JP2012533565A - Mgbgを含む経口送達用の医薬品および疾患を処置する方法 - Google Patents
Mgbgを含む経口送達用の医薬品および疾患を処置する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【選択図】無し
Description
0.1−50%のポリアミンアナログまたはポリアミン生合成インヒビター;
0.1−99.9%の増量剤(filler);
0−10%の崩壊剤;
0−5%の潤滑剤;および、
0−5%の流動促進剤(glidant)。
0.1−50%のMGBG;
0.1−99.9%の増量剤;
0−10%の崩壊剤;
0−5%の潤滑剤;および、
0−5%の流動促進剤。
前記増量剤は、砂糖、でんぷん、セルロースおよびポロクサマーから選択され;
前記崩壊剤はポビドンとクロスポビドン(crospovidone)から選択され;
前記潤滑剤はステアリン酸マグネシウムであり;および、
前記流動促進剤は二酸化ケイ素である。
前記増量剤はラクトースと微結晶性セルロースから選択され;
前記崩壊剤はポビドンとクロスポビドンから選択され;
前記潤滑剤はステアリン酸マグネシウムであり;および、
前記流動促進剤は二酸化ケイ素である。
錠剤の含量またはカプセルの増量含量の2−50%を構成する、10−300mgのポリアミンアナログまたはポリアミン生合成インヒビター;
0−10%の崩壊剤;
0−5%の潤滑剤;
0−5%の流動促進剤;および、
30−98%の増量剤。
錠剤含量またはカプセル十分含量の2−50%を構成する、10−300mgのMGBG;
0−10%の崩壊剤;
0−5%の潤滑剤;
0−5%の流動促進剤;および、
30−98%の増量剤。
0.1−10%の結合剤;
0−5%の界面活性剤;
0−10%の顆粒内崩壊剤(intergranular disintegrant);および、
0−10%の顆粒外崩壊剤(extragranular disintegrant)を含む。
0−10%の結合剤;
0−5%の界面活性剤;
0−10%の顆粒内崩壊剤;および、
0−10%の顆粒外崩壊剤をさらに含む。
前記結合剤は、コポリビドン(copolyvidone)、ヒドロキシプロピル−セルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、および、ポビドンから選択され、
前記界面活性剤は、ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノオレエート、ポロクサマー、および、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムから選択され、
前記顆粒内崩壊剤はクロスカルメロースナトリウム、デンプングルコン酸ナトリウム(sodium starch glyconate)、および、クロスポビドンから選択され、
および、前記顆粒外崩壊剤はクロスカルメロースナトリウム、デンプングルコン酸ナトリウム、および、クロスポビドンから選択される。
被験体のオステオポンチンのレベルまたは活性の増加に関連した疾病を処置または予防するための、および、被験体のオステオポンチン活性またはレベルの制御の方法;S−アデノシルメチオニンデカルボキシラーゼ(「AMD−I」)を阻害する、または、ポリアミン生合成を阻害する、有効な量の薬剤に細胞を接触させる工程を含む、細胞のオステオポンチンのレベルまたは活性を減少させる方法;有効な量のMGBG、MGBGの塩、または、MGBGの保護誘導体に細胞を接触させる工程を含む、細胞のオステオポンチンのレベルまたは活性を減少させる方法;S−アデノシルメチオニンデカルボキシラーゼを阻害する、または、被験体のポリアミン生合成を阻害する有効な量の薬剤を、処置を必要としている被験体に投与する工程を含む、オステオポンチンのレベルまたは活性の増加に関連する疾病を処置または予防する方法。
R3およびR5はアルキル基である。
R3、R5およびR7はアルキル基である。
R3、R5、R7およびR9はアルキル基である。
R2、R3、および、R4は、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C1−C6アルキル−C3−C6シクロアルキル−C1−C6アルキル、C3−C10アリール、および、C1−C6アルキル−C3−C10アリール−C1−C6アルキルから独立して選択され、
R6、R7、R8およびR9は、水素、メチル、および、エチルから独立して選択される。
R2、R3、R4、および、R5は、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C1−C6アルキル−C3−C6シクロアルキル−C1−C6アルキル、C3−C10アリール、および、C3−C10アリール−C1−C6アルキルから独立して選択され、
R7、R8、R9、R10、および、R11は、水素、メチルおよびエチルから独立して選択される。
ここで、R3、R5、R7およびR9は、独立して(CH2)x基であり、
xは、2乃至6の整数であり、
R4、R6およびR8は水素原子である。
ここで、R3、R5、R7およびR9は、独立して(CH2)x基であり、
xは、2乃至6の整数であり、
R4、R6およびR8は水素原子であり、
R1とR10はアルキル基であり、
R2とR11は水素原子である。
ここで、R3、R5、R7およびR9は、独立して(CH2)x基であり、
xは、2乃至6の整数であり、
R4、R6およびR8は水素原子であり、
R1とR10はアルキル基であり、
R2とR11は水素原子であり、
ポリアミンアナログは500未満の分子量を有する。
R3は、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C1−C6アルキル−C3−C6シクロアルキル−C1−C6アルキル、C3−C10アリール、および、C1−C6アルキル−C3−C10アリール−C1−C6アルキルから選択される。
R3とR5は、単結合、C1−C6アルキル、および、C1−C6アルケニルから独立して選択され、
R2とR6は、C1−C6アルキル、C1−C6アルケニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6シクロアルケニル、および、C3−C6アリールから独立して選択され、
R1とR7は、水素、C1−C6アルキル、および、C2−C6アルケニルから独立して選択され、
R8、R9、R10およびR11は水素である。
R3とR5は、単結合またはC1−C6アルキルから独立して選択され、
R2とR6は、C1−C6アルキル、C1−C6アルケニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6シクロアルケニル、または、C3−C6アリールから独立して選択され、
R1とR7は、H、C1−C6アルキル、または、C2−C6アルケニルから独立して選択され、
R8、R9、R10およびR11は水素である。
R4はC1−C6飽和n−アルキル、および、C1−C6飽和分岐アルキルから選択され、
R3とR5は、単結合、および、C1−C6飽和n−アルキルから独立して選択される。
R1−R6は、式(8a)でR1およびR6が水素でないという条件で、1〜12の炭素原子を有する水素、アルキルおよびアラルキルから選択され、
R7は1〜12の炭素原子を有する水素、アルキル、アリールおよびアラルキルから選択され、
m、nは、各々独立して3から6までの整数を含み、
v、w、x、y、および、zは、各々独立して3から10までの整数を含む。
ここで、Aは、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6アリール、および、C3−C6シクロアルケニルからなる群から独立して選択され、
Bは、単結合、C1−C6アルキル、および、C2−C6アルケニルからなる群から独立して選択され、
少なくとも1つのA部分が、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6アリール、および、C3−C6シクロアルケニルからなる群から選択されるか、または、少なくとも1つのB部分がC2−C6アルケニルからなる群から選択されるという条件で、
Eは、水素、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6アリール、および、C3−C6シクロアルケニルからなる群から独立して選択される。
ここで、AはC1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6アリール、および、C3−C6シクロアルケニルからなる群から選択され、
