JP2015044138A - Web coating device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To set a thickness of a coating material coated on a web constant, even when a backup roller is not arranged, by adjusting a discharge amount of the coating material in a discharge port for discharging the coating material.SOLUTION: A web coating device 1 for coating the coating material S on the web W, comprises a coating material discharge device 10 having the discharge port 11b for discharging the coating material S to one surface Wa of the carried web W, and the discharge port 11b discharges the coating material S to the one surface Wa of the web W so as to reduce the discharge amount of the coating material S to a central part in the width direction of the web W, more than both end sides in the width direction of the web W.

Description

  The present invention relates to a web coating apparatus.

  For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a die coating apparatus that coats a coating material (electrode material) on both surfaces of a web (metal foil). In this die coating apparatus, a backup roller is arranged on the back side of the part where the coating material is discharged on one side of the web, and a backup roller is arranged on the back side of the part where the coating material is discharged on the other side. Without coating, the coating material is applied to the web.

JP 2004-249261 A

  However, a portion of the web on which the coating material is applied without the backup roller being bent is caused by the pressure of the coating material. Since the thickness of the coating material applied to the web changes due to the bending of the web, battery performance is affected when the web is used as a battery electrode.

  The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and even when the backup roller is not disposed by adjusting the discharge amount of the coating material at the discharge port for discharging the coating material, the web is provided. It aims at making the thickness of the coating material applied to the surface constant.

  (Claim 1) A web coating apparatus for applying a coating material to a web according to the present means includes a coating material discharge apparatus having a discharge port for discharging a coating material to one surface of a conveyed web. The discharge port discharges the coating material onto one surface of the web so that the discharge amount of the coating material with respect to the central portion in the width direction of the web is smaller than both ends in the width direction of the web.

  When the coating material is discharged to a portion where the backup roller is not disposed, the web is bent due to the pressure of the coating material. At this time, the amount of bending at the center in the width direction of the web is larger than the amount of bending at both ends in the width direction of the web. As a result, the coating material flows into the central portion in the width direction of the web, so that the thickness of the coating material in the central portion in the width direction of the web is thicker than at both ends in the width direction. Here, the discharge port of the coating material discharge device in the web coating device according to the present means is such that the discharge amount of the coating material with respect to the central portion in the width direction of the web is smaller than both ends in the width direction. Is discharged. According to this, even if the coating material flows into the central portion in the width direction of the web because the deflection amount in the central portion in the width direction of the web is larger than the deflection amounts at both ends in the width direction of the web, The thickness of the coating material can be made constant. Therefore, even when the coating material is applied to a portion where the backup roller is not disposed, the thickness of the coating material applied to the web can be made constant.

(Claim 2) Preferably, the discharge amount of the coating material gradually changes from both ends in the width direction of the web toward the center in the width direction.
The amount of bending of the web caused by discharging the coating material gradually changes from the widthwise both ends of the web toward the widthwise center. Therefore, the thickness of the coating material applied to the web can be accurately adjusted by gradually changing the discharge amount of the coating material discharged from the discharge port from the both ends of the web in the width direction toward the center in the width direction. Can be constant.

  (Claim 3) Further, the discharge port of the coating material discharge device in the web coating device is such that the dimension in the web conveyance direction at the opening portion facing the central portion in the width direction of the web is smaller than the other opening portions. Formed.

  According to this, since the discharge amount of the coating material is adjusted by the dimensions of the discharge port, the coating material can be discharged with high accuracy. Therefore, the thickness of the coating material applied to the web can be made constant with higher accuracy.

  (Claim 4) Further, the web coating device is disposed downstream of the coating material discharge device in the web transport direction, sandwiches both sides of the web in the width direction, and transports the web in the transport direction. In addition, a clamping roller that rotates to pull the web outward in the width direction is further provided.

  According to this, since the clamping rollers clamp the both ends in the width direction of the web, the amount of bending at the center in the width direction of the web is larger than the amount of bending at both ends in the width direction of the web. At this time, as described above, the discharge port of the coating material discharge device in the web coating device according to this means makes the discharge amount of the coating material to the central portion in the width direction of the web smaller than both ends in the width direction. So that the coating material is discharged. Therefore, the thickness of the coating material applied to the web can be made more accurate and constant.

