JP2017513936A - アルテミシニン化合物及びゲフィリンアゴニストの医学的使用 - Google Patents
アルテミシニン化合物及びゲフィリンアゴニストの医学的使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017513936A JP2017513936A JP2017504266A JP2017504266A JP2017513936A JP 2017513936 A JP2017513936 A JP 2017513936A JP 2017504266 A JP2017504266 A JP 2017504266A JP 2017504266 A JP2017504266 A JP 2017504266A JP 2017513936 A JP2017513936 A JP 2017513936A
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- Prior art keywords
- gephyrin
- binding
- btbd9
- artemisinin
- agent
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Abstract
Description
R1、R2、R3、R4及びR6は、互いに独立して、H、ハロゲン、-CF3、=CH2、-ORa、-NRaRb、-(CH2)nCOORa、-(CH2)nC(=O)Ra、-(CH2)nCONRaRa、C1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル、C2〜6アルキニル、C3〜7シクロアルキル、C3〜7ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール及びヘテロアリールを表し、
R5は、H、ハロゲン、=O、-ORa、-NRaRb、-(CH2)nCF3、-(CH2)nCHF2、-(CH2)nC(=O)Ra、-O(CH2)nCOORa、-OC(=O)(CH2)nCOORa、-OC(=O)Ra、C1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル、C2〜6アルキニル、C3〜7シクロアルキル、C3〜7ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール及びヘテロアリールを表し、
Xは、O又は-NRaを表し、
Raは、H又は場合により置換されているC1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル若しくはC2〜6アルキニルを表し、及び
Rbは、H又は場合により置換されているC1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル、C2〜6アルキニル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール若しくはアラルキルを表すか、或いは
Ra及びRbは、介在する窒素原子と一緒に複素環基を表し、複素環原子は、N、O又はSであり、複素環原子は、場合により置換されており(アルテミソン)、
nは、0、1、2又は3である]
である、アルテミシニン化合物を提供する。
a) 一般式Iのアルテミシニン化合物と、
b) 別のBTBD9阻害剤又はゲフィリンアゴニストと
を含み、
別のBTBD9阻害剤又はゲフィリンアゴニストが、
i) BTBD9のCUL3(ヒトカリン3、遺伝子ID: 8452)との結合を阻害する、及び/又は
ii) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させる、及び/又は
iii) γ-アミノ酪酸(GABAR、遺伝子ID: 2550、2554、_2555、2556、2557、2558、2559、2560、2561、2562、2563、2564 2565、2566、2567、2568、2569、2570、_9568、55879、200959によってコードされているタンパク質のサブセットの様々な組合せで構成されているマルチサブユニット複合体)の受容体とゲフィリンの結合を増加、強化、刺激若しくは促進する、及び/又は
iv) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させる
薬剤である、組合せ医薬調製物を更に提供する。
a) ARXを過剰発現する膵α細胞又は膵β細胞を準備する工程と、
b) 細胞を試験薬と接触させる工程と、
c) 試験薬が、
i) 前記細胞によるインスリン発現を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
ii) 前記細胞においてARXを抑制するかどうか、及び/又は
iii) BTBD9とCUL3の相互作用を阻害するかどうか、
iv) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
v) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させるかどうか
を検出することにより糖尿病を処置するためのリード候補薬剤を同定する工程と
を含む、細胞ベースのアッセイで1つ又は複数の試験薬をスクリーニングする工程を含む、方法を更に提供する。