Bは、単結合、C1−C6アルキル、および、C2−C6アルケニルからなる群から独立して選択され、
少なくとも1つのA部分が、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6アリール、および、C3−C6シクロアルケニルからなる群から選択されるか、または、少なくとも1つのB部分が、C2−C6アルケニルからなる群から選択されるという条件で、
Eは、水素、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6アリール、および、C3−C6シクロアルケニルからなる群から独立して選択され、
xは、2乃至16の整数である。
ここで、Aは、C1−C6アルキル、C2−C6アルケニル、C2−C6アルキニル、C3−C6シクロアルキル、C3−C6アリール、および、C3−C6シクロアルケニルからなる群から選択され、
Bは、単結合、C1−C6アルキル、および、C2−C6アルケニルからなる群から選択され、
少なくとも1つのEの部分がC1−C6アルカノール、C3−C6シクロアルカノール、および、C3−C6ヒドロキシアリールからなる群から選択されるという条件で、Eは、C1−C6アルキル、C1−C6アルカノール、C3−C6シクロアルカノール、および、C3−C6ヒドロキシアリールからなる群から独立して選択され、
xは、0乃至16の整数である。
ここで、Aは、C2−C6アルケン、および、C3−C6シクロアルキル、シクロアルケニル、および、アリールからなる群から選択され、
Bは、単結合、および、C1−C6アルキル、および、アルケニルからなる群から独立して選択され、
Dは、C1−C6アルキルおよびアルケニル、および、C3−C6シクロアルキル、シクロアルケニル、および、アリールからなる群から独立して選択され、
Eは、水素、C1−C6アルキル、および、アルケニルからなる群から独立して選択される。
各々のYは、水素またはC1−C4アルキルから独立して選択され、
MはC1−C4アルキルから選択され、
kは0、1、2、または3であり、および、
RはC1−C32アルキルから選択される。
A4はC1−C8アルキルから選択されるかまたはゼロであり、
Xは、A4がゼロのとき、Xが水素、−C(=O)−C1−C8アルキル、または、−Zであるという条件で、−水素、−Z、−CN、−NH2、−C(=O)−C1−C8アルキル、または、−NHZから選択され、
Zは、アミノ保護基、アミノキャッピング基(amino capping group)、アミノ酸、および、ペプチドからなる群から選択され、
各々のYは、水素またはC1−C4アルキルから独立して選択され、
MはC1−C4アルキルから選択され、
kは0、1、2、または3であり、および、
RはC1−C32アルキルから選択される。
A4はC1−C8アルキルであり、
Xは−NHZであり、および、
Zは、20の遺伝的に符号化されたアミノ酸(アラニン、システイン、アスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸、フェニルアラニン、グリシン、ヒスチジン、イソロイシン、リジン、メチオニン、アスパラギン、プロリン、グルタミン、アルギニン、セリン、トレオニン、バリン、トリプトファン、チロシン)、式:アセチル−SKLQL−のペプチド、式:アセチル−SKLQ−I3−アラニン−のペプチド、または、式:アセチル−SKLQ−のペプチドの1つから選択される。
ここで、Rは、Hから、または、直線あるいは分岐したCl−50飽和または不飽和の脂肪族、カルボキシアルキル、アルコキシカルボニルアルキル(carbalkoxyalkyl)、あるいは、アルコキシ、C1−8脂環式、単環または多重環(multiring)のアリール置換した脂肪族、脂肪族置換した単環または多重環芳香族、単環または多重環複素環式、単環または多重環複素環式25脂肪族、Cl−10アルキル、アリールスルホニル、または、シアノの群から選択され、
Xは、−CO−、−SO2、または、−CH2−であり、
「ポリアミン」は、プトレシン、スペルミン、または、スペルミジンなどの天然に存在するものであるか、または、合成的に生成されたポリアミンであってもよい。
ここで、Rは、直線または分岐したC10−50飽和あるいは不飽和の脂肪族、カルボキシアルキル、アルコキシカルボニルアルキル、あるいは、アルコキシ、C1−8脂環式;単環または多重環のアリール置換または非置換脂肪族、脂肪族置換または非置換の単環または多重環芳香族、単環または多重環複素環式、単環または多重環複素環式脂肪族、アリールスルホニルであり、および、
Xは−CO−、−SO2−、または、−CH2−であり、
Lは共有結合または天然に存在するアミノ酸、オルニチン、2,4−ジアミノ酪酸、または、その誘導体である。
dとeは、独立して0乃至30までで変動し、
各々のXは、独立して炭素(C)または硫黄(S)原子のいずれかであり、R1およびR2は以下に記載される通りであり、または、R1X(O)n−とR2X(O)n−の各々はHによって独立して置き換えられ、
および、※はキラル炭素位置を示し、
XがCならばnが1であり、
XがSならばnは2であり、
および、XがCならば、X(O)基は、nがoであるように、CH2であってもよい。
dとeは、独立して0乃至30まで変動し、
R1とR2は式8cについて上記のように定義され、R3とR4は、−CH3を含む有機置換基から独立して選択され、上記8cの式でR1とR2について上のように定義される。アナログのこの分類は、ケトンを有する遊離アミノ前駆物質の還元的アミノ化によってもたらされる。
ここで、R1はHであるか、または、直線あるいは分岐したC1−10脂肪族、脂環式、単環または多重環芳香族、単環または多重環のアリール置換した脂肪族、脂肪族置換した単環または多重環芳香族、単環または多重環複素環、単環または多重環の複素環置換した脂肪族、および、脂肪族置換した芳香族からなる群から選択された頭部基であり、
R2はポリアミンであり、
XはCO、NHCO、NHCS、または、SO2である。
ここで、n、pおよびqは独立して変化し、n=p=q=1〜12であり、
R3はH、C1−10アルキル、C1−10アルケニル、C1−10アルキニル、脂環式、アリール、アリール置換したアルキル、アルケニルまたはアルキニル、アルキル、アルケニル、あるいはアルキニル置換されたアリール、グアニジノ(gauanidino)、複素環、複素環置換したアルキル、アルケニルまたはアルキニル、および、アルキル−、アルケニル−、または、アルキニル−置換した複素環である。
ここで、
LはC1−10アルキル、C1−10 アルケニル、 C1−10アルキニル、脂環式、または、複素環式であり、
XはCO、SO2、NHCO、または、NHCSであり、
および、Yは、CONH、SO2NH、NHCO、NHCONH、NHCSNH、NHSO2、SO2、OまたはSである。
R4、R5、R6、R7、R8およびR9は独立して、H、OH、ハロゲン、NO2、NH2、NH(CH)nCH3、N((CH)nCH3)2、CN、(CH)nCH3、O(CH)nCH3、S(CH2)nCH3、NCO(CH2)nCH3、O(CF2)nCF3、または、CO−O(CH)nCH3であり、n=0乃至10であり、
Qは、CONH、SO2NH、NHCO、NHCONH、NHCSNH、NHSO2、SO2、OまたはSである。
R4、R5、R6およびR7は独立して、H、OH、NO2、NH2、NH(CH)nCH3、N((CH)nCH3)2、CN、(CH)nCH3、O(CH)nCH3、S(CH2)nCH3、NCO(CH2)nCH3、O(CF2)nCF3−、または、CO−O(CH)nCH3であり、n=0乃至10であり、
Qは、CONH、SO2NH、NHCO、NHCONH、NHCSNH、NHSO2、SO2、O、または、Sである。
さらに、ここで、R12、R13、または、式(A)、(B)、および(D)でのその両方の環は、随意に、OH、ハロゲン、NO2、NH2、NH(CH)nCH3、N((CH)n(CH3)2、CN,(CH)nCH3、O(CH)nCH3、S(CH2)nCH3、NCO(CH2)nCH3、O(CF2)nCF3、または、CO−O(CH)nCH3の1つ以上により置換され、ここでn=0乃至10であり、
R14とR15、および、式(C)におけるR13は、独立して、(CH2)n、(CH2)nCH=CH、(CH2)n(CH=CH)mCO、または、(CH2)nCOであり、n=0乃至5、および、m=1乃至3であり、
Y1およびZ1は、独立して、CONH、SO2NH、NHCO、NHCONH、NHCSNH、NHSO2、SO2−NHSO2、SO2、O、S、または、COOであり、
または、