(Claim 5) In the case where the web coating apparatus coats the coating material on both sides of the conveyed web, the web is coated on one surface by the coating material discharging apparatus. Then, the coating material is applied to the other surface upstream of the discharge port in the web conveyance direction.
According to this, the coating material can be applied to both surfaces of the web with high accuracy during temporary conveyance. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the size of the web coating apparatus and the coating time.

It is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of one Embodiment of the web coating apparatus by this invention. It is an enlarged view in A view of the discharge outlet in the 1st coating material discharge apparatus of the web coating apparatus of FIG. It is A view of the web coating apparatus of FIG. It is sectional drawing of the web along the (alpha)-(alpha) line shown in FIG. 1, and the state by which the coating material is discharged by the 1st coating material discharge apparatus and the web has bent is represented. It is sectional drawing of the web along the (beta)-(beta) line | wire shown in FIG. 1, and represents the thickness of the coating material after coating with the 1st coating material discharge apparatus. It is sectional drawing of the web along the (alpha)-(alpha) line | wire shown in FIG. 1, and represents the state which the bending has produced in the case where a coating material is discharged by the coating material discharge apparatus of a comparative example. It is sectional drawing of the web along the (beta)-(beta) line | wire shown in FIG. 1, and represents the thickness of the coating material after coating with the coating material discharge apparatus of a comparative example. It is a figure which shows other embodiment of the 1st coating material discharge apparatus of the web coating apparatus of FIG.

(1. Configuration of web coating device)
An embodiment of a web coating apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The web coating apparatus 1 applies a coating material S to a web W. In the present embodiment, the web coating apparatus 1 applies the coating material S to both surfaces of the web W to be conveyed. As shown in FIG. 1, a web coating apparatus 1 includes a first coating material discharge apparatus 10 that discharges a slurry-like coating material S onto one surface Wa of a web W (the coating material described in the claims). Construction material ejection device), the second coating material ejection device 20 that ejects the coating material S to the other surface Wb of the web W, the pressing device 30 that presses the web W from the one surface Wa, the both surfaces Wa of the web W, A drying device 40 for simultaneously drying the coating material S coated on Wb, a sandwiching roller 50 for sandwiching the web W, a first transporting roller 61 for supporting the transported web W, a second transporting roller 62, and The second coating material discharge device 20 includes a backup roller 63 that supports a portion of the web W from which the coating material S is discharged.

  The web W is set in a state of being wound around the take-out device 70 in a roll shape. Then, the roll-shaped web W is taken out from the take-out device 70 and wound around the take-up device 80 from the backup roller 63 of the web coating device 1 via the first transport roller 61 and the second transport roller 62. Taken. The first conveyance roller 61, the second conveyance roller 62, and the backup roller 63 are rotatably supported by a bearing or the like on the apparatus body (not shown) of the web coating apparatus 1 and between the rollers 61, 62, 63. It is possible to smoothly transport the web W stretched over.

  Each of the devices 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 61, 62, and 63 constituting the web coating device 1 is directed from the upstream side of the web W to the downstream side of the web W. The backup roller 63, the first conveying roller 61, the pressing device 30, the first coating material discharging device 10, the sandwiching roller 50, the drying device 40, and the second conveying roller 62 are arranged in this order.

  The first transport roller 61 and the second transport roller 62 are configured so that the rotation shafts 61a and 62a are parallel to each other at a predetermined distance and the plane M passing through the rotation shafts 61a and 62a is different from the first transport roller 61. It is arranged so as to incline upward toward the second conveying roller 62. A web W is stretched between the first conveyance roller 61 and the second conveyance roller 62.

  The first coating material discharge device 10 includes a surface Wa (hereinafter referred to as “wafer”) of the web W that is transported from the first transport roller 61 toward the second transport roller 62. The coating material S is discharged onto the “one side Wa of the web W”).

