JP2012066957A - Method of producing fertilizer using earthworm casting soil - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a highly productive method of producing a fertilizer from raw garbage.SOLUTION: The method of producing the fertilizer includes a fermentation step to mix raw garbage with earthworm casting soil and to ferment the mixture. Preferably 300-500 pts.mass of the earthworm casting soil is mixed with 100 pts.mass of the raw garbage. Preferably the raw garbage includes vegetable garbage or seaweed garbage.

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for producing fertilizer using earthworm manure.

  In recent years, from the viewpoint of environmental protection, it has been studied to reuse raw garbage discharged from households as fertilizer. For example, Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-338380) discloses a method of fertilizing raw garbage to obtain a fertilizer. Specifically, in this document, about 600 g of garbage is put into a 23 liter expanded polystyrene box, half of the garbage is added by volume to the same amount of humus and stirred with a transplanting iron, and fermented for about one month. It is disclosed that a fertilizer is obtained by performing (Patent Document 1 Example).

  Patent Documents 2 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-236513) and 3 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-289333) disclose methods for treating fertilizer using earthworms to obtain fertilizer. Specifically, these documents describe a method for obtaining a fertilizer by processing raw garbage by placing raw garbage on a living floor and feeding the earthworm as food.

JP 2002-338380 A JP 2003-236513 A JP 2006-289333 A

  Methods for obtaining fertilizer by feeding food wastes to earthworms have been studied, but these methods have not been sufficient in production efficiency. In view of such circumstances, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing fertilizer from raw garbage, which is more excellent in productivity.

  As a result of intensive studies, the inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by treating raw garbage with earthworm excrement, and have completed the present invention. That is, this invention provides the manufacturing method of a fertilizer including the fermentation process which mixes and ferments a garbage and earthworm manure. The manufacturing method may include a pretreatment step of adding a fermentation accelerator to garbage. The mixing amount of the earthworm dung is preferably 300 to 500 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of garbage. Although the said fermentation process should just be 1 week or more, it is preferable that it is 1-3 weeks.

  According to the present invention, a method for producing fertilizer from raw garbage with excellent productivity can be provided.

It is a figure which shows the outline | summary of the aggregate structure of earthworm dung. It is a figure which shows the outline | summary of a fertilizer manufacturing apparatus.

1. Manufacturing method of fertilizer of this invention The manufacturing method of the fertilizer of this invention includes the fermentation process which mixes and ferments raw garbage and earthworm manure.
(1) Fermentation process In this process, earthworm dung is mixed with raw garbage and fermented. In the present invention, fermentation refers to producing an organic compound using microorganisms. In the present invention, aerobic fermentation is preferred.

1) Garbage Garbage is garbage containing food waste. In the present invention, raw garbage includes raw garbage discharged from households and raw waste discharged from establishments such as food processing plants or restaurants. The garbage used in the present invention preferably contains vegetable waste. If vegetable waste is used as a raw material, fertilizer with high nutritional value can be obtained efficiently. In particular, when the vegetable waste is a leaf vegetable waste, the surface area is large, so the fermentation is fast and the fertilizer can be produced efficiently. Leaf vegetables are vegetables whose leaves are edible, and typical examples thereof include, but are not limited to, cabbage, lettuce, rape, komatsuna, chingensai, leek, leek, Chinese cabbage, and spinach.
Moreover, it is preferable that the garbage to be used in the present invention includes seaweed waste such as seaweed and kelp. Since seaweed waste also has a large surface area, fertilizer can be produced efficiently using this.

2) Earthworm droppings Earthworm droppings are earthworm excretion obtained by feeding earthworms with organic sludge, food processing waste, livestock excrement, human waste and sewage sludge. An earthworm is an animal belonging to the annelid oleander. In the present invention, from the viewpoint of availability and the like, earthworms classified into the earthworm family and the earthworm family are preferable, and the earthworm is particularly preferable.

i) Structure The earthworm excreta used in the present invention preferably has a aggregate structure. The aggregate structure is a structure having an aggregate 1 formed by aggregating a plurality of aggregates 2 and a gap 6 between aggregates, as schematically shown in FIG. The aggregate is a grain having a minute intragranular gap 4 formed by combining fine particles of manure via a paste-like organic substance. The pasty organic substance is an adhesive substance produced by decomposing organic substances by microorganisms or the like.