R1が式(A)または(B)のものであるとき、Y1は、R12のCまたはNの原子間の、および、R13のCまたはNの原子間の単結合を表わし、および、Z1は、R13のCまたはNの原子間の、および、R14のCまたはNの原子の間の単結合を表わし、または、
R1が式(C)のものであるとき、Y1は、R13のCとCまたはNの原子間の単結合を表わし、および、Z1は、R14のCとCまたはNの原子間の単結合を表わし、または、
R1が式(D)のものであるとき、Y1は、R12のCまたはN原子間の、および、R14のCまたはN原子間の単結合を表わし、Z1は、R13のCまたはNの原子間の、および、R15のCまたはNの原子間の単結合を表わす。
ここで、n、pおよびqは独立して変化し、および、n=p=q=1乃至12であり、
R3はH、C1−10アルキル、C1−10アルケニル、C1−10アルキニル、脂環式、アリール、アリール置換されたアルキル、アルケニル、または、アルキニル、アルキル、アルケニル、あるいは、アルキニル置換されたアリール、グアニジンまたは複素環式であり、および、Zは、CH3、CH2CH3、または、シクロプロピルである。
R10およびR11は独立して、H、(CH2)nNHR12、または、(CH2)kNH(CH2)1NHR12であり、このとき、n=k=l=1乃至10、および、R12はHまたはC(N=H)NH2である。
AILD(タンパク異常血症を伴う血管免疫芽細胞性リンパ障害)、慢性肝炎ウイルス病(HBV及びHCV)、HIV感染又は糖尿病に関連した末梢性感覚ニューロパチー及びカストルマン病とカポジ肉腫のようなヘルペスウイルス関連疾患などの前リンパ腫の(prelymphomatic)自己免疫性疾患を含むが、これらに限定されない。1つの実施形態において、それらは侵襲的な乳癌及び膵癌を含む。用語「疾病」、「障害」、及び「疾患」は、本明細書において交互に使用される。「マクロファージに関連する認知症」は、対照サンプルと比較して、マクロファージ増殖又は活性化の高い、又は異常なレベルに関係している認知症である。このような認知症は、ADを含むが、これに限定されない。マクロファージに関連する障害、疾患又は認知症は、HIV媒介性又は非HIV媒介性、或いはHIV関連性又は非HIV関連性である。「非HIV媒介性」の疾患又は認知症は、直接的又は間接的にHIVによって引き起こされない疾患又は認知症である。「非HIV関連性」の疾患又は認知症は、HIV感染と通常関係ない又はそれに付随しない。「HIV媒介性」の疾患、認知症又は指標は、HIV感染によって直接的又は間接的に引き起こされる(及び/又は関連付けられる)。「HIV関連性」の疾患、認知症又は指標は、HIV感染に一般に関連する、又はHIV感染に付随するといったように、より広く定義される。「HIV媒介性」の疾患は、例えば、「HIV関連性」であると考えられるものに含まれる。用語「HIV神経障害」及び「HIV関連性神経変性」(「HAND」)は、本明細書に交互に使用され得る。HIV関連性の認知症も、HAD、HIV認知症、エイズ認知症、エイズ認知症複合体、ADC、及び神経エイズ(neuroAIDS)と交互に使用され得る。
において理解されるように用いられる。医薬組成物は、それ自体公知の方法、例えば、従来の混合、溶解、造粒、ドラゼー製法、微粒子化、乳化、カプセル化、封入、又は圧縮のプロセスで製造され得る。
・身体的損傷(鈍的外傷、擦り傷、又は熱傷など)又は疾患の状態、脳への物理的ダメージ、脊髄への物理的ダメージ、又は脳損傷に関連した卒中によって引き起こされるものを含む、外傷により誘発される神経病;神経変性と関係する神経学的障害;及び手術後の神経病並びに神経障害性疼痛(腫瘍切除、乳房切除などからのもの)
・ハンセン病、ライム病、ヘルペスウイルス(及び特に、ヘルペス後神経痛を引き起こす帯状疱疹ウイルスによるもの)、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV神経病に通じるHIV)、又は乳頭腫ウイルスによって引き起こされたものを含む伝染性及びウイルス性の神経病、また任意の他の病原体により誘発された神経損傷;
・毒素により誘発される神経病(アルコール中毒、ビタミンB6中毒、ヘキサカルボン(hexacarbon)中毒、アミオダロン、クロラムフェニコール、ジスルフィラム、イソニアジド、金、リチウム、メトロニダゾール、ミソニダゾール、ニトロフラントインによって誘発された神経病を含むが、これらに限定されない);
・治療剤により誘発された神経病、特にa)タキソール、タキソテール、シスプラチン、ノコダゾール、ビンクリスチン、ビンデシン及びビンブラスチンなどの抗癌剤によって引き起こされる、化学療法により誘発された神経病、及びb)ddI、DDC、d4T、ホスカルネット、ダプソン、メトロニダゾール、及びイソニアジドなどの抗ウイルス剤によって引き起こされる、抗ウイルスの神経病を含む、薬物により誘発される神経病;
・ビタミンB12欠乏、ビタミンB6欠乏、及びビタミンE欠乏から結果として生じるものを含む、ビタミン欠乏症により誘発された神経病;
・遺伝性の神経病(フリードライヒ運動失調症、家族性アミロイドポリニューロパチー、タンジール病、ファブリ病を含むが、これらに限定されない);
・腎不全と甲状腺機能低下症などの代謝障害によって引き起こされる糖尿病性神経障害及び神経病;
・腫瘍浸潤後の神経病、
・ギラン・バレー症候群、慢性の炎症性脱ミエリン形成多発性神経障害(chronic inflammatory de−myelinating polyneuropathy)、未確定の重要性及び多発性神経障害の単クローン性免疫グロブリン血症、及び多発性硬化症から生じるものを含む自己免疫の神経病;
・炎症に誘発された神経損傷、神経変性、外傷後の神経痛、幻肢痛など中枢の神経障害性疼痛症候群、疼痛、複合性局所疼痛症候群(反射性交感神経性ジストロフィー、灼熱痛を含むが、これらに限定されない)、新形成に関連する疼痛、血管炎性の/血管障害性の神経病、及び坐骨神経痛を含む他の神経病並びに神経障害性疼痛症候群;および
・特発性の神経病
下記標準の略字は、関連する薬物動態学のパラメーターを表わすために使用される。
AUC 最後の測定可能な濃度(Clast at tlast)から無限距離(infinity)を推測したAUCと最後の測定可能な濃度までの曲線の下の領域:AUCINFobs=AUC0−tlast+Clast/Lambda z(λzは、曲線の末端(対数線形)部分に関連する一次速度定数である)
AUC0−12 投与の時間と12時間の時点との間の曲線の下の領域
AUC0−24 投与の時間と24時間の時点との間の曲線の下の領域
F 入手可能なフラクション(Fraction available)(バイオアベイラビリティ):F=[AUCoral]・doseiv/[AUCiv]・doseoral
Clobs 観察されたクリアランス
Vssobs 分布の定常状態の量
Vd 分布の量(経口でよく使用される)
Cl/Fobs バイオアベイラビリティの機能としての明らかな全身のクリアランス
t1/2 末端の半減期(HLλz)
Cmax 最大の観測された濃度
Tmax Cmaxが生じた時間
3匹のオスのアカゲザルの2つのグループを、1mg/kgの単回のボーラス静脈内用量(single bolus intravenous dose)(グループ1)、又は10mg/kgの単回の経口の胃管栄養用量(グループ2)のいずれかとして、被験物質であるMGBGを投与する前に一晩絶食させた。用量製剤分析は、投与された用量の溶液(administered dose solutions)を、グループ1及びグループ2に関して1及び10mg/kgの標的濃度(targeted concentration)の14%内にあるものとして、それぞれ実証した。
重さ9.0−10.7kg、及び8−30か月齢の3匹のオスのビーグル犬の2つのグループを、1mg/kgの単回のボーラスの静脈内の用量(グループ1)、又は10mg/kgの単回の経口の胃管栄養用量(グループ2)のいずれかとして、被験物質であるMGBGを投与する前に一晩絶食させる。用量製剤分析は、グループ1及びグループ2に関して1及び10mg/kgの標的濃度の17%内にあるものとして、投与された用量の溶液をそれぞれ実証した。
重さ217−263g、及び生後8−9週の18匹のオスのスプラーグドーリーラットに、1mg/kgの単回のボーラスの静脈内の用量(グループ1)、又は10mg/kgの単回の経口の胃管栄養用量のいずれかとして、被験物質であるMGBGを投与した。3匹の動物の群を、投薬のT=2、4、12、24、36、及び48時間後の各々での最終の血液収集の後、CO2吸入麻酔を介して犠牲にした。用量製剤分析は、投薬量溶液を10mg/kgの標的濃度の17%内にあると実証した。