  The first coating material discharge device 10 includes a die coater 11 that discharges the coating material S and a pump 12 connected to the die coater 11. The die coater 11 is a known device and includes a slot orifice (die) 11a and a discharge port 11b that discharges the coating material S to one surface Wa of the web W to be conveyed. The die coater 11 is disposed between the first transport roller 61 and the second transport roller 62 so that the discharge port 11b and the one surface Wa of the transported web W are separated by a predetermined gap length g. The pump 12 is a non-pulsating pump such as a screw pump, and can supply the coating material S at a constant pressure and a constant flow rate. The coating material S is supplied to the slot orifice 11a of the die coater 11 from the tank in which the coating material S (not shown) is stored by the pump 12, is pressurized, and is discharged from the discharge port 11b to one surface Wa of the web W. .

  Further, the discharge port 11b is formed with a width smaller than the width of the web W. The discharge port 11b discharges the coating material S onto one surface Wa of the web W so that the discharge amount of the coating material S with respect to the central portion in the width direction of the web W is smaller than both ends of the web W in the width direction. To do. Further, the discharge amount of the coating material S gradually changes from the both ends in the width direction of the web W toward the center in the width direction. In the present embodiment, the discharge port 11b is formed so that the dimension in the conveyance direction of the web W at the opening portion facing the central portion in the width direction of the web W is smaller than the other opening portions. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, the discharge port 11b is formed in a substantially rectangular shape with the width direction B of the web W as the longitudinal direction. Further, one side in the longitudinal direction is formed in an R shape, and an apex H having an R shape is disposed in the center in the width direction of the web W. In other words, in the opening portion of the discharge port 11b, the dimension X in the conveyance direction C of the web W at the apex H of the R shape is formed to be smaller than the other opening portions.

  The second coating material discharge device 20 has the same configuration as that of the first coating material discharge device 10, but the back side surface Wb (hereinafter referred to as “the web W of the web W”) on the one surface Wa of the web W where the backup roller 63 is disposed. The difference is that the coating material S is discharged to the other side Wb ”. That is, the discharge port 21b that discharges the coating material S and the backup roller 63 are disposed to face each other. Another difference is that the discharge port 21b is formed in a rectangular shape.

  The backup roller 63 is disposed such that the rotation shaft 63 a of the backup roller 63 is parallel to the rotation shaft 61 a of the first conveyance roller 61 at a predetermined distance upstream from the first conveyance roller 61. The backup roller 63 is a roller that winds and supports the web W conveyed from the take-out device 70 and sends the web W to the first conveying roller 61.

  That is, the coating material S is supplied to the slot orifice 21a of the die coater 21 from the tank in which the coating material S (not shown) is stored by the pump 22, is pressurized, and is wound around the backup roller 63 from the discharge port 21b. The web W is discharged to the other surface Wb of the web W. Further, the web W is coated with the coating material S on one surface Wa of the web W by the first coating material discharge device 10, and the second coating is performed upstream of the discharge port 11b in the conveyance direction C of the web W. The coating material S is applied to the other surface Wb of the web W by the material discharge device 20.

  The pressing device 30 is disposed between the first conveying roller 61 and the first coating material discharge device 10 and presses the web W from one surface Wa. The pressing device 30 presses the web W from the one surface Wa by the pressing portion 31. The pressing portion 31 is formed in a rectangular parallelepiped shape having substantially the same width as the width of the web W. In order to prevent the web W from being damaged, the web contact portion 31 a that contacts the web W having the long side of the pressing portion 31 is formed in a semi-cylindrical shape. Then, the pressing device 30 is arranged so that the web contact portion 31a is above the plane M so that the web W to which the web contact portion 31a is conveyed can be pressed from the one surface Wa. Moreover, in this embodiment, the web contact part 31a is arrange | positioned in the vicinity of the discharge outlet 11b of the 1st coating material discharge apparatus 10. FIG. The pressing portion 31 is made of aluminum or ceramic coated with diamond-like carbon in order to suppress wear of the pressing portion 31 that causes the coating material S to be contaminated.

  The drying device 40 includes a hollow box-shaped drying chamber 41 and a plurality of hot air generators 42. In the center of the opposite side surface of the drying chamber 41, a slit 41a through which the web W to be conveyed is passed is provided. The hot air generator 42 incorporates a fan and a heater (both not shown), and is provided with a nozzle port 42a for ejecting the generated hot air. The plurality of hot air generators 42 are sprayed so that hot air is sprayed from above and below on the web W to be conveyed, and the coating material S applied to the one surface Wa and the other surface Wb of the web W can be dried simultaneously. Arranged on the top and bottom surfaces of the chamber 41.

