JP2015171862A - 制御装置 - Google Patents
制御装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2015171862A JP2015171862A JP2014048954A JP2014048954A JP2015171862A JP 2015171862 A JP2015171862 A JP 2015171862A JP 2014048954 A JP2014048954 A JP 2014048954A JP 2014048954 A JP2014048954 A JP 2014048954A JP 2015171862 A JP2015171862 A JP 2015171862A
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- JP
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- Prior art keywords
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- electrical machine
- battery
- voltage
- engine
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 19
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000007274 generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signaling Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 7
- LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloropicrin Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
- B60L2260/40—Control modes
- B60L2260/44—Control modes by parameter estimation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2270/00—Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
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- B60L2270/12—Emission reduction of exhaust
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
- F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
- F02N2011/0881—Components of the circuit not provided for by previous groups
- F02N2011/0896—Inverters for electric machines, e.g. starter-generators
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Abstract
Description
特許文献1に記載の制御装置は、電池の最大出力の低下を検出したとき、コンバータからインバータを経由して第1回転電機および第2回転電機に出力する電圧の最大値を低下させることにより、コンバータが必要以上に高い電圧に昇圧するのを抑制している。これにより、コンバータおよびインバータのスイッチング損失および電気損失を低減し、車両の燃費の向上を図っている。
(一実施形態)
本発明の一実施形態による制御装置、および、これを適用した車両を図1に示す。
車両1は、例えばエンジン4、第1回転電機11、第2回転電機12の複数の異なる動力源から出力されるトルクにより走行するハイブリッド車両である。
歯車機構6は、動力統合分割機構5の出力と第2回転電機12の出力とを合わせて車軸7に伝達する。歯車機構6の歯車比は固定である。
リアクトル23は、一端が電池2の正極側に接続するよう設けられている。スイッチング素子31、32は、例えばIGBT等の半導体スイッチング素子である。スイッチング素子31のエミッタは、スイッチング素子32のコレクタに接続されている。スイッチング素子31とスイッチング素子32との接続点にリアクトル23の他端が接続している。スイッチング素子31のコレクタは、第1インバータ40および第2インバータ60の正極側に接続している。スイッチング素子32のエミッタは、第1インバータ40および第2インバータ60の負極側に接続している。
スイッチング素子31、32のゲートには、後述する制御部80からの信号線が接続される。