重さ19.5−24.7g、及び生後7−9週である24匹のオスのDBA/1マウスに、1mg/kg(グループ1、n=12)の外側の尾の静脈を介した単一のボーラスの静脈内の用量、又は10mg/kgの単一の経口の経管栄養用量(グループ2、n=12)のいずれかとして、被験物質であるMGBGを投与した。各々の用量グループは、各々3匹の動物の4つのグループから成った。グループ1を、投与後の5、15、および30分後に;及び投与後の1、2、4、8、及び24時間にてサンプリングした。グループ2を、投与後の1、2、4、8、12、24、及び36時間にてサンプリングした。第1の時点で始め、新しいグループを、1時間(グループ1)又は12時間(グループ2)の時点までの各々の連続の時点にてサンプリングした。グループ間でサンプリングする順番を、その次の時点のために繰り返した(いくつかのグループは、一回だけ出血していた)。各々のグループの第2の出血が終了した(terminated)。動物を、最終の血液収集の後にCO2吸入麻酔を介して犠牲にした。
この研究の目的は、ラットにおけるMGBGの薬物動態学の(PK)特性及び耐性を測定することであった。さらに、任意の毒作用からの回復を、7日の非投与期間の後に評価した。耐性は、対照グループと同じ体重の変化及び逆の臨床観察の欠如により、被験物質で処置された動物において実証された。
表2及び3において開示された薬物動態学のパラメーターに基づいた複数種(Multi−species)の対比スケールを、当技術分野において既知の方法に従い、ヒトにおいて予測された薬物動態学のパラメーターを計算するために利用した。例えば、「Ings RM, “Interspecies scaling and comparisons in drug development and toxicokinetics,” Xenobiotica, 1990 Nov;20(11):1201−31」及び「Khor, SP et al., “Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inactivation and 5−fluorouracil pharmacokinetics:allometric scaling of animal data, pharmacokinetics and toxicodynamics of 5−fluorouracil in humans,” Cancer Chemother Pharmacol(1997)39(3):833−38」を参照。期待値を、以下の表6及び7に記載する。
〈浮腫及び痛覚過敏に関するカラギーナン足試験〉
ラット又はマウスの後足(足)へのカラギーナンの皮下注射は、激しい炎症及び疼痛を誘発する。炎症反応は、カラギーナン注射の1−2時間後に始まり、接種後少なくとも5時間存続する。加えて、動物の炎症を起こした後足は、反対側の後足と比較すると、有害(痛覚過敏(hyperaglesia))又は無害である(異痛)刺激に対して敏感である。化合物を、抗痛覚過敏及び抗炎症作用に関するモデルにおいて評価することができる。閾値又は薬物投与後に応答する時間の一般的な増加は、鎮痛性の効果を示唆する。薬物投与後の足の腫れの一般的な減少は、抗炎症の効果を示唆する。いくつかの化合物が、炎症を起こした足に影響を与えて、反対側の足の反応に影響を与えないことは可能である。
空気の皮下注射は、滑膜表層に似ており、及びそのように機能する細胞が並べられた結合組織腔の形成を誘発する。この方法は、空気嚢モデルとして一般に知られており、比較的短期間で生成され得る炎症の有用な動物モデルである。空気嚢は、背面の頸部における多くの無菌空気の皮下の(SQ)注射によって作られ得る。モデルは、経口の(PO)胃管栄養投与として投与される際、炎症の様々な細胞及び生化学の指標を低減する際にMGBGなどのポリアミンアナログ及びポリアミン生合成インヒビターのような、化合物の効果及び効能を試験するために使用され得る。
〈関節炎及び関節リウマチのコラーゲンにより誘発された関節炎モデル〉
コラーゲンにより誘発された関節炎(CIA)モデルは、ヒト関節リウマチ(RA)との多くの免疫学上及び病理学上の類似性、局所的な主要組織適合の関与、完全な第二種制限化(class−II−restricted)Tヘルパ−リンパ球活性化、及び組織学の病変の類似性のため、ヒト関節炎において活性な潜在性の薬物の研究のための適切なモデルと考えられる。例えば、「Rosloneic EF et al., “Collagen−Induced Arthritis,” Current Protocols in Immunology, Unit 15.5(1993)」を参照。また、「Issekutz, A.C. et al., Immunilogy(1996)88:569」に記載のCD18及びVLA−4インテグリンに対するモノクローナル抗体を使用するモデルも参照。RA患者に見出されたものに類似するこのCIAのモデルの特徴は、以下のものを含むがこれらに限定されない:関節炎の軟骨および硬骨の浸食(放射線写真で見ることができるように)、増殖性滑液膜炎、四肢の軸ではなく骨格の小型及び中型の周辺継目の対称的な関与を含む。以下の手順は、関節炎疾患の処置におけるMGBGの効果を評価するために従った。
一例として提示される以下のモデルを、多くの疾患の処置及び指標における効果のため、本明細書開示の化合物を評価するために使用する。研究の必要性に適するこれらのモデルを修正することは、当業者の能力内にある。加えて、当業者は、利用され得る疾患の追加のモデルに精通する。本明細書開示の他のポリアミンアナログ及びポリアミン生合成インヒビター並びに化合物と同様、MGBGは、これらのモデルにおいて効果的であることが期待される。
〈神経障害性疼痛のベネットモデル:〉
辺縁の単発神経障害を、共通の坐骨神経の周りに収縮性の結さく帯を緩く置くことにより、成体のラットにおいて生成する。これらのラットの術後の行動は、痛覚過敏、異痛症、及び恐らくは自発痛(又は知覚不全)が生成されたことを示す。有害な放射熱に対する痛覚過敏反応は、術後2日目には典型的に明白であり、2か月以上の間続く。化学物質誘発性の疼痛に対する痛覚過敏反応も存在した。異痛症の存在は、無害の冷やされた金属床の上に立つことにより、又は無害の機械刺激(例えば、フォンフレイフィラメント(von Frey filaments)での)によって、及び保護された位置で後足を保持することにおけるラットの持続性により引き起こされた侵害防御機構の反応から推量され得る。自発痛の存在は、食欲の抑制、及び明らかに自発性の侵害防御機構の反応の頻繁な発生によって示唆される。影響を受けた後足は、ラットの三分の一に関して典型的には、異常に暖かい又は冷たい。ラットの2分の1に関しては、影響を受けた部位の大いに成長し過ぎた爪を発達させる。化合物の効果のモデルにおいて、試験化合物は、典型的には刺激の前に送達され、ビヒクルは対照として機能する。この動物モデルでの実験は、ヒトにおける神経障害性疼痛障害の神経のメカニズムについての理解を助ける。「Bennett GJ, Xie YK, 1988 “A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man.,” Pain, Apr;33(1):87−107 (PMID:2837713)」を参照。
1992年のその創始以来、神経障害性疼痛の脊髄神経連結反応(SNL)モデルは、新しい鎮痛性の薬物の開発のためのスクリーニング試験と同様に、神経障害性疼痛メカニズムに関する様々な調査作業のため広く使用されてきた。このモデルを、ラットにおける1(L5)又は2(L5及びL6)分節の脊髄神経を堅く結紮することにより成長させた。この操作は、機械的な異痛症、熱痛覚過敏症、冷たい異痛症(cold allodynia)、及び進行中の疼痛の永続的な行動の兆候を結果としてもたらす。広範囲の使用法の工程において、SNLモデルの様々な変化が、異なる調査者によって、故意に又は無作為に作られてきた。これらの変化自体を引き起こす要因は、研究のための関心をそそる重要な項目であるが、これらの変化に関係する疼痛メカニズムは、本来のモデルとは恐らく異なる。これら変化の一因となり得る潜在的な要因を最小限に誘発する脊髄神経連結反応モデルを生成する方法は、「Chung JM, Kim HK, and Chung K, “Segmental spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain,” Methods Mol Med.;2004 99:35−45(PMID:15131327)」に詳しく記載されている。