  The sandwiching roller 50 is disposed downstream of the first coating material discharge device 10 in the transport direction of the web W, sandwiches both surfaces on both ends in the width direction of the web W, and transports the web W in the transport direction C. At the same time, the web W is rotated so as to be pulled outward in the width direction. As shown in FIG. 3, in this embodiment, the sandwiching roller 50 is provided between the first coating material discharge device 10 and the drying device 40 and between the discharge port 11 b of the first coating material discharge device 10. It is arranged in the vicinity.

  The sandwiching roller 50 includes a pair of first sandwiching rollers 51 and a pair of second sandwiching rollers 52. The first clamping roller 51 is arranged so that the pair of rotation shafts 51a are parallel to each other and the pair of outer peripheral surfaces 51b are in contact with each other, and the rotation of the pair of rotation shafts 51a is reduced in the direction in which the distance between the shafts decreases. A load is applied to the shaft 51a. The second clamping roller 52 has the same configuration. The first sandwiching roller 51 sandwiches the end portion We1 in the width direction B of the web W, and the second sandwiching roller 52 sandwiches the end portion We2 in the width direction B of the web W.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 3, the first clamping roller 51 is disposed at a position rotated clockwise by a predetermined acute angle γ with respect to the width direction B of the web W. The second clamping roller 52 is arranged at a position rotated counterclockwise at a predetermined acute angle γ with respect to the width direction B of the web W. Thereby, the nipping roller 50 rotates to convey the web W in the conveyance direction C and to pull the web W outward in the width direction.

  Further, the first coating material discharge device 10 and the second coating material discharge device 20 remove the coating material S from the width direction B of the web W in order to prevent the coating material S from adhering to the clamping roller 50. It is comprised so that it may coat on the surface except the edge part We1, We2.

(2. Operation of web coating equipment)
Next, the operation of the web coating apparatus 1 will be described. Here, the web W is set in the take-out device 70 while being wound in a roll shape, and the tip of the web W is taken out from the take-out device 70. The web W is wound around the winding device 80 from the backup roller 63 of the web coating apparatus 1 via the first transporting roller 61, the sandwiching roller 50 and the second transporting roller 62.

  When the conveyance of the web W is started, the web coating apparatus 1 operates the pump 12 of the first coating material discharge device 10 and the pump 22 of the second coating material discharge device 20 to transfer the coating material S to the die coater. 11 is discharged from one discharge port 11b to one surface Wa of the web W and from the discharge port 21b of the die coater 21 to the other surface Wb of the web W. At this time, the coating material S is discharged from the die coaters 11 and 21 at a constant amount, and the web W is conveyed at a constant speed. And the coating material S adhering to both surfaces Wa and Wb of the web W is pulled and applied to the web W.

  Here, since the second coating material discharge device 20 discharges the coating material S to the other surface Wb of the portion of the web W where the backup roller 63 is disposed, the second coating material discharge device 20 is also bent by the pressure of the coating material S. Does not occur. And since the discharge outlet 21b is formed in the rectangle, the discharge outlet 11b discharges the coating material S by the same quantity in each site | part of the width direction B of the web W. FIG. As a result, the coating material S is applied in the same amount in each part in the width direction B of the web W, so that the thickness of the coating material S is kept constant on the other surface Wb of the web W. The coating material S is applied.

  On the other hand, a backup roller is not disposed at the portion of the web W to be coated by the first coating material discharge device 10. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4A, when the coating material S is discharged by the first coating material discharge device 10, the web W is caused by the pressure P of the coating material S indicated by an arrow indicated by a solid line. Then, the web W is bent so as to gradually change from the both ends in the width direction toward the center in the width direction. Here, since the pressing device 30 presses the web W in the vicinity of the upstream side in the conveyance direction of the web W from the first coating material discharge device 10, the web W to be coated by the first coating material discharge device 10 In the portion, flapping of the web W and fluctuation of the gap length g are suppressed. Further, the web W is pulled outward in the width direction by the pinching roller 50 by a tension T indicated by an arrow indicated by a one-dot broken line, so that the flapping of the web W and the fluctuation of the gap length g are suppressed. The Therefore, the pressing device 30 and the pinching roller 50 suppress the bending of the web W due to the pressure P of the coating material S. In particular, as shown in FIG. 4A, the bending of the both ends of the web W in the width direction is suppressed.

