JP2013534857A - 化学物質のプロセシング - Google Patents
化学物質のプロセシング Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013534857A JP2013534857A JP2013512100A JP2013512100A JP2013534857A JP 2013534857 A JP2013534857 A JP 2013534857A JP 2013512100 A JP2013512100 A JP 2013512100A JP 2013512100 A JP2013512100 A JP 2013512100A JP 2013534857 A JP2013534857 A JP 2013534857A
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Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
本出願は、2010年5月24日に出願された米国特許仮出願第第61/347,705号に対し優先権を主張する。この仮出願の完全な開示は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
図1は、化学物質を有用な中間体および生成物に変換するためのプロセス10を示す。プロセス10は、例えば、粉砕または他の機械的プロセシングにより、化学物質(12)を任意で、始めに機械的に処理することを含む。化学物質はその後、物理的処理(14)、例えば機械的処理、化学的処理、放射線、音波処理、酸化、熱分解または水蒸気爆発により処理され、例えば材料の結晶構造中の結合を弱化し、または微小破砕することによりその構造が変更される。次に、構造的に変更された化学物質は、場合によっては、さらなる機械的処理(16)に供せられる。この機械的処理は、最初の機械的処理と同じかまたは異なるものとすることができる。
物理的処理プロセスは、1つ以上の本明細書で記載されるもののいずれか、例えば機械的処理、化学的処理、照射、音波処理、酸化、熱分解または水蒸気爆発を含むことができる。処理方法は、これらの技術の2、3、4、または全ての組み合わせ(任意の順序)で使用することができる。1を超える処理方法が使用される場合、方法は同時にまたは異なる時に適用することができる。化学物質の分子構造を変え、化学物質の溶解度および/または溶解速度を増加させる他のプロセスもまた、単独で、または本明細書で開示されるプロセスと組み合わせて使用され得る。
場合によっては、方法は、化学物質を機械的に処理することを含むことができる。機械的処理としては、例えば、切断、ミリング、加圧、粉砕、せん断およびチョッピングが挙げられる。ミリングとしては、例えば、ボールミリング、ハンマーミリング、ロータ/ステータドライまたはウェットミリング、または他の型のミリングが挙げられる。他の機械的処理としては、例えば、石粉砕、クラッキング、機械的リッピングまたはテアリング、ピン粉砕または空気摩擦ミリングが挙げられる。
1つ以上の放射線プロセシング順序を使用して、化学物質をプロセシングし、構造的に変更された化学物質を提供することができ、これは、照射前の化学物質に対し増加した溶解度および/または溶解速度を有する。照射は、例えば、化学物質の分子量および/または結晶度を減少させることができる。放射線はまた、化学物質、または化学物質をプロセシングするのに必要とされる任意の媒質を滅菌することができる。
各形態の放射線は、放射線のエネルギーにより決定されるように、特定の相互作用を介して炭素含有材料をイオン化する。重荷電粒子は、主にクーロン散乱を介して物質をイオン化し;さらに、これらの相互作用は、エネルギー電子を生成し、これらはさらに物質をイオン化し得る。α粒子は、ヘリウム原子の核と同一であり、様々な放射性核、例えばビスマス、ポロニウム、アスタチン、ラドン、フランシウム、ラジウム、いくつかのアクチニド、例えばアクチニウム、トリウム、ウラン、ネプツニウム、キュリウム、カリホルニウム、アメリシウム、およびプルトニウムの同位体のα崩壊により生成される。
電子より重い粒子が使用され得る。例えば、プロトン、ヘリウム核、アルゴンイオン、ケイ素イオン、ネオンイオン、炭素イオン、リンイオン、酸素イオンまたは窒素イオンが使用され得る。いくつかの実施形態では、電子より重い粒子は、より高い量の鎖切断を誘発することができる(より軽い粒子に比べ)。場合によっては、正電荷を有する粒子は、その酸性のために、負電荷を有する粒子よりも、より高い量の鎖切断を誘発することができる。
照射が電磁放射線を用いて実施される実施形態では、電磁放射線は、例えば102eV超、例えば、103、104、105、106超、またはさらに107eV超の1光子あたりのエネルギー(電子ボルトで表される)を有することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、電磁放射線は、104〜107、例えば、105〜106eVの1光子あたりのエネルギーを有する。電磁放射線は、例えば、1016hz超、1017hz超、1018、1019、1020、またはさらに1021hz超の周波数を有することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、電磁放射線は、1018〜1022、例えば1019〜1021の周波数を有する。
イオン化放射線による処理後、処理された化学物質はイオン化されている可能性があり;すなわち、電子スピン共鳴分光計により検出可能なレベルでラジカルを含み得る。イオン化された化学物質が雰囲気中に残っている場合、例えば、大気中酸素と反応することによりカルボン酸基が生成される程度まで、酸化されるであろう。そのような酸化は、化学物質の分子量のさらなる分解を助けることができ、酸化基、例えば、カルボン酸基は、溶解度に役立つことができるので、望ましい。しかしながら、ラジカルは、照射後しばらく、例えば、1日、5日、30日、3ヶ月、6ヶ月より長くまたはさらに1年より長く、「存在」することができるので、材料特性は、時間と共に変化し続ける可能性があり、これは、場合によっては、望ましくない可能性がある。