霊長類(カニクイザル)の痛ましい神経病のモデルにおいて、神経障害の状態は、L7後根神経節に対してちょうど遠位である、L7脊髄神経の堅い連結反応によって誘発される。官能検査を、足の腹側表面、L7皮膚知覚帯を含む領域の上で行う。外科手術後1週間以内に、霊長類に典型的には機械刺激(例えばフォンフレイ毛(von Frey hairs)での)に対する著しい感受性を発達させ、機械的な異痛症の存在を示す。機械刺激に対する感受性の増加も、時に腹の反対側にて観察する。熱刺激に対する引っ込みに関する閾値は減少し、熱痛覚過敏症の存在を示す。アセトン及び水風呂などの、様々な冷却刺激の提示は、冷たい異痛症も発症することを示す。観察された行動の現象は、末梢の神経障害性疼痛と診断されたヒトに見られたものに類似する。したがって、このモデルは、ヒト神経病及び神経障害性疼痛障害に関連する多くのパラメーターを評価するのに役立ち、及び関連する障害の処置として薬物の候補の効果を評価するのに役立つ。「Carlton SM et al., “Behavioral manifestations of an experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by spinal nerve ligation in the primate,” Pain 1994 Feb;56(2):155−66(PMID:8008406)」を参照。
以下の量的な異痛症の事前評価技術は、神経障害性疼痛の様々な動物モデルのいずれかにおける接触性異痛症を測定するために修正され得る。以下の要約は、一例として与えられ、ラット外科神経障害モデルを指し、侵害防御機構の行動は、光が足に触れることによって引き起こされる。0.41から15.1gまでのフォンフレイ毛を利用して、各々の刺激の強度のパーセント反応を最初に特徴付ける。滑らかな対数線形関係が典型的に観察される。加えて又は代わりに、反応の閾値の周りの刺激振動を使用するパラダイムを使用し、それはより多くの急速で効果的な測定を可能にする。2つの方法の間の相関係数は、典型的に高い。神経障害のラットにおいて、十分な観察者内の(intra−)及び観察者間の再現性が、アップダウンパラダイム(up−down paradigm)に見出される。いくつかの変異性は、正常なラットに見られ、広範囲の試験に起因する。神経障害のラットの相当な大きさのグループにおける閾値が20日にわたって、及び50日後に些細な変異性を示し、61%はまだ厳密な神経病基準を満たしていた(生存率分析を使用して)という事実は、神経障害性疼痛モデルと組み合わせた、アップダウンパラダイムを使用する閾値の測定が、神経障害性疼痛状態の操作の効果を分析するための強力な手法を表わすことを示す。例えば、「Chaplan SR et al., “Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw.,” J Neurosci Methods, 1994 Jul;53(1):55−63(PMID:7990513)」を参照。
代わりに、無制限の動物における熱刺激に対する皮膚の痛覚過敏を測定する方法が記載されてきた。試験パラダイムは、行動のエンドポイントの自動検知を使用する。繰り返された試験は、観察された痛覚過敏症の進行に寄与しない。カラギーナンにより誘発された炎症は、食塩水で処置された足及びこれらの潜伏期の変化と比較して、著しくより短い足引っ込め潜伏期を結果として生じ、温痛覚の減少の閾値に相当する。この敏感な熱的方法は、試験化合物によって用量相関性の痛覚過敏症及びその遮断を検出し、痛覚の閾値に加えて、他の行動のパラメーターの測定を可能にする。例えば、「Hargreaves K, et al., “A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia,” Pain, 1988 Jan;32(1):77−88(PMID:3340425)」を参照。
〈HIV認知症マカク(Macaque)モデル〉
ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)、後天性免疫不全症候群(AIDS)を引き起こすウイルスはまた、神経性の合併症を明示する。HIVに関連する認知症(HAD)は、HIVに誘発された神経認識的な障害の最も重度な形態である。HIV脳炎(HIVE)、HADの病理学の相関現象は、多核巨細胞と小膠細胞性小結節の形成、星状膠細胞増多症、及び神経細胞の損傷並びに損失を特徴とする。ヒトにおけるHAD疾患進行の病理学の評価は、障害で倒れた個体から集まったデータ、最善の状態で最終段階の疾患のスナップショットのみでは不可能である。それ故、適切な動物モデルは、神経ウイルス学(neurovirology)と神経炎症(neuroinflammation)の分野における知識のこのずれを緩和するために発達してきた。一般に、最も広く使用された動物モデルは、サル免疫不全ウイルス(SIV)及びキメラ的なサル/ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(SHIV)マカクモデル系である。SIV及びSHIVモデル系の両方は、神経侵襲、およびヒト症候群に見られるものに類似する随伴の神経病理学を強めることができるが、疾患の病因論における2つの間の先天性の違い及び進行は、HIVに関連する神経病理学に関する研究に関する、別々であるが有効なシステムに役立つ。これら2つのモデルの完全な比較については、「Williams R et al., “Nonhuman primate models of NeuroAIDS,” J Neurovirol. 2008 Aug;14(4):292−300(PMID:18780230)」を参照。典型的なSIVモデルを以下に記載する。
ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)に関連する認知症の神経病発生は、病因としてのHIVの同定にもかかわらず、捉えがたいままであった。多くの要因は確認されてきたが、中枢神経系(CNS)のHIV感染の後の運動障害及び認知障害で最高潮に達する一連の発症は、まだ知られていない。サル免疫不全ウイルス(SIV)に感染したアカゲザルは、病理学的に[L. R. Sharer et al.(1991)J. Med. Primatol. 20, 211−217]及び行動的に[E. A. Murray et al.(1992)Science 255, 1246−1249]ヒトに類似する、免疫抑制及びCNS疾患を示す。HIVに関連する認知症(HAD、HIV認知症、エイズ認知症、エイズ認知症複合体、ADC、神経エイズ(neuroAIDS)、HIVに関連する神経変性、HAND)のSIVモデルは、神経病因を調べるのに高度に適切なモデルとして広く認められる。神経病因のよりよい理解と共に、進行を妨げ、及びHADのよりよい処置を設計する機会が生ずる。患者がまだまだより長く生きているにつれ、これはますます重要になる、CNS中の湾HIV感染細胞(harvor HIV−infected cells)を依然として抱えた。SIVモデルの使用は、HADだけでなく、他の炎症性の神経系疾患にとっても重要な神経病発生の神経化学のマーカーの同定を可能にしてきた。
一連の作業は、SIVモデルにおける脳症及び認知症を評価するために、当業者によって選ばれ得る。この作業は、例えば、HIVに感染したヒトに記載されるものを含む、神経心理学的な障害を捕らえる際のそれらの幅のために、及び霊長類に障害を与える実験において十分に特徴づけられ、並びにHADに密接に結び付けられた神経基質を標的とするそれらの能力のために、選択され得る。
例えば、上記の「Rausch et el.」において、その作業は認識機能及び運動機能を評価し、及び以下のものを含んだ:(1)視覚的な認識記憶を試験するすべての実験上の新しい刺激による見本合わせの遅延;(2)近似記憶を試験するための2つの繰り返し使用された刺激による遅延見本合わせの遅延、(3)刺激反応共生(stimulus−response association)を試験するための視覚的な識別学習及び保持作業、及び(4)空間的場面学習作業を含み、それらは空間的位置に関する長期記憶を測定した。運動作業(motor task)は、回転テーブル(動物が実験の50%でうまく食物を回収した回転テーブルの速度を介して)から各々の猿が食物を回収する能力を評価した。