  Here, as indicated by an arrow represented by a dotted line in FIG. 4A, the slurry-like coating material S gathers at the center in the width direction of the web W in a state where the web W is bent. However, the discharge port 11b makes the discharge amount of the coating material S with respect to the central portion in the width direction of the web W smaller than both ends in the width direction of the web W, and the central portion in the width direction from the both ends in the width direction of the web W. The coating material S is discharged so as to gradually change toward the. As a result, as shown in FIG. 4B, the coating material S is applied to the one surface Wa of the web W while the thickness t of the coating material S is kept constant. That is, the shape of the discharge port 11b is formed in consideration of the pressure P of the coating material S, the tension T of the sandwiching roller 50, the ease of bending due to the support position of the web W, and the like.

  As a comparative example, the web coating apparatus 1 is not provided with the pressing device 30 and the clamping roller 50, and the discharge port 11b is formed in a rectangular shape like the discharge port 21b. Shown in 5A. When the discharge port 11b is formed in a rectangular shape, the coating material S is discharged in a fixed amount at each part in the width direction B of the web W. Then, since the coating material S flows into the central portion in the width direction of the web W, the pressure P of the coating material S is set so that the deflection amount at the central portion in the width direction of the web W is larger than the deflection amounts at both ends in the width direction. The web W is bent over the entire width direction of the web W. Thereby, as shown in FIG. 5B, the thickness t of the coating material S at the center in the width direction of the web W becomes the largest.

  Then, the web coating apparatus 1 operates the hot air generator 42 of the drying apparatus 40 to simultaneously dry the coating material S applied to the one surface Wa and the other surface Wb of the web W. Thereby, the coating material S coated on the one surface Wa and the other surface Wb of the web W is dried in a short time compared with the case of drying one surface at a time. The above operation is continuously performed until the web W attached to the take-out device 70 in a roll shape is completely taken up by the take-up device 80.

(3. Effects of web coating equipment)
In the present embodiment, the discharge port 11b of the first coating material discharge device 10 in the web coating device 1 makes the discharge amount of the coating material S with respect to the center portion in the width direction of the web W smaller than both ends in the width direction. Thus, the coating material S is discharged. According to this, even if it is a case where the coating material S flows into the width direction center part of the web W because the bending amount of the width direction center part of the web W is larger than the bending amount of the width direction both ends, The thickness t of the subsequent coating material S can be made constant. Therefore, even when the coating material S is applied to a portion where the backup roller 63 is not disposed, the thickness t of the coating material S applied to the web W can be made constant.

  In addition, the amount of bending of the web W caused by discharging the coating material S gradually changes from the width direction both ends of the web W toward the width direction center. Therefore, the coating material S applied to the web W is changed by gradually changing the discharge amount of the coating material S discharged from the discharge port 11b from the both ends in the width direction of the web W toward the center in the width direction. The thickness t can be made constant with high accuracy.

  Moreover, since the discharge amount of the coating material S is adjusted by the dimension of the discharge port 11b, the coating material S can be discharged accurately. Therefore, the thickness t of the coating material S applied to the web W can be made more accurate and constant.

  In addition, since the sandwiching rollers 50 sandwich the both ends in the width direction of the web W, the amount of bending at the center in the width direction of the web W becomes larger than the amount of bending at both ends in the width direction of the web W. At this time, the discharge port 11b of the first coating material discharge device 10 discharges the coating material S so that the discharge amount of the coating material S with respect to the center portion in the width direction of the web W is smaller than both ends in the width direction. To do. Therefore, the thickness t of the coating material S applied to the web W can be made constant with higher accuracy.

  In addition, the coating material S can be applied to the both surfaces Wa and Wb of the web W with high accuracy during temporary transport. Therefore, the web coating apparatus 1 can be reduced in size and the coating time can be shortened.

