JP2016527396A - アルカリ溶液の電解セル - Google Patents
アルカリ溶液の電解セル Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016527396A JP2016527396A JP2016526577A JP2016526577A JP2016527396A JP 2016527396 A JP2016527396 A JP 2016527396A JP 2016526577 A JP2016526577 A JP 2016526577A JP 2016526577 A JP2016526577 A JP 2016526577A JP 2016527396 A JP2016527396 A JP 2016527396A
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- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 33
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 44
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 21
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003011 anion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical class [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003936 perfluorinated ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009718 spray deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
- C25B11/031—Porous electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/081—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the element being a noble metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
- C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
二つの電解装置を組み立てたが、一方は8個のセルからなり、他方は4個のセルからなり、それらのセルは63cm2の電極面積を有する図面に示したタイプのもので、電気的に連続するように相互に連結し、フィルタープレス二極構成になるように組み立てた。異なるセル区画を画定する壁はニッケルのシートで形成した。アノード集電体として、ワイヤーを組み合わせて重ねた四つの層からなるニッケル製のマット(織物)で、圧縮しない状態で2mmの厚さを有するものを用い、カソード集電体として、1mmの厚さの気泡体を用いた。アノードをニッケルのメッシュで製造し、ランタン、コバルトおよびニッケルの酸化物の混合物を含む触媒の薄い層で活性化させ、隔膜と密接させて組み立てた。カソードを、高表面積のカーボンブラックの上に担持した20重量%の白金を主成分とする触媒からなる親水性の層で活性化させた炭素布で製造したが、この際、デュポン(DuPont)から得たナフィオン(Nafion(登録商標))スルホン化過フッ素化イオノマー分散液を炭素布の上に噴霧して堆積させることによって炭素布に浸み込ませて、Ptの総添加量を0.5mg/cm2とした。隔膜とは反対側の親水性の層の上に、低表面積のカーボンブラックとPTFEを1:1の重量比で混合したものから得た疎水性の層を、やはり噴霧することによって堆積させた。デュポンが製造した単層スルホンナフィオン膜にカソードを重ね、そしてセル締結(cell tightening)の作用の下で冷圧(コールドプレス)した。平衡状態に早く達するように、発明者らは、セルを組み立てる前にカソードと隔膜を熱圧(ホットプレス)する可能性についても確かめた。
上の実施例のうちの一つと同様に、4個のセルを有する電解装置を組み立てたが、ただし、代替のカソードとして、5g/m2の白金の電気被覆で活性化したニッケルのメッシュを用い、これを隔膜と密接させて組み付けた。前の実施例の試験の展開を、大気圧だけにおいて繰返し行った。その理由は、隔膜の二つの面に接触している二つの金属メッシュを有するセルに加圧することは、隔膜の保全性に対してあまりに有害であると考えられたためである。20%の苛性ソーダについて73℃において運転することによって、9.5kA/m2において2.34Vの安定した電圧が得られた。この試験を展開する間に検出した最大の水素の純度は、乾燥したカソード生成物において400ppmのO2に相当するものであった。
Claims (9)
- 陽イオン交換膜によってアノード区画とカソード区画に仕切られた電解セルであって、それぞれの区画にアルカリ性溶液を供給するための手段とこの溶液を排出するための手段が設けられていて、前記アノード区画は酸素を発生させるのに適したアノードを有し、前記カソード区画は水素を発生させるのに適したカソードを有し、またカソード区画は白金とパラジウムから選択される少なくとも1種の貴金属を含む触媒活性層を介して前記の膜と密接している多孔質のウェブを有する、前記電解セル。
- 水素を発生させるのに適した前記カソードは炭素または金属の粉末とポリマー結合剤からなる第二の層を有し、この第二の層は前記の膜とは反対側で前記触媒活性層と隣接していて、そして前記触媒活性層よりも親水性が低い、請求項1に記載のセル。
- 前記陽イオン交換膜は非強化単層のスルホン膜である、請求項1または2に記載のセル。
- 前記カソードは、多孔質な金属構造物(場合により、ニッケルまたは鋼の気泡体)からなる集電体を介して前記カソード壁と電気的に接触している、請求項1から3のいずれかに記載のセル。
- 酸素を発生させるのに適した前記アノードは、多孔質な金属構造物(場合により、ニッケルまたは鋼の気泡体またはマット)からなる集電体を介して前記アノード壁と電気的に接触している、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載のセル。
- 酸素を発生させるのに適した前記アノードは、ニッケルまたは鋼のメッシュまたは拡張シートまたは打抜きシートで作った基材からなり(この基材は、場合により触媒被覆によって活性化されている)、そして前記の膜と直接に接触している、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載のセル。
- 請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のセルをモジュール配置させたものからなるアルカリ溶液の電解装置であって、二極式または単極式の構成になるように前記アノード壁とカソード壁を介して電気的に接続した、前記電解装置。
- 請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のセルにおいて電気分解を行う方法であって、以下の各同時工程または連続工程:
− アルカリ金属水酸化物の溶液からなる電解液を前記アノード区画に供給すること;
− 前記カソード区画を電源装置の陰極に接続し、また前記アノード区画を陽極に接続し、次いで、直流を供給すること;
− 前記触媒活性層の中で水素をカソード反応によって発生させ、そして前記カソード区画から前記水素を排出させること;
− 前記アノードの表面上で酸素を発生させること;
を含む、前記電気分解の方法。 - 前記電解液は10〜20重量%の濃度の苛性ソーダの水溶液からなる、請求項8に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US201361847255P | 2013-07-17 | 2013-07-17 | |
US61/847,255 | 2013-07-17 | ||
PCT/EP2014/065097 WO2015007716A1 (en) | 2013-07-17 | 2014-07-15 | Electrolysis cell of alkali solutions |
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JP2016527396A true JP2016527396A (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
JP6483111B2 JP6483111B2 (ja) | 2019-03-13 |
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US (1) | US11208728B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6483111B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR102311123B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2914112C (ja) |
TW (1) | TW201504477A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015007716A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2021531407A (ja) * | 2018-07-19 | 2021-11-18 | ユニバーシティ オブ サリー | 水素の持続可能な生成のための継続的なプロセス |
KR20220071800A (ko) * | 2020-11-24 | 2022-05-31 | 울산과학기술원 | 과산화수소를 이용한 저전압 수소 발생 시스템 |
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TWI697586B (zh) * | 2015-03-30 | 2020-07-01 | 義商第諾拉工業公司 | 包含釋氣電極和多孔性隔膜之總成,鹼水電解槽以及氫氣製法 |
DK3351659T3 (da) * | 2015-09-18 | 2019-12-16 | Asahi Chemical Ind | Positiv elektrode til vandelektrolyse, elektrolysecelle og fremgangsmåde til at fremstille en positiv elektrode til vandelektrolyse |
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JP6764994B2 (ja) * | 2017-02-21 | 2020-10-07 | 旭化成株式会社 | 陽極、水電解用陽極、電解セル、及び水素の製造方法 |
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KR20160033732A (ko) | 2016-03-28 |
JP6483111B2 (ja) | 2019-03-13 |
US11208728B2 (en) | 2021-12-28 |
TW201504477A (zh) | 2015-02-01 |
WO2015007716A1 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
KR102311123B1 (ko) | 2021-10-14 |
CA2914112A1 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
US20160369412A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
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