HIV脳症の代替のモデルは、脳におけるHIV感染の病理学へのより焦点した探求を可能にする。SIVの接種及び中度から重度の脳炎の進行の後、ウイルス負荷を、全身の神経系及び中枢神経系(CNS)ウイルス複製の脳炎の進行との関係を検査する検死にて、エイズの発症に対し長期的に検査された脳脊髄液(CSF)及び脳組織において測定する。脳炎の進行と関連がある感染の急性期の後のCSFウイルスRNAの持続的な高レベル、及び脳におけるウイルスRNA並びに抗原の両方のレベルは、CNS病変の重症度に関連する。対照的に、ウイルスRNAの血漿レベルは、脳炎(enceplalitis)の進行又は重症度に関連しない。したがって、SIV感染の後急性期におけるCSFウイルス負荷測定は、脳炎及びCNSウイルス複製のためのマーカー、HIV脳炎及び関連する障害を予防する又は弱める際の試験化合物の有効性を測定するための効果的な方法として役立つ。例えば、「Zink MC et al., “High viral loadvin the cerebrospinal fluid and brain correlates with severity of simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis,”:J Virol. 1999 Dec;73(12):10480−8(PMID:10559366)」を参照。
ネコ免疫不全ウイルス(FIV)は、ネコにおいて免疫不全及び脳症の持続性状態をもたらす神経向性のレンチウイルスである。最近の証拠は、中枢神経系及び末梢神経系に対する退行性の効果に関連する、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス感染(HIV−1型)の自然な進行との様々な類似点を示してきた。HIV−1に類似するため、FIVに誘発された脳障害の神経毒性は株依存性(strain dependent)であり、進行性の免疫不全を結果としてもたらし、及び脳ウイルス負荷ではなく初期の末梢ウイルス負荷を増加させ、優先的に神経系の発達に影響を与え、神経細胞の伝染性に直接関連づけられない定量化できる行動障害及び神経生理学の障害をもたらし、インビボ及びインビトロの両方にて、神経細胞の損傷及び損失を誘発する。FIVは、ヒト研究者に非伝染性の、追加の利点(benefir)を有する。これらの理由に関して、FIVモデルは、HIV認知症及び関連する障害の処置における化合物の効果を評価するためのプラットホームとして役立つ。例えば、「Podell M et al., “The feline model of neuroAIDS:understanding the progression towards AIDS dementia,” J Psychopharmacol. 2000;14(3):205−13(PMID:11106298)」を参照。
〈接触性皮膚炎および関連する障害〉
接触過敏症は、細胞を媒介とした免疫機能のインビボのアッセイにおいて、単純な遅延型過敏症であり、それは炎症性の成分及び/又は自己免疫性の成分を有する多くの障害における潜在性の治療上の効果を評価するために使用することができる。そのような疾患は、接触性皮膚炎、アトピー性皮膚炎、乾癬、アレルギー性皮膚炎及び皮膚の過敏を含む。化合物は、随意に局所用の製剤において局所的に適用され、又は非局所用の(例えば、経口、IVなど)経路によって送達され得る。
1つの手順において、外因性のハプテンへの皮膚の曝露は、測定され、定量される遅延型過敏反応を生じさせる。接触過敏症は、初期の感作相(sensitizing phase)、その後の惹起相(elicitation phase)を包含している。Tリンパ球が、以前に接触した抗原に遭遇するとき、惹起相が生じる。腫れと炎症が生じ、これをヒトアレルギー性接触皮膚炎の優れたモデルにする。ネズミのモデルはまた、走るのに経済的な追加の利益を典型的に有する。適切な手順は、「Gaspari AA and Katz SI, “Contact Hypersensitivity,” Current Protocols in Immunology, Unit 4.2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(1994)」に詳細に記載されている。また、「Grabbe S and Schwarz T, “Immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity,” Immun. Today 19(1):37−44(1998)」も参照。
動物の選択は、ヒト反応を予測すると意図される皮膚科学的な(dematological)研究において重要である。この理由に関して、ブタ、及び特にミニブタは、ヒト及びブタの皮膚の間の類似点(特に小胞の密度)のために恵まれる。例えば、「Bilski AJ and Thomson DS, “Allergic contact dermatitis in the domestic pig」における典型的なモデルを参照。薬物の局所用の抗炎症作用及びそれらの製剤を評価するための新しいモデルについては、「Br J Dermatol, 1984 Jul;111 Suppl 27:143(PMID:6743545)」を参照。
アレルギー性及び刺激性の接触反応もまた、最近確認された無毛のモルモットである、Crl:IAF(HA)BR、ハートレー株からの突然変異体において評価されてきた。刺激性接触皮膚炎は、クロトン油、2,4−ジニトロクロロベンゼン(DNCB)、又はアントラリンによって誘発され得る。無毛及び有毛のモルモットの両方は、これらの化学物質に対して同様の反応を進行させる。光線過敏性の接触感作も、テトラクロロサリチルアニリドで、又はトリブロモサリチルアニリド(TBS)での感作の前にシクロホスファミドで誘発され得る。皮膚の変化は、当該技術分野に知られる方法に従い、巨視的に及び微視的に観察される。したがって、無毛のモルモットは、免疫学の及び非免疫学の接触反応並びに関連する障害の処置において、試験化合物の事前評価のための動物モデルとして使用することができる。例えば、「Miyauchi H and Horio T, “A new animal model for contact dermatitis:the hairless guinea pig,” J Dermatol. 1992 Mar;19(3):140−5(PMID:1640019)」を参照。
さらに、本明細書開示の化合物は、乾癬のような疾患に関し、動物モデルにおいて試験することができる。乾癬性(psoriatric)皮膚病変の基礎をなす原因と病態生理学のメカニズムの発現についての研究は、この一般で不可解な皮膚の疾患のための適正な動物モデルの不足によって中止されてきた。適切な1つのモデルは、「Nickoloff BJ et al., “Severe combined immunodeficiency mouse and human psoriatic skin chimeras. Validation of a new animal model,” Am J Pathol., 1995 Mar;146(3):580−8(PMID:7887440)」によって記載されるように調製されたヒト皮膚/scidマウスキメラである。その中に記載される方法は、重症複合免疫不全症マウスに移植された正常な皮膚、前乾癬皮膚、及び乾癬性局面皮膚サンプルを特徴づける。正常な、前乾癬の、又は乾癬プラークの角膜切開刀皮膚サンプルのいずれかは、移植片生着の高い割合(>85%)で、及び移植の長期間にわたって一貫して観察される再生可能な変化と共に重症複合免疫不全症マウスに確実に移植される。移植後、臨床的な事前評価及び所定の光顕微鏡検査によって、正常な皮膚は本質的に正常なままである一方で、前乾癬皮膚はより厚くなり、乾癬プラークの皮膚は、その特有のプラーク型の高さ及び規模を保持する。抗体と免疫組織学的分析のパネルの使用によって、移植皮膚に生き残るヒト細胞タイプ(免疫細胞を含む)の全体的な表現型は、あらかじめ移植された皮膚サンプルの免疫表現型に著しく似ていた。さらに、表皮と皮膚の区画内のヒト及びネズミの皮膚の間の明白に認識されたインターフェースゾーン(interface zone)は、キメラ現象の焦点の領域での所定の顕微鏡検査、及び免疫染色によって確認することができる。重症複合免疫不全症マウスに移植される、正常な及び乾癬皮膚の前移植並びに後移植されたヒトサンプル間の多くの類似点は、乾癬および関連する障害の処置における効果のための試験化合物を評価するのに使用するため、この動物モデルを適切にする。
代わりに、本明細書開示の化合物は、「Schon MP et al., “Murine psoriasis−like disorder induced by naive CD4+ T cells,” Nat Med., 1997 Feb;3(2):183−8(PMID:9018237)」により記載されるscid/scidマウスモデルにおいて試験される。このモデルにおいて、下位の組織適合性が不適正である未処置のCD4+Tリンパ球を有するscid/scidマウスの再構成は、臨床的に、組織病理学的に、及びサイトカイン発現において、ヒト乾癬に著しく似ている皮膚の変質を結果としてもたらす。