a) 哺乳動物細胞と試験薬とを、試験薬とBTBD9との又は細胞によって産生されるゲフィリンとの相互作用を可能にする条件下で接触させる工程と、
b) 試験薬が、
i) BTBD9の熱安定性を増大させるかどうか、及び/又は
ii) BTBD9のCUL3との結合を阻害するかどうか、及び/又は
iii) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
iv) ゲフィリンのGABARとの結合を増加、強化、刺激若しくは促進するかどうか、及び/又は
v) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させるかどうか
を判定することにより医学的使用のための、特に、糖尿病の処置又は抗糖尿病使用のためのリード候補薬剤を同定する工程と
を含む、細胞ベースのアッセイで1つ又は複数の試験薬をスクリーニングする工程を含む、方法を更に提供する。
a) BTBD9結合若しくはゲフィリン結合剤、例えば、好ましくはアルテミシニン化合物、
b) 抗糖尿病薬、例えば、好ましくはインスリン、スルホニル尿素、インクレチン、他の分泌促進物質、グリタゾン、メトホルミン、GLP-1アゴニスト、DPP4阻害剤、グルコシダーゼ阻害剤、アミリン類似体若しくはSGLT2阻害剤のいずれか、及び/又は
c) 免疫調節薬(β細胞自己抗原、抗CD3抗体、抗CD20抗体、抗CTLA4抗体、ニコチンアミド、ラパマイシン、シクロスポリンA、アザチオプリン、抗胸腺細胞グロブリン(ATG)若しくはプレドニゾロンを使用するワクチンベースのアプローチを含む)
を含む、組合せ医薬製品を更に提供する。
i) BTBD9の熱安定性を増大させる、及び/又は
ii) BTBD9のCUL3との結合を阻害する、及び/又は
iii) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させる、及び/又は
iv) ゲフィリンのGABARとの結合を増加、強化、刺激若しくは促進する、及び/又は
v) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させる
その試験薬の活性の判定に基づく。
i) 前記細胞によるインスリン発現を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
ii) 細胞においてARXを抑制するかどうか、及び/又は
iii) BTBD9のCUL3との結合を阻害するかどうか、及び/又は
iv) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
v) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させるかどうか
を判定する。
i) 前記細胞によるインスリン発現を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
ii) 細胞においてARXを抑制するかどうか、及び/又は
iii) BTBD9のCUL3との結合を阻害するかどうか、及び/又は
iv) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
v) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させるかどうか
を試験するために、エクスビボで使用することを含む。
試薬
このプロジェクトで使用した抗体は、インスリン(Sigma社、18510)、グルカゴン(Sigma社、G2654)、Pax4 (R&D社、AF2614、ロット番号UZYO110121)、Pax4 (Santa Cruz社、98942、ロット番号H1610)、Arx (R&D社、AF7068、ロット番号CFOM0211121)、Myc (Cell Signaling Technology社、CST2276、ロット19)、ヒストンH2B(Cell Signaling Technology社、CST2934、ロット1)、ゲフィリン(Abcam社、ab25784)、ゲフィリン(Synaptic Systems社、147 111)、Cul3(Abcam社、ab75851)、Btbd9(Abnova社、H00114781-D01)、Btbd9(Abcam社、ab174976)である。アルテメテル及びプライマーは、Sigma社から入手した。プライマーの配列を図7に示す。Jackson ImmunoResearch社からのCy-3標識ロバ-α-モルモット抗体。他の全ての蛍光標識抗体は、Life Technologies社から購入した。全てのHRP標識抗体は、Jackson Lab社から購入した。
10%FBS、50U/mLのペニシリン及び50μg/mLのストレプトマイシンを補足した低グルコースDMEM中で、マウス膵臓細胞株αTC1(Novo Nordisk社によって提供されたもの)及びβTC3(Novo Nordisk社によって提供されたもの)を増殖させた。15%Tetシステム承認FBS(Clonetech社、631106), 71uM 2-メルカプトエタノール、50U/mLのペニシリン及び50ug/mLのストレプトマイシンを補足した高グルコースDMEM中で、マウス膵臓細胞株Min6(Novo Nordisk社によって提供されたもの)をドキシサイクリン誘導性コンストラクトと共に増殖させた。ヒト膵島の細胞培養は、確証されたプロトコル(Walpitaら、2012)に従った。
