AU2014250680B2 - An Energy Retention and Water Manufacture Process for the Conversion of Organic Matter which Fosters Carbon Sequestration - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for the conversion of organic material into an output product comprising the steps of: a) Introducing an inoculant to the organic material, the inoculant comprising a combination of aerobic micro-organisms, anaerobic micro-organisms and heterotrophic micro-organisms, and including photosynthetic micro-organisms to form an inoculated organic material product; b) Forming the inoculated organic material product into one or more heaps; c) Covering the one or more heaps such that a seal is formed around the one or more heaps so as to substantially maintain the level of moisture within the one or more heaps; and d) Subjecting the inoculated organic material product to a continuous fermentation process to form the output product, the continuous fermentation process simultaneously comprising aerobic, anaerobic and heterotrophic activity.

Description

I AN ENERGY RETENTION AND WATER MANUFACTURE PROCESS FOR THE CONVERSION OF ORGANIC MATTER WHICH FOSTERS CARBON SEQUESTRATION TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present invention relates to a waste and organic matter conversion process. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for the conversion of organic material using minimal energy input and which substantially retains the energy incumbent in the material being converted. The invention has as primary outcomes the incubation of processes which result in the sequestration of atmospheric elements including carbon and nitrogen and the manufacture of water both during the conversion process and subsequently in a soil environment. BACKGROUND ART [0002] Organic material (such as unused food, residual offal, sludge and organic process residues) is a significant source of waste. In Asia, and many other parts of the world, organic wastes and in particular putrescent wastes including food wastes and manures are an issue of major concern for local and national governments. For instance, it is estimated that some 6.7 million tonnes of food is discarded every year in the United Kingdom alone. In the United States, it is estimated that up to half of the food harvested in the country is never eaten while substantial volumes of unused organic material are generated during food processing and production including animal husbandry activities. Public health issues arising from vermin or other contamination and the production of negative by-products (such as odour species) have consistently restricted the use of putrescible organic materials in conversion to a useable product. In addition, traditional methods of handling and conversion of such materials depend primarily upon the degradation of the material either naturally or in a fostered or managed process resulting in wholesale loss of nutrient content and other benefits of the material. As a result, the by-products of such conversion processes are typically low in nutrient, reactive or other value and as such have a low commercial value. [0003] Typically processes for organic conversion of putrescible materials also require or involve the incorporation or buy-in of other materials (including inert cellulose or carbon rich material, nitrogen rich elements, etc.), energy in the form of mechanical manipulation, heat or other input in order to provide a balanced nutrient stock from which to allow or foster the degradation of the material concerned. This aspect of conventional processes increases the volumetric load on facilities, the cost of process and the footprint required and adds a risk of mismanagement to processes which may all work to reduce the commercial viability of the conversion process. Such handling methods have also been limited by the production of various gases and other substances which are a by-product of the processes themselves. Recently, organic conversion processes have been shown to be substantial contributors to the quantum of greenhouse gases produced in most societies, [0004] Thus, there would be an advantage if it were possible to provide a process for the conversion of organic material (including waste food, or other putrescent organic material) to a useful product (such as a top soil augmenter, a nutrient store, a water retention mechanism for soil, a bio-fertilizer or the like) which was not dependent upon the concurrent loss of nutrients or elements of the material and was able to achieve the necessary conversion without attracting vermin or other contamination and without creating public nuisance or health risks. Further, it would be an advantage if a method existed which during the conversion process incubated or fostered biological activity which results in the garnering of elements, beneficial characteristics or nutrients to the material which added value to the end product in calorific, or other terms rather than reducing such values in process. [0005] It would also be an advantage if a process for management and conversion of organic materials existed which did not result in the net production of harmful greenhouse gases or residues such as methane and carbon dioxide. [0006] In addition, there would be an advantage if it were possible to provide a process for the conversion of organic material that required the input of relatively low levels of energy to achieve the conversion, as well as reducing or eliminating the production of noxious gases and/or odours. It would further be an advantage if within the process of organic conversion the energy incumbent within the organic material could be substantially preserved. [0007] It would also be an advantage if a process could handle any type of concentrated material without the separate addition of carbon-based or nitrogen rich feedstocks. [0008] It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [0009] The present invention is directed to an organic material conversion process, which may at least partially overcome at least one of the abovementioned disadvantages or provide the consumer with a useful or commercial choice.