化合物は、喘息及び関連する肺障害の処置における効果に関してさらに評価され得る。1匹の喘息のネズミモデルにおいて、野生型の対照(wild−type control)[C57BL/6J,(+/+)]、及びICAM−1(細胞間接着分子−1)ノックアウト[C57BL/6J−ICAM−1,(−/−)]マウスは、オバルブミン(OVA)に感作され、喘息性の反応と一致する表現型を誘発するためにエアロゾル(OVA−OVA)によって送達されたOVAで検証した(challenged)。メタコリンに対する気管支の反応性、気管支肺胞洗浄液(BALF)中の菌体数の計算、好酸性含量及びサイトカインレベルの測定を行う。さらに、抗原に応じたリンパ球増殖、気道への好酸性の遊走、及びアレルゲンに感作され、検証されたマウスにおける気道過敏性(AHR)の進行はすべて、当該技術分野において既知の方法に従って、インビボ又はエクスビボ(ex vivio)にて測定される。「Wolyniec WW et al., “Reduction of antigen−induced airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilia in ICAM−1−deficient mice,” Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol., 1998 Jun;18(6):777−85(PMID:9618382)」を参照。
本明細書開示の化合物はまた、炎症性大腸疾患、クローン病、及び潰瘍性大腸炎の動物モデルにおける活性に関して評価される。「Scheiffele F, Fuss IJ, “Induction of TNBS colitis in mice,” Curr Protoc Immunol, 2002 Aug;Chapter 15:Unit 15.19(PMID:18432874)」により記載されるプロトコルは、これらの疾患の免疫病原性を研究するために使用されてきたものの1つである。このモデルは、2,4,6−トリニトロベンゼンスルホン酸(TNBS)の使用を利用し、それは、SJL/Jマウスにおいて直腸内に投与された時、重度の結腸の炎症を誘発する。この手順から結果として生じる大腸炎は、クローン病において見られたものに似ている、臨床的な及び組織病理学の発見物を提示する。ScheiffleleとFussは、疾患レベルの監視及びグレード分けのための方法と同様、TNBS大腸炎の好結果の誘発に必要とされた重大なパラメーターについて議論し、マウスの結腸から基底膜単核細胞を分離するために支持プロトコルを与える。また、「Morris GP et al., “Hapten−induced model of chronic inflammation and ulceration in the rat colon,” Gastroenterology, 1989 Mar; 96(3):795−803(PMID:2914642)」を参照し、その中では、「障壁ブレーカー」(例えば0.25mlの50%エタノール)及びハプテン(例えばTNBS、5−30mg)を含んでいる溶液の腔内注入による、慢性の結腸の炎症の元来のラットモデルが記載される。30mgの用量で、トリニトロベンゼンスルホン酸/エタノールに誘発された潰瘍及び腸壁の著しい濃密化は、少なくとも8週間続いた。組織学的に、炎症反応は、多形核白血球、マクロファージ、リンパ球、結合組織マスト細胞、及び繊維芽細胞による粘膜及び粘膜下の浸潤を含んだ。肉芽腫(炎症の誘発の3週間後)、ラングハンス巨細胞、帯状の潰瘍および炎症。これらのモデルにおいて誘発された炎症と潰瘍の特性、および比較的長い持続時間は、明確に制御された方法で結腸の炎症性疾患の病態生理学を研究する機会、及びヒトにおける炎症性大腸疾患に対し潜在的に適用可能な新しい処置を評価する機会を与える。
以下は、カプセルとして本明細書開示の化合物を経口的に送達するために使用され得る組成物の例である。
300mgのカプセル:カプセルの総合の十分な重量は500mgであるが、カプセルの重量を含まない。標的の化合物の用量は、カプセル1つ当たり300mgであるが、それらの塩又は溶媒和された多形体として与えられる場合、対イオン及び/又は溶媒和物の重量を占めるために調節され得る。そのような場合において、他の賦形剤の重量、典型的には、充填剤が減らされる。
150mgのカプセル:カプセルの総合の十分な重量は300mgであるが、カプセルの重量を含まない。標的の化合物の用量は、カプセル1つ当たり150mgであるが、それらの塩又は溶媒和された多形体として与えられる場合、対イオン及び/又は溶媒和物の重量を占めるために調節され得る。そのような場合において、他の賦形剤の重量、典型的には、充填剤が減らされる。
Claims (52)
- 少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な経口賦形剤とともにMGBGを含み、
被験体に経口で投与されると、治療上有効な体内の血漿MGBGレベルをもたらすことを特徴とする経口医薬組成物。 - 被験体に経口で投与されると、少なくとも6時間にわたって、治療上有効な体内の血漿MGBGレベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 被験体に経口で投与されると、少なくとも12時間にわたって、治療上有効な体内の血漿MGBGレベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 被験体に経口で投与されると、少なくとも24時間にわたって、治療上有効な体内の血漿MGBGレベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- MGBGの血漿レベルは、4時間以上にわたって、ピーク血漿濃度の少なくとも75%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも20%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも30%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも35%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有することを特徴とする請求項7に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 一日に一回の投与を受ける被験体において、少なくとも24時間にわたって、MGBGの治療上有効な血漿レベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項8に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも12時間の半減期を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 少なくとも18時間の半減期を有することを特徴とする請求項10に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 4時間以上にわたって、ピーク血漿濃度の少なくとも75%のMGBGの血漿レベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 用量を制限する副作用がほとんどないことを特徴とする請求項1、4、および、8のいずれか1つに記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 前記副作用が胃腸に関連するものであることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 前記胃腸に関連する副作用は、吐き気、嘔吐、下痢、腹痛、口腔粘膜炎、口腔潰瘍、咽頭炎、口内炎、および、胃腸の潰瘍から選択されることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 前記胃腸に関連する副作用は、胃腸の粘膜増殖の阻害、進行性の上皮管腔細胞の遊走の阻害、および、幹細胞または前駆細胞の上皮管腔細胞への分化の阻害から選択されることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 前記副作用は、血小板減少症、白血球減少症、静脈炎、喉頭炎、蜂巣炎、皮膚炎および低血糖症から選択されることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 治療上有効な量のMGBGと、少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤を含む、胃腸の副作用がほとんどない、慢性的な送達のための低用量の経口医薬組成物。
