤、例えば、メチルプレドニゾン、デキサメタゾンを含むステロイド、COX−2阻害剤を含む非ステロイド性抗炎症剤、コルチコステロイド抗炎症剤、金化合物抗炎症剤、免疫抑制性抗炎症剤、サリチレート抗炎症剤、例えば、NAC、TA、ミノサイクリン、アフリベルセプト、およびラパマイシン、ならびにラニビズマブ、ベバシズマブを含む抗VEGF剤からなる群より選択される、請求項11に記載の使用。
- 前記抗体が、ダクリズマブ、バシリキシマブ、ラニビズマブおよびペガプタニブナトリウムからなる群より選択される、請求項11に記載の使用。
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EP3137116B1 (en) | 2020-12-16 |
US20170043027A1 (en) | 2017-02-16 |
CA3035502A1 (en) | 2015-11-05 |
CA2946422C (en) | 2019-03-05 |
US10369124B2 (en) | 2019-08-06 |
US20200022938A1 (en) | 2020-01-23 |
EP3137116A4 (en) | 2017-12-20 |
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