音響伝達(Labcyte社)を用いてDMSOストックプレートから光学処理に適している黒色384ウェルプレート(Corning社3712)に化合物(50nL)を移した。Min6細胞(3000細胞/ウェル)を化合物の上、50ul培地にプレーティングした。処置の3日後、細胞を3.7%ホルムアルデヒド中で10分間、室温で固定した。BPS洗浄後、細胞を-20℃で10分間、冷純メタノールで固定し、PBS中の1%トリトンX-100によって30分間、透過処理し、PBS中の3% BSAによって30分間ブロックした。1.5%BSA中1:2000で希釈した20マイクロリットルの一次抗インスリン抗体をウェルごとに添加し、4℃で一晩インキュベートした。PBSで2回洗浄した後、PBS中1:1000で希釈した20μL Cy-3標識ロバ-α-モルモット抗体とPBS中の10ug/mL Hoechst社、3342とをウェルごとに添加し、1時間インキュベートした。PBSで2回洗浄した後、分析までプレートを4℃で、暗所で保管した。
ドキシサイクリンと共に又はなしで24、72及び144時間インキュベートした後、RNeasy Miniキット(Qiagen社)をその製造業者のプロトコルに従って使用して細胞を溶解し、RNAを単離した。RNA-seqのライブラリーは、Ribo-zeroキット及びScrptseq v2キット(Epicenter社)を用いて、又は完全自動ロボットライブラリー調製よって調製した。CeMM社のBiomedical Sequencing Facilityでディープシークエンシングを行った。TopHat及びBowtie 2.0によって生データをアラインし、定量した。
RNeasy Miniキット(Qiagen社)でRNAを単離した後、高容量cDNA逆転写キット(Applied Biosystems社)を使用してランダムプライマーでそれを逆転写した。Lightcycler 480 qPCRマシン(Roche社)でPower SYBR Green PCR Master Mix(Applied Biosystems社)を用いて定量的PCRを行った。
プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(Roche社)を補足した、150mM塩化ナトリウム、1.0%NP-40及び50mM Tris、pH8.0を含有するNP-40緩衝液に細胞を溶解することによって全細胞抽出物を生成した。30mAでの電気泳動のためにSDS-ポリアクリルアミドゲル上に全細胞溶解物(30μg)をゲルごとに負荷し、そしてその後、電気泳動によってニトロセルロース膜(GE Healthcare Life Science社)に転写した。全てのブロットを、5%ミルク中1:1000で希釈した対応する一次抗体と共に4℃で一晩、そしてHRP標識二次抗体(1:20000希釈したもの)と共に1時間インキュベートした。ECL Primeウェスタンブロッティング検出試薬(Amersham社)を使用してシグナルを検出した。
NMRスペクトルをBruker Avance III 400(Bruker社、Billerica、MA、U.S)で記録した。化学シフトをppmで与え、カップリング定数をヘルツで与える。質量スペクトルは、XeVo-UPLC-TQ-MSシステム(Waters社、Milford、MA、U.S.)を使用して記録した。シリカゲル60(Merck社、Darmstadt、Germany)を使用してフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(FCC)による精製を行い、Biotage Isoleraシステム(Biotage社、Uppsala、Sweden)でMPLCを行った。合成した化合物の純度は、UPLC分析によって判定し、確認した。
細胞のサーマルシフトアッセイを文献(Martinez Molinaら、Science 2013)に記載の通りに行った。簡単に言うと、α細胞溶解物を摂氏40〜64度の範囲の指示温度に加温し、沈殿したタンパク質を遠心分離によって除去した。上清をウェスタンブロット分析に使用し、特異的抗体でBtbd9(Abcam社)、Cul3、及びゲフィリン(Synaptic system社)のレベルをプローブした。
アルテメテル又は対照DMSOのいずれかで前処置したα細胞溶解物を使用し、Btbd9(Abnova社)に対する特異的抗体を用いて免疫沈降を行った。抗体複合体をProtein A Dynabeadsで固定化し、洗浄し、SDS含有負荷緩衝液で溶離した。結合したタンパク質量を5%インプット試料との比較によって推定した。CUL3に対する特異的抗体でのウェスタンブロッティングを用いて、BTBD9とCUL3間の相互作用を判定した。
全てのp値は、他の方法と明記していない限り、スチューデントt検定によって算出した。遺伝子オントロジータームの濃縮は、Gorillaを用いて行った。