  The aggregate 1 can allow air to pass through the aggregate 1 through the intergranular gap 4 and the intergranular gap 6. For this reason, it is easy to perform aerobic fermentation. In order to further improve the air permeability, the diameter of the aggregate is preferably about 0.1 to 0.2 mm.

  The earthworm dung used in the present invention may be particles formed by further agglomerating the aggregates. The average particle diameter of the earthworm excrement particles used in the present invention is preferably 0.1 to 0.6 mm. Earthworm excrement particles having such an average particle diameter are excellent in handleability. The average particle size is obtained by measuring the particle size of a plurality of particles from a microscopic image. When the particles are not spherical, the average particle diameter is the average value of the short diameter and the long diameter.

ii) Method for producing earthworm dung The earthworm dung used in the present invention is preferably produced by feeding the earthworm to a food containing fungus mushrooms of shiitake mushroom. Shiitake fungus bed waste is waste of the fungus bed used for cultivation of shiitake mushrooms. The fungus bed is a medium for mushroom cultivation, which is a medium in which a nutrient source is mixed with a woody base material such as sawdust. Use of earthworm feces produced by earthworms that have eaten a diet containing shiitake mushroom beds facilitates aerobic fermentation.

iii) Mixing amount of earthworm dung The mixing amount of earthworm dung is preferably 300 to 500 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of garbage. If the mixing amount is less than 300 parts by mass, the fermentation may not proceed sufficiently. Further, when the mixing amount exceeds 500 parts by mass, the cost may increase. Although the mixing method of earthworm droppings is not particularly limited, it is preferable to add earthworm droppings to the garbage filled in the container and stir and mix. Although the temperature at the time of mixing is not specifically limited, 10-30 degreeC is preferable from a viewpoint of activity maintenance of an aerobic organism. However, as will be described later, the garbage may be pretreated, and in this case, the fermentation of the garbage may have already begun. In such a case, the temperature of the mixture may exceed 30 ° C.

3) Mixing and fermentation method It is preferable that raw garbage and earthworm excrement are charged into a container or the like in the amount as described above and mixed thoroughly. The mixing means is not limited, but may be mixed by hand or may be mixed using a known mixer. Under the present circumstances, it is preferable that a mixture contains 50-80 mass% water | moisture content with respect to the whole mixture. The amount of water can be adjusted by adding water to the mixture by spraying or the like. Since the appearance of the mixture containing about 70% by mass of water is almost the same as the color of the soil when it rains, an indication of the amount of water can be obtained from the appearance. It is preferable to adjust the amount of water so that the mixture keeps the water during fermentation.

  Fermentation is preferably performed with the container open. If the container is sealed and fermentation is performed, mold and rot may occur. Moreover, it is preferable to cover the exposed surface of the mixture in the container with earthworm dung. Specifically, it is preferable to spread earthworm droppings so that a layer of about 0.5 to 2 cm of earthworm droppings is formed on the exposed surface of the mixture. If it does in this way, generation | occurrence | production of mold | fungi and decay can be prevented, and also it can suppress that a mixture emits a bad smell.

  Fermentation time varies depending on the ambient temperature and the type of garbage. When the raw garbage contains 10% by mass of leaf vegetable waste or seaweed waste, the fermentation time is preferably about 1 week. Moreover, when raw garbage mainly contains a blocky waste, fermentation time is preferable about 2-3 weeks. A lump-like waste refers to a waste having a major axis of about 1 to 2 cm or more.

4) Effect of earthworm feces According to the present invention, fermentation time can be shortened as compared with conventional methods. The reason for this is not clear, but it is considered that the earthworm dung used in the present invention has a aggregate structure and thus has good air permeability and promotes aerobic fermentation. Furthermore, since the earthworm manure of this invention contains many microorganisms useful for aerobic fermentation, it is thought that aerobic fermentation is accelerated | stimulated further. As described above, when using earthworm dung produced by eating food containing shiitake mushroom bed cake, the earthworm dung soil contains few harmful fungi that can cause corruption of raw garbage. The fermentation time can be further reduced.

(2) Pretreatment process In the present invention, a fermentation accelerator may be mixed and added to the garbage as a pretreatment of the fermentation process. The fermentation promoter refers to a drug containing a substance containing a microorganism that promotes fermentation or a substance that promotes the growth of the microorganism. In the present pretreatment step, it is preferable to use a fermentation accelerator that can make the system acidic (pH 3 to 4) because it can more effectively prevent raw garbage from being spoiled by various bacteria. The pH of the system is determined from the extracted water obtained by extracting 1 part by mass of the sample (garbage) with 10 parts by mass of water. Examples of such fermentation promoters include facultative anaerobic fermentation promoters (eg facultative anaerobic lactic acid bacteria).
The temperature when mixing garbage with the fermentation accelerator is preferably 10 to 30 ° C. from the viewpoint of maintaining the activity of the accelerator. Moreover, the mixing amount of the fermentation promoter may be a commonly used amount.