本実施形態では、コンバータ21は、主に昇圧回路として機能し、電池2からの電圧を昇圧してインバータ部22を経由して第1回転電機11および第2回転電機12に出力する。
第1インバータ40は、スイッチング素子41〜46、および、整流素子51〜56を有している。スイッチング素子41〜46は、例えばIGBT等の半導体スイッチング素子である。スイッチング素子41〜43とスイッチング素子44〜46とは、それぞれのエミッタとコレクタとが接続するようにしてスイッチング素子対を構成している。ここで、スイッチング素子41〜43のコレクタは、電池2の正極側、すなわち、コンバータ21のスイッチング素子31のコレクタ側に接続している。スイッチング素子44〜46のエミッタは、電池2の負極側、すなわち、コンバータ21のスイッチング素子32のエミッタ側に接続している。
スイッチング素子41〜46のゲートには、後述する制御部80からの信号線が接続される。
整流素子51〜56は、例えばダイオードであり、それぞれのアノード側がスイッチング素子41〜46のエミッタ側に接続し、それぞれのカソード側がスイッチング素子41〜46のコレクタ側に接続するよう設けられている。
スイッチング素子61〜66のゲートには、後述する制御部80からの信号線が接続される。
整流素子71〜76は、例えばダイオードであり、それぞれのアノード側がスイッチング素子61〜66のエミッタ側に接続し、それぞれのカソード側がスイッチング素子61〜66のコレクタ側に接続するよう設けられている。
ECU10は、制御部80を有している。図3に示すように、制御部80は、概念的な機能部として、電圧指令演算部81、Duty指令演算部82、キャリア信号生成部83、駆動信号生成部84等を有している。
Duty=(Vin/Vsys)×100 ・・・式1
である。デューティー指令値Duty*は、デューティーDutyを実現するための指令値である。
駆動信号生成部84は、Duty指令演算部82により演算したデューティー指令値Duty*とキャリア信号生成部83により生成したキャリア信号CRとを大小比較し、その比較結果に応じてゲート信号Sq1、Sq2を生成する。ゲート信号Sq1、Sq2は、それぞれ、スイッチング素子31、32のゲートに入力される信号であり、オンのとき、スイッチング素子31、32がオン作動し、オフのとき、スイッチング素子31、32がオフ作動する。
制御部80(電圧指令演算部81、Duty指令演算部82、キャリア信号生成部83、駆動信号生成部84)の上記演算により、コンバータ21のスイッチング素子31、32のスイッチング作動が制御され、電池2からの電圧(Vin)が昇圧され、昇圧された電圧(Vsys)がインバータ部22(第1回転電機11、第2回転電機12)に出力される。
なお、制御部80は、第1インバータ40および第2インバータ60のスイッチング素子41〜46、61〜66のスイッチング作動を制御することによりインバータ部22を制御し、第1回転電機11および第2回転電機12の回転を制御することができる。
制御部80は、図4に示す一連の処理S100を実行することにより、システム電圧値Vsysの上限値を演算する。S100は、「システム電圧値Vsysの上限値」を演算するためのメインルーチンであり、車両1のイグニッションスイッチがオンされると、開始される。
まず、制御部80は、電力源の1つである電池2の最大出力を判定する。ここで、制御部80は、図5に示す「電池2の温度(電池温度)による電池2の最大出力特性」に基づき、電池2の最大出力(Woutmax)を判定する。これは、電池温度によって、電池2の内部抵抗が変化するため、電池2の過充電や過放電を防止するために、電池2の出力を制限する必要があるためである。このように、本実施形態では、電池温度に応じて電池2の出力を制限する。
S201では、制御部80は、エンジン4の指令トルクの値であるTe指令値を演算する。具体的には、制御部80は、下記の通り、エンジン4の指令パワーPe*およびエンジン4の回転数Neに基づき、Te指令値を演算する。
Te指令値=Pe*/Ne ・・・式2
S201の後、処理はS202へ移行する。
Te推定値={−(1+ρ)/ρ}×Tg* ・・・式3
S202の後、処理はS203へ移行する。
K=f(Te推定値/Te指令値) ・・・式4
ここで、最大出力補正係数Kと「Te推定値/Te指令値」との関係は、図10に示す通りである。
S203の後、処理はS204へ移行する。
このように、S200では、エンジン4の最大出力、すなわち、意図せず低下するエンジン4の出力の最大値を、Te指令値に対するTe推定値の割合に基づき、演算する。
S101の後、処理はS102へ移行する(図4参照)。
S301の後、処理はS302へ移行する。
まず、制御部80は、最大出力時のエンジン4の動作点(目標回転数Nemax、トルクTemax)を求める。エンジン4の目標動作点は、予め最大出力が出せる動作点をマップ(図12参照)として設定しているため、エンジン4の最大出力が決まれば、そのときのエンジン4の目標回転数Nemax、および、トルクTemaxを求めることができる。制御部80は、S301で調停したエンジン4の最大出力と図12に示すマップとに基づき、下記式5の通り、最大出力時のエンジン4の目標回転数Nemax、および、トルクTemaxを求める。