(4. Application examples of web coating equipment)
The web coating apparatus 1 is incorporated in, for example, a system for manufacturing battery electrodes, and applies a slurry-like electrode material as a coating material S to the web W while conveying a metal foil as the web W. Here, for example, as the metal foil of the positive and negative electrodes of the lithium ion secondary battery, aluminum foil, copper foil, or the like is used. And as a positive electrode material of a lithium ion secondary battery, lithium manganate, acetylene black, etc. are used, and a graphite, acetylene black, etc. are used as a negative electrode material. Moreover, ethylene carbonate etc. are used as a solvent of a positive / negative electrode.

(5. Modification of web coating device)
In the above-described embodiment, the case where the present invention is applied to the apparatus for applying the coating material S to the one surface Wa and the other surface Wb of the web W has been described. However, the coating material S is applied only to the one surface Wa of the web W. The present invention can also be applied to an apparatus that coats.

  Further, the first conveying roller 61, the second conveying roller 62, and the backup roller 63 are arranged on the one surface Wa side of the web W. However, the first conveying roller 61 and the backup roller 63 are arranged on one side of the web W. It is good also as a structure arrange | positioned on the surface Wa side and arrange | positioning the 2nd conveyance roller 62 on the other surface Wb side of the web W. FIG. Alternatively, the first conveyance roller 61 and the second conveyance roller 62 may be disposed on the one surface Wa side of the web W, and the backup roller 63 may be disposed on the other surface Wb side of the web W. Alternatively, the first conveyance roller 61 may be disposed on the one surface Wa side of the web W, and the second conveyance roller 62 and the backup roller 63 may be disposed on the other surface Wb side of the web W. When the backup roller 63 is disposed on the other surface Wb side of the web W, the discharge port 21b of the second coating material discharge device 20 is disposed in the vicinity of the backup roller 63.

  Moreover, in this embodiment, the discharge amount of the coating material S was adjusted by making one side into the R shape in the longitudinal direction of the discharge port 11b. However, one side or both sides in the longitudinal direction of the discharge port 11b are triangular or the like. The discharge amount of the coating material S may be adjusted by using a polyhedron.

  In this embodiment, the discharge amount of the coating material S is adjusted by considering the shape of the discharge port 11b. However, the coating material S is changed by changing the pressure P at which the coating material S is discharged. The discharge amount may be adjusted. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 6, a nozzle 11 c that discharges the coating material S that allows the pressure P of the plurality of coating materials S to be adjusted is disposed in the die coater 11. And the pressure P which discharges the coating material S in the nozzle 11c of the width direction center part of the web W is made low. Thereby, the coating material S is applied to one side surface Wa of the web W so that the discharge port 11b reduces the discharge amount of the coating material S with respect to the central portion in the width direction of the web W from both ends in the width direction of the web W. Discharge.

  DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Web coating apparatus, 10 ... 1st coating material discharge apparatus, 11b ... Discharge port, 20 ... 2nd coating material discharge apparatus, 30 ... Pressing apparatus, 40 ... Drying apparatus, 50 ... Rolling roller, 61 ... First conveying roller, 62 ... second conveying roller, 63 ... backup roller, 70 ... take-out device, 80 ... winding device, S ... coating material, W ... web, Wa ... one surface, Wb ... other surface.

Claims (5)

A coating material discharge device having a discharge port for discharging the coating material to one side of the web to be conveyed,
The discharge port discharges the coating material onto one surface of the web so that the discharge amount of the coating material with respect to the central portion in the width direction of the web is smaller than both ends in the width direction of the web. A web coating apparatus for coating the web with the coating material.   2. The web coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a discharge amount of the coating material gradually changes from both ends in the width direction toward the center in the width direction.   3. The web coating apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the discharge port is formed so that a dimension in the conveyance direction of the web in an opening portion opposed to a central portion in the width direction of the web is smaller than that in the other opening portion. .   It is disposed downstream of the coating material discharge device in the conveyance direction of the web, sandwiches both sides of the web in the width direction, conveys the web in the conveyance direction, and moves the web outward in the width direction. The web coating apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a sandwiching roller that rotates so as to be pulled. In the case of applying the coating material to both sides of the web to be conveyed,
The web is coated with the coating material on the one surface by the coating material ejection device, and the coating material is coated on the other surface upstream of the ejection port in the web conveyance direction. The web coating apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

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