3 [0010] With the foregoing in view, the present invention in one form, resides broadly in a method for the conversion of organic material into an output product comprising the steps of: a) Introducing an inoculant to the organic material, the inoculant comprising a combination of 10%-80% w/w aerobic micro-organisms, 10%-80w/w anaerobic micro-organisms and 10%-80% w/w heterotrophic micro-organisms, wherein each of the aerobic micro-organisms, the anaerobic micro-organisms and the heterotrophic organisms comprise between 20% and 80% photosynthetic micro-organisms, the inoculant further including biologically available phosphorus present in an amount of up to 15% w/v to form an inoculated organic material product; b) Forming the inoculated organic material product into one or more heaps; c) Covering the one or more heaps such that a seal is formed around the one or more heaps so as to substantially maintain the level of moisture within the one or more heaps; and d) Subjecting the inoculated organic material product to a continuous fermentation process to form the output product, the continuous fermentation process simultaneously comprising aerobic, anaerobic and heterotrophic activity. [0011] Preferably, the continuous fermentation process involves the continuous biological production of low level sugars to support such fermentative biological activity and the fostering of a biologically supported internal convection process allowing movement of nutrients, biological elements and temperature throughout the one or more heaps. [0012] Any suitable organic material may be used in the method. For instance, vegetable matter (including fruits, vegetables, pulses, grains, grasses etc.) or animal matter (such as feedlot manure, poultry litter, meat, fish, dairy products and the like), or a combination thereof, may be used. The organic material may include fresh organic material, food scraps, waste material (including rotting food or other organic material such as green waste, manures, paper, cardboard, wood chips, spoilt hay, silage, weeds, vineyard and orchard waste, timber mill waste), biosolids or the like, or a combination thereof. [0013] In some embodiments of the invention, different types of organic material may be delivered to the desired location in separate deliveries (such as by truck or the like). Stockpiles of different types of organic material may be maintained on site, and the different types of organic material may be recovered from the stockpiles and blended together to create a desirable blend of organic material for treatment. [0014] The type of organic material used in the method is not critical to the invention.

3a However, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the organic material may include a mixture of materials that are rich in nitrogen (such as manures, food waste, lawn clippings etc.) and materials that are rich in carbon (such as straw, sawdust, green waste, paper etc.). In a _r preferred embodiment of the material, nitrogen-rich materials and carbon-rich materials may be mixed together to form the organic material. The organic material may be in solid or liquid form, although it is preferred that organic material in liquid form will only be used when there is sufficient other organic material to ensure that the liquid organic material is unable to leach or flow out of the other organic material. [0015] The mixing of nitrogen-rich materials and carbon-rich materials to form the organic material may be achieved using any suitable technique. For instance, one or more mechanical mixing devices (such as impellers or the like) may be used to mix the materials together. Alternatively, the materials may be mixed using vehicles such as a BobcatTM, front end loader, tractor, backhoe or the like. In other embodiments of the invention, mixing of materials to form the organic material may be performed manually, such as by workers using tools such as shovels. The mixing of nitrogen-rich materials and carbon-rich materials to form the organic material may be conducted at the location where the method is to be performed, or may be conducted remote from the location where the method is to be performed, and the organic material may be transported to the desired location. [0016] In some embodiments of the invention, the organic material may be subjected to a size reduction process prior to being inoculated. Any suitable size reduction technique may be used. For instance, the organic material may be crushed, ground, shredded, disintegrated, torn or the like, or any combination thereof. It is envisaged that the length of time for which the organic material is subjected to the size reduction process will vary depending on a number of factors including the type of organic material, the volume of organic material, the type of size reduction technique being used, the preferred particle size of the size reduced organic material product and so on. Although the size reduction process may be used for any organic material, it is envisaged that a size reduction process may be most beneficial where a proportion of the organic material is greater than 5cm in size (for instance, branches, large bones, animal carcasses etc.). [0017] Preferably, prior to inoculating the organic material, contaminants may be removed from the organic material. Any suitable contaminants may be removed, although it is envisaged that the contaminants that are removed from the organic material may comprise non-organic material, such as, but not limited to, objects made from plastic glass or metal. Specific examples of contaminants may include plastic or glass bottles, aluminium or steel cans