Pax4及びArx過剰発現の細胞自律的作用と膵島微小環境におけるパラ分泌及び内分泌シグナル伝達を必要とする表現型とを区別するために、本発明者らは、PAX4、ARX又は対照GFPの誘導性過剰発現を可能ならしめるようにマウスβ細胞株Min6を操作した(図1a及び図1b)。これらの細胞株において、本発明者らは、転写因子過剰発現によって誘導された遺伝子発現変化を1日(図1c)、3日間及び6日間測定した。800を超える遺伝子が早い24時間時点でPAX4及びARXによって逆に調節され、これは、これら2つの因子による直接調節を示している(図1d)。興味深いことに、これら2つの転写因子によって別様に調節される最上位遺伝子の中に内分泌前駆細胞因子Ngn3があった。PAX4過剰発現はNgn3を抑制したが、ARX過剰発現はこの因子を一時的に活性化した(図1e及び図1f)。Ngn3活性化の1つの可能な解釈は、β細胞がARX過発現後に可塑性増加を獲得するという解釈である。更に、ARX誘導は、24時間後にPax4を抑制し、より遅い6日の時点でグルカゴンを含む幾つかのα細胞遺伝子の転写を活性化した(図1g)。これらの変化は、動物モデルにおいて以前に唯一観察されたARX過剰発現に基づくβからαへの運命決定スイッチを忠実にモデル化する本発明者らのシステムを示している。その結果、本発明者らは、ARXの機能性リプレッサーのハイスループットでハイコンテンツなスクリーニングを可能ならしめる細胞システムを生成した。そのような化合物を同定するために、本発明者らは、化合物を添加すると同時にARX発現を誘導し、次いで72時間後にインスリンレベルを測定した。対照DMSO処置試料において、本発明者らは、非誘導細胞と比較してインスリンレベルの50%降下を観察した(図2a)。その後、本発明者らは、280の臨床承認された小分子のライブラリーをスクリーニングし、それらの構造及び標的多様性について選択した。ヒットした化合物を、細胞生存率に影響を及ぼさない上にARXの不在下でも高いインスリンレベルを維持するそれらの能力について選択した(図2b)。興味深いことに、ARX過剰発現表現型を完全に阻害する2種のアルテミシニン、アルテメテル及びジヒドロアルテミシニンが、最上位ヒットの中にあった。これらは、ARXの機能性阻害剤についての予測通り、膵α細胞においてインスリン及びPax4発現も誘導する唯一のヒット化合物である(図2c、図2d)。これらの発見に基づき、本発明者らは、α及びβ細胞における更なるアルテミシニン類似体の効果を研究した。アルテスネートは同様の効果を示す(図3a)が、デオキシアルメテルのようなエンドペルオキシド部分がない類似体は、α細胞におけるインスリン発現に対して効果を示さなかった(図3b)。用量反応アッセイは、ARXを過剰発現するMin6細胞では1uM未満(図3c)、及びα細胞では10uM未満(図3d)の半最大有効濃度を示した。
Claims (20)
- インスリンレベルを増加させるための糖尿病患者の処置に使用するためのアルテミシニン化合物であって、一般式I
R1、R2、R3、R4及びR6は、互いに独立して、H、ハロゲン、-CF3、=CH2、-ORa、-NRaRb、-(CH2)nCOORa、-(CH2)nC(=O)Ra、-(CH2)nCONRaRa、C1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル、C2〜6アルキニル、C3〜7シクロアルキル、C3〜7ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール及びヘテロアリールを表し、
R5は、H、ハロゲン、=O、-ORa、-NRaRb、-(CH2)nCF3、-(CH2)nCHF2、-(CH2)nC(=O)Ra、-O(CH2)nCOORa、-OC(=O)(CH2)nCOORa、-OC(=O)Ra、C1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル、C2〜6アルキニル、C3〜7シクロアルキル、C3〜7ヘテロシクロアルキル、アリール及びヘテロアリールを表し、
Xは、O又は-NRaを表し、
Raは、H又は場合により置換されているC1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル若しくはC2〜6アルキニルを表し、
Rbは、H又は場合により置換されているC1〜6アルキル、C2〜6アルケニル、C2〜6アルキニル、シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール若しくはアラルキルを表すか、或いは
Ra及びRbは、介在する窒素原子と一緒に複素環基を表し、複素環原子は、N、O又はSであって、場合により置換されており(アルテミソン)、
nは、0、1、2又は3である]
の化合物。 - 患者が、1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、C-ペプチド陰性若しくはC-ペプチド陽性糖尿病、又は糖尿病関連障害に罹患している、請求項1に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- 低インスリン血症を処置するための治療有効量で、好ましくは全身又は局所投与によって、患者に投与される、請求項1又は2に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- アルテリン酸、アルテメテル、アルテモチル、アルテニモル、アルテミソン及びアルテスネートからなる群から選択される化合物、又はその医薬的に許容される塩である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- リガンド又は担体部分と結合している、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- 