- 1日に一回の投与を受ける被験体において、少なくとも24時間にわたって、MGBGの治療上有効な血漿レベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項18に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 約25mg乃至350mgのMGBGを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 約250mg乃至350mgのMGBGを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 1日に一回の投与を受ける被験体において、少なくとも24時間にわたって、MGBGの治療上有効な血漿レベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項20または21に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 用量を制限する副作用がほとんどないことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 錠剤またはカプセルとして処方されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至23のいずれかに記載の経口医薬組成物。
- 0.1−50%のMGBG、
0.1−99.9%の増量剤、
0−10%の崩壊剤、
0−5%の潤滑剤、および、
0−5%の流動促進剤を含むことを特徴とする請求項24に記載の経口医薬組成物。 - 前記増量剤は、砂糖、でんぷん、セルロースおよびポロクサマーから選択され、
前記崩壊剤はポビドンとクロスポビドンから選択され
前記潤滑剤はステアリン酸マグネシウムであり、および、
前記流動促進剤は二酸化ケイ素である、ことを特徴とする請求項26に記載の経口医薬組成物。 - 前記増量剤はラクトースと微結晶性セルロースから選択され、
前記崩壊剤はポビドンとクロスポビドンから選択され、
前記潤滑剤はステアリン酸マグネシウムであり、および、
前記流動促進剤は二酸化ケイ素である、ことを特徴とする請求項26に記載の経口医薬組成物。 - 錠剤の含量またはカプセルの増量含量の2−50%を構成する、10−300mgのMGBG、
0−10%の崩壊剤、
0−5%の潤滑剤、
0−5%の流動促進剤、および、
30−98%の増量剤を含むことを特徴とする請求項26に記載の経口医薬組成物。 - 0.1−10%の結合剤、
0−5%の界面活性剤、
0−10%の顆粒内崩壊剤、および、
0−10%の顆粒外崩壊剤をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項25に記載の経口医薬組成物。 - 前記結合剤は、コポリビドン、ヒドロキシプロピル−セルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、および、ポビドンから選択され、
前記界面活性剤は、ポリオキシエチレン(20)ソルビタンモノオレエート、ポロクサマー、および、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムから選択され、
前記顆粒内崩壊剤はクロスカルメロースナトリウム、デンプングルコン酸ナトリウム、および、クロスポビドンから選択され、および、
前記顆粒外崩壊剤はクロスカルメロースナトリウム、デンプングルコン酸ナトリウム、および、クロスポビドンから選択されることを特徴とする請求項29に記載の経口医薬組成物。 - MGBGおよび少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤を含む治療上有効な量の経口医薬組成物を、それを必要としている被験体に投与する工程を含む、疾病の発症または進行を処置するかまたは遅らせる方法。
- 前記経口医薬組成物が少なくとも約30%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有することを特徴とする請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記経口医薬組成物には用量を制限する副作用がほとんどないことを特徴とする請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- 前記疾病は増殖性疾患、炎症性疾患、および、自己免疫性疾患、および、神経障害から選択されることを特徴とする請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- 前記疾病は、関節リウマチ、変形性関節症、多発性硬化症、HIV神経障害、および、HIVに関連する認知症から選択されることを特徴とする請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- 増殖性疾患は、癌、乾癬、乾癬性関節炎、および、アトピー性皮膚炎から選択されることを特徴とする請求項32に記載の方法。
- 神経障害は、末梢神経障害、糖尿病性神経障害、絞扼性ニューロパチー(手根管症候群)、ヘルペス後神経痛(PHN)、化学療法に誘発された神経障害、および、HIV神経障害から選択されることを特徴とする請求項34に記載の方法。
- 前記処置は、オステオポンチンの産生または活性の減少をもたらすことを特徴とする請求項31または32に記載の方法。
- オステオポンチンレベルをアッセイする工程、オステオポンチンのレベルに基づいて、MGBGおよび少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤を含む、追加の治療上有効な量の経口医薬組成物を投与する工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項38に記載の方法。
- MGBGの血漿レベルは、4時間以上にわたって、ピーク血漿濃度の少なくとも75%であることを特徴とする請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記経口医薬組成物は、被験体に経口で投与されると、少なくとも12時間にわたって、治療上有効な体内の血漿MGBGレベルをもたらすことを特徴とする請求項31に記載の方法。
- MGBGの投与を含む、必要としている被験体の疼痛を処置する方法。
- 疼痛は、炎症性疼痛、神経損傷による疼痛、慢性的疼痛、難治性癌の疼痛、複合性局所疼痛症候群、神経障害性疼痛、手術のまたは手術後の疼痛、歯痛、皮膚損傷に起因する疼痛、腰痛、頭痛、片頭痛、接触性アロディニア、および、痛覚過敏から選択されることを特徴とする請求項42に記載の方法。
- 疼痛が慢性的であることを特徴とする請求項42に記載の方法。
- 疼痛が急性であることを特徴とする請求項42に記載の方法。
- 疼痛が炎症性疼痛であることを特徴とする請求項43に記載の方法。
- 投与は経口であることを特徴とする請求項42に記載の方法。
- 投与は静脈内であることを特徴とする請求項42に記載の方法。
- 投与は経口と静脈内の組み合わせであることを特徴とする請求項42に記載の方法。
- 疼痛は手術のまたは手術後の疼痛であることを特徴とする請求項49に記載の方法。
- MGBGおよび少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤を含む経口医薬組成物と、別の治療剤の投与を含む、必要としている被験体の疾病を処置する方法。
- 少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な経口賦形剤とともにMGBGを含み、
被験体に経口で投与されると、疼痛の処置のために治療上有効な体内の血漿MGBGレベルをもたらすことを特徴とする経口医薬組成物。
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JP2018183093A (ja) * | 2017-04-26 | 2018-11-22 | 学校法人 関西大学 | 細胞足場材料製造用組成物ならびに細胞足場材料およびその製造方法 |
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