2. Fertilizer obtained by the present invention 1) Characteristics The fertilizer obtained by the present invention has a high nutritional value because it includes nutrients derived from raw garbage and nutrients derived from earthworm dung. The fertilizer obtained in the present invention is fertilized with 1.5 kg per 1 m ^{2 of} general soil, and the nutrient concentration in the soil after 7 days is preferably as follows. The following items are required based on the fertilizer analysis method established by the National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences.

Ammonia nitrogen: 0.05-1mg / 100g
Nitrate nitrogen: 15-25mg / 100g
Available phosphoric acid: 100-200 mg / 100 g
Available iron: 5-200ppm
Exchangeable manganese: 20 to 40 ppm
Exchangeable lime CaO: 260 to 350 mg / 100 g
Exchangeable powdery MgO: 100-200 mg / 100 g
Exchangeable Kali K ₂ O: 50 to 70 mg / 100 g
Ammonia nitrogen is nitrogen present in the form of an ammonium salt. This concentration is obtained by extracting a sample with a 2M aqueous potassium chloride solution, making the extract alkaline, converting the ammonium salt to ammonia, steam distillation, fractionating the ammonia, and determining the concentration. Nitrate nitrogen is nitrogen that exists in the form of nitric oxide like nitrate ions. This concentration is as follows: 1) Extract the sample with 2M aqueous potassium chloride solution, charge the extract with a reducing metal such as Devarta alloy, and reduce nitrite and nitrate ions to ammonium ions. 2) The solution is made more alkaline, ammonium ions are converted into ammonia, ammonia is quantified by steam distillation, and 3) it is obtained by subtracting the ammonia nitrogen concentration obtained separately from this value.

  Available phosphoric acid and iron are the amounts of phosphoric acid and iron in the soil that are not directly used by plants but can be transformed into forms used by plants by the action of microorganisms. Exchangeable lime etc. are the ratio of lime etc. which occupy for the cation exchange capacity in soil. The cation exchange capacity is the amount of cation that a certain amount of soil can hold.

The soil preferably has the following characteristics.
pH: 7-9
Electrical conductivity (EC): 110-200 ms / m
Base substitution capacity (CEC): 10-20
The pH and electrical conductivity are determined from the extracted water obtained by extracting 1 part by weight of the sample with 10 parts by weight of water in accordance with the fertilizer analysis method defined by the National Institute for Agricultural Environment. Base displacement capacity is the ability of the soil to retain anions.

  When leaf vegetable waste such as cabbage or Chinese cabbage is used as raw garbage, fertilizers rich in iron and calcium can be obtained. When seaweed waste such as seaweed is used as raw garbage, fertilizers rich in calcium can be obtained.

2) Use The fertilizer obtained by this invention is a safe organic fertilizer obtained from the raw garbage discharged | emitted from a household etc., and can be utilized widely for cultivation of a plant.

3. Fertilizer Manufacturing Apparatus The fertilizer manufacturing method of the present invention can be arbitrarily implemented within a range that does not impair the effects of the invention. Hereinafter, a preferable apparatus for carrying out the manufacturing method of the present invention will be described.

  A preferred apparatus for carrying out the present invention includes raw containers and earthworm feces soil, an inner container having an open top for fermenting them, and a plurality of raw garbage and earthworm excrements charged at different times. The said inner container is equipped with the outer container for arranging and storing in time series of preparation time. FIG. 2 shows an overview of the device. In FIG. 2, 10 is an inner container, 20 is an outer container, and 30 is a mixture of garbage and earthworm excrement.

(1) Inner container The inner container 10 is a container in which the top surface for charging raw garbage and earthworm dung and fermenting them is opened. Although the present invention can use garbage discharged from establishments such as homes and restaurants, it is preferable that these garbage be processed every day. Therefore, it is preferable that the capacity of the inner container 10 is a size suitable for the daily garbage processing. In consideration of the amount of earthworm feces mixed, when using household garbage, the capacity of the inner container is preferably 0.2 to 2 liters, more preferably 0.5 to 1 liter. Moreover, when using the garbage from an office, the capacity | capacitance of an inner container is 1-50 liters, and 5-10 liters is more preferable.