(Temax、Nemax)=f(調停した最大出力) ・・・式5
Ng={(1+ρ)/ρ}×Nemax ・・・式6
また、制御部80は、式5により求めた最大出力時のエンジン4の動作点(トルクTemax)、および、図9に示す共線図に基づき、下記式7により、第1回転電機11のトルクTgを算出する。
Tg={−ρ/(1+ρ)}×Temax ・・・式7
そして、制御部80は、式6、7により算出した第1回転電機11の回転数NgおよびトルクTgに基づき、下記式8により、第1回転電機11の必要最大出力Pgmaxを演算する。
Pgmax=Ng×Tg×2π/60 ・・・式8
S302の後、処理はS303へ移行する。
Pmmax=Woutmax−Pgmax ・・・式9
S303の後、処理は一連の処理S300を抜ける。
S102の後、処理はS103へ移行する(図4参照)。
このように、制御部80は、S100を実行することにより、コンバータ21から出力する電圧である出力電圧に対応するシステム電圧Vsysを制限する。すなわち、制御部80は、S100で、特許請求の範囲における「制限手段」として機能する。
時刻t1以降、エンジン4の最大出力が低下することにより、第1回転電機11および第2回転電機12の必要最大出力が低下し、これに伴い、システム電圧値の上限値が低下する。
時刻t2まではシステム電圧値の上限値が要求システム電圧より大きいため、システム電圧指令値は、要求システム電圧と同値となる。
上述の実施形態では、制御部80は、S200で「Te指令値(出力指令値)に対するTe推定値(出力推定値)の割合に基づき、エンジン4の出力の低下率である出力低下率を算出し、エンジン4の定格最大出力に出力低下率を乗ずることにより、エンジン4の現在の最大出力を演算する」例を示した。これに対し、本発明の他の実施形態では、制御部80は、Te指令値とTe推定値との差分に基づき、出力低下率を算出することとしてもよい。
また、本発明の他の実施形態では、第1回転電機および第2回転電機は、3相駆動式のブラシレスモータに限らず、3相以外の相を構成する巻線を有するブラシレスモータ、あるいは、ブラシ付きモータであってもよい。
また、本発明の他の実施形態では、インバータ部を備えず、コンバータから、昇圧した電圧を第1回転電機および第2回転電機に対し直接出力することとしてもよい。
このように、本発明は、上述の実施形態に限定されるものではなく、その要旨を逸脱しない範囲で種々の形態に適用可能である。
2 ・・・・電池
3 ・・・・車輪
4 ・・・・エンジン(内燃機関)
10 ・・・ECU(制御装置、電子制御ユニット)
11 ・・・第1回転電機
12 ・・・第2回転電機
21 ・・・コンバータ
31、32 ・・・スイッチング素子
80 ・・・制御部
Claims (3)
- 電池(2)と、
車輪(3)と、
前記車輪を回転駆動可能な内燃機関(4)と、
前記電池から供給される電力により力行作動し前記内燃機関を回転駆動可能、かつ、前記内燃機関により回転されることにより回生作動し発電し前記電池に充電可能な第1回転電機(11)と、
前記電池から供給される電力により力行作動し前記車輪を回転駆動可能、かつ、前記車輪により回転されることにより回生作動し発電し前記電池に充電可能な第2回転電機(12)と、
スイッチング素子(31、32)を有し前記スイッチング素子のスイッチング作動により前記電池からの電圧を昇圧し前記第1回転電機および前記第2回転電機に出力するコンバータ(21)と、を備える車両(1)に設けられ、前記コンバータを制御する制御装置(10)であって、
前記スイッチング素子のスイッチング作動を制御する制御部(80)を備え、
前記制御部は、
前記内燃機関の最大出力に基づき、前記コンバータから出力する電圧である出力電圧を制限する制限手段(80)を有していることを特徴とする制御装置。 - 前記制御部は、条件に応じて前記内燃機関の最大出力を低下させる最大出力低下手段(80)をさらに有し、
前記制限手段は、前記内燃機関の定格最大出力に対する、前記最大出力低下手段により低下させた前記内燃機関の最大出力の割合に基づき、前記内燃機関の出力の低下率である出力低下率を算出し、算出した前記出力低下率に基づき、前記出力電圧を制限することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の制御装置。 - 前記制限手段は、前記内燃機関に対する出力の指令値である出力指令値に対する、前記内燃機関からの出力の推定値である出力推定値の割合、または、前記出力指令値と前記出力推定値との差分に基づき、前記内燃機関の出力の低下率である出力低下率を算出し、算出した前記出力低下率に基づき、前記出力電圧を制限することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の制御装置。
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