化合物が、医薬的に許容される担体を含む経口、非経口、全身、粘膜、局所、直腸、舌下、頬側又は埋め込み用の医薬調製物で投与され、好ましくは、医薬調製物が、錠剤、皮膚若しくは経皮製剤、軟膏、ゲル、クリーム、ローション、パッチ、溶液、注射剤、点眼液、分散系、エマルジョン、マイクロカプセル化薬物システム、浸透圧ポンプ、皮下インプラント、顆粒、マイクロスフェア、放出調節システム、標的指向型放出システム、顆粒又はピルである、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- 化合物が、少なくとも1日1回の用量で、好ましくは、0.01〜2000mg/日、好ましくは0.1〜500mg/日の用量で、単回投与若しくは複数回の投与で投与されるか、又は持続放出製剤若しくはデバイスで投与される、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- 処置が、別の抗糖尿病治療、好ましくは、抗糖尿病薬、好ましくはインスリン、スルホニル尿素、インクレチン、他の分泌促進物質、グリタゾン、メトホルミン、GLP-1アゴニスト若しくはDPP4阻害剤、グルコシダーゼ阻害剤、アミリン類似体、SGLT2阻害剤、胃バイパス手術又は膵島移植のいずれかによる処置と併用される、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- 別のゲフィリンアゴニスト又はBTBD9阻害剤と併用で投与される、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載のアルテミシニン化合物。
- インスリンレベルを増加させるために糖尿病患者を処置するための組合せ医薬調製物であって、
a) 一般式Iのアルテミシニン化合物と、
b) 別のBTBD9阻害剤又はゲフィリンアゴニストと
を含み、
別のBTBD9阻害剤又はゲフィリンアゴニストが、
i) BTBD9のCUL3との結合を阻害する、及び/又は
ii) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させる、及び/又は
iii) ゲフィリンのγ-アミノ酪酸受容体(GABAR)との結合を増加、強化、刺激若しくは促進する、及び/又は
iv) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させる
薬剤である、組合せ医薬調製物。 - 患者の糖尿病の処置に有効であるリード候補薬剤を同定するための方法であって、
a) ARXを過剰発現する膵α細胞又は膵β細胞を準備する工程と、
b) 前記細胞を試験薬と接触させる工程と、
c) 前記試験薬が、
i) 前記細胞によるインスリン発現を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
ii) 前記細胞においてARXを抑制するかどうか、及び/又は
iii) BTBD9とCUL3の相互作用を阻害するかどうか、
iv) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
v) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させるかどうか
を検出することにより糖尿病を処置するためのリード候補薬剤を同定する工程と
を含む、細胞ベースのアッセイでの1つ又は複数の試験薬のスクリーニングを含む、方法。 - 試験薬が、小分子、ペプチド、タンパク質、抗体又は抗体断片等のタンパク質ドメイン、アプタマー、及び核酸からなる群から選択され、好ましくは、試験薬のライブラリーをスクリーニングすることによって得られる試験薬である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 医学的使用のためのリード候補薬剤を同定する方法であって、
a) 哺乳動物細胞と試験薬とを、該試験薬と、細胞によって産生されるゲフィリンとの相互作用を可能にする条件下で接触させる工程と、
b) 前記試験薬が、
i) BTBD9の熱安定性を増大させるかどうか、及び/又は
ii) BTBD9のCUL3との結合を阻害するかどうか、及び/又は
iii) ゲフィリンのレベル若しくはクラスター形成を増加させるかどうか、及び/又は
iv) ゲフィリンのGABARとの結合を増加、強化、刺激若しくは促進するかどうか、及び/又は
v) GABARのゲフィリン媒介シグナル伝達を増加させるかどうか
を判定することにより医学的使用ためのリード候補薬剤を同定する工程と
を含む、細胞ベースのアッセイでの1つ又は複数の試験薬のスクリーニングを含む、方法。 - インスリンレベルを増加させるための糖尿病患者の処置に使用するためのBTBD9結合又はゲフィリン結合活性薬剤。
- 小分子である、請求項14に記載のBTBD9結合又はゲフィリン結合活性薬剤。
- BTBD9結合又はゲフィリン結合剤及び抗糖尿病薬を含み、免疫調節薬を含むか又は含まない、組合せ医薬製品。
- BTBD9結合又はゲフィリン結合剤が小分子である、請求項16に記載の組合せ医薬製品。
- 感染性疾患以外の疾患の処置に使用するためのBTBD9結合又はゲフィリン結合活性薬剤。
- 小分子である、請求項18に記載のBTBD9結合又はゲフィリン結合活性薬剤。
- 活性薬剤としてのBTBD9結合又はゲフィリン結合剤と、医薬的に許容される担体とを含む医薬調製物であって、結合剤が、アルテミシニン化合物を除く、BTBD9又はゲフィリンと結合する能力がある小分子である、医薬調製物。
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