場合によっては、照射は、約0.25Mrad/秒を超える、例えば、約0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5、2.0を超える、またはさらに約2.5Mrad/秒を超える線量率で実施される。いくつかの実施形態では、照射は、5.0〜1500.0kilorad/時、例えば、10.0〜750.0kilorad/時または50.0〜350.0kilorad/時の線量率で実施される。
音波処理は化学物質の分子量および/または結晶度を減少させ、よって、化学物質の溶解度および/または溶解速度を増加させることができる。音波処理はまた、化学物質および/または化学物質をプロセシングするために使用される任意の媒質を滅菌するために使用することができる。
1つ以上の熱分解プロセシング順序を使用して、化学物質の溶解度および/または溶解速度を増加させることができる。熱分解はまた、化学物質および/またはプロセス化学物質をプロセシングするために使用される任意の媒質を滅菌するために使用することができる。
1つ以上の酸化プロセシング順序を使用して、化学物質の溶解度および/または溶解速度を増加させることができる。
この段落のプロセスはいずれも、単独で本明細書で記載されるプロセスのいずれもなしで、または、本明細書で記載されるプロセスのいずれかと組み合わせて使用することができる(任意の順序):水蒸気爆発、化学的処理(例えば、酸処理(鉱酸、例えば硫酸、塩酸および有機酸、例えばトリフルオロ酢酸による濃酸および希酸処理を含む)および/または塩基処理(例えば、石灰または水酸化ナトリウムによる処理))、UV処理、スクリュー押出処理(例えば、2008年11月17日に出願された米国特許出願第61/115,398号を参照されたい)、溶媒処理(例えば、イオン液体による処理)および凍結ミリング(例えば、米国特許出願第12/502,629号を参照されたい)。
場合によっては、処理された化学物質はそれ自体、最終生成物、例えば、改善された溶解度および/または溶解速度を有する塩またはポリマとなる。他の場合、一次プロセスおよび/または後プロセシングを使用して、処理された化学物質は、1つ以上の生成物、例えばエネルギー、燃料、食品および材料に変換させることができる。構成要素化学物質の溶解度が増加された場合、より効率的に、広範囲の生成物が製造されおよび/または使用され得る。ほんの数例としては、塗料、インクおよびコーティングにおいて使用されるバインダおよび/または顔料、食品において使用される成分、ならびに医薬品において使用される成分が挙げられる。
処理される化学物質は、例えば、1つ以上の下記のいずれかとすることができる:塩、ポリマ、モノマ、医薬品、栄養補助食品、ビタミン、ミネラル、中性分子、または任意のこれらの混合物。
本発明の多くの実施形態が記載されている。それにもかかわらず、本発明の精神および範囲から逸脱せずに、様々な変更が可能であることは理解されるであろう。
Claims (16)
- 化学物質を機械的処理、化学的処理、放射線、音波処理、酸化、熱分解および水蒸気爆発からなる群より選択される物理的処理により処理し、物理的処理前の前記化学物質の溶解度に比べ前記化学物質の溶解度を増加させることを含む、化学物質の溶解度を増加させる方法。
- 前記化学物質は、塩、ポリマ、およびモノマからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記物理的処理は、照射を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記物理的処理は、前記化学物質の官能性を変化させる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 照射は、前記化学物質を電子ビームに暴露することを含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 照射は、前記化学物質に少なくとも5Mradの総線量の放射線を適用することを含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記物理的に処理された化学物質は物理的処理前の前記化学物質の結晶度よりも少なくとも10%低い結晶度を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記化学物質は、物理的処理前、約40〜約87.5%の結晶化度を有し、物理的に処理された化学物質は約10〜約50%の結晶化度を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 機械的処理、化学的処理、放射線、音波処理、酸化、熱分解および水蒸気爆発からなる群より選択される物理的処理により処理された化学物質を含み、物理的処理前の前記化学物質の溶解度より高い溶解度を有する生成物。
- 前記化学物質は、塩、ポリマ、およびモノマからなる群より選択される、請求項9に記載の生成物。
- 前記化学物質は、照射される、請求項9に記載の生成物。
- 前記生成物は、物理的処理前の前記化学物質とは異なる官能性を有する、請求項9に記載の生成物。
- 前記化学物質は、前記化学物質を電子ビームに暴露することにより照射される、請求項11に記載の生成物。
- 前記化学物質は少なくとも5Mradの総線量の放射線により照射される、請求項11に記載の生成物。
- 前記物理的に処理された化学物質は、物理的処理前の前記化学物質の結晶度よりも少なくとも10%低い結晶度を有する、請求項9に記載の生成物。
- 前記化学物質は、物理的処理前、約40〜約87.5%の結晶化度を有し、前記物理的に処理された化学物質は、約10〜約50%の結晶化度を有する、請求項9に記載の生成物。
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