  Although an arbitrary container may be used as the inner container 10, a plastic container is preferable from the viewpoint of handleability and the like. The shape of the container is not limited, but in the present apparatus, since a plurality of inner containers 10 are arranged and accommodated in the outer container 20, a rectangular solid or a cube is preferable.

(2) Outer container The outer container 20 is a container for storing a plurality of the inner containers 10. As described above, the garbage 10 and earthworm excrement discharged are charged and mixed in the inner container 10. Usually, since it is preferable to charge raw garbage and earthworm excrement in one inner container 10 about once a day, a plurality of inner containers 10 having different charging times can be obtained. As shown in FIG. 2, these are stored in the outer container 20 in chronological order of preparation time. Then, fermentation progresses and fertilizer is completed in the order of preparation. As described above, since the time required for the fermentation is about 1 to 3 weeks, the outer container can hold the inner container 10 of 5-25 amino extent, the finished fertilizer, the cycle of the charge of garbage efficiency It is preferable because it can rotate well. This apparatus may have a plurality of outer containers 20.

[Example 1]
5 kg of cabbage and Chinese cabbage waste were prepared as raw garbage. Earthworm dung was added to the garbage. The soil in the field was dug to form a rectangular parallelepiped hole with a depth of 50 cm, a length of 60 cm and a width of 30 cm, and the garbage was inserted into the hole.

The mixture was then allowed to stand at a soil temperature of 20 ° C. and fermented for 1 week to obtain a fertilizer. The cabbage and Chinese cabbage were not found in the fertilizer.
The fertilizer obtained from the rectangular parallelepiped used to obtain the fertilizer was taken out, 5 g of soil on the side of the rectangular parallelepiped was collected, and the analysis results are shown in Table 1.

[Example 2]
5 kg of cabbage and Chinese cabbage waste were prepared as raw garbage. As a fermentation promoter, a commercially available EM fungus that is a symbiotic organism composed mainly of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and photosynthetic bacteria was prepared. EM bacteria were dispersed in water to obtain a dispersion diluted 10 times. Raw garbage was immersed in this dispersion for 2 to 3 days, and earthworm dung was added to the raw garbage after immersion. The soil in the field was dug to form a rectangular parallelepiped hole with a depth of 50 cm, a length of 60 cm and a width of 30 cm, and the garbage was inserted into the hole.

The mixture was then allowed to stand at a soil temperature of 20 ° C. and fermented for 1 week to obtain a fertilizer. The cabbage and Chinese cabbage were not found in the fertilizer.
The fertilizer obtained from the rectangular parallelepiped used to obtain the fertilizer was taken out, 5 g of soil on the side of the rectangular parallelepiped was collected, and the analysis results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 also shows the results of a similar analysis of the original field soil and earthworm feces. From this result, it is clear that the fertilizer obtained in the present example can elute calcium and iron in the soil.

[Example 3]
A fertilizer was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2 except that 5 kg of wakame waste was used as raw garbage. The results are shown in Table 1. From this result, it is clear that the fertilizer obtained in this example can be dissolved in soil with abundant calcium.

1 Aggregates of aggregates 2 Aggregates 4 Interstices of aggregates 6 Interstices of aggregates 10 Inner container 20 Outer container 30 Mixture of garbage and earthworm dung

Claims (8)

  The manufacturing method of a fertilizer including the process of mixing and fermenting raw garbage and earthworm manure.   The production method according to claim 1, further comprising a pretreatment step of adding a fermentation accelerator to the raw garbage before the step of mixing and fermenting the raw garbage and earthworm excrement.   The manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein the pretreatment step is a step of preparing acidic garbage.   The manufacturing method in any one of Claims 1-3 whose mixing amount of the said earthworm manure is 300-500 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of garbage.   The manufacturing method in any one of Claims 1-4 with which the said garbage contains vegetable waste or seaweed waste.   The manufacturing method of Claim 5 whose said vegetable waste is leaf vegetable waste.   The manufacturing method in any one of Claims 1-6 whose said fermentation process is 1-3 weeks. A time series of the charging time of an inner container in which the top surface is opened for fermenting raw garbage and earthworm excrement, and multiple inner containers in which raw garbage and earthworm excrement are charged at different times The fertilizer manufacturing apparatus of Claim 1 provided with the outer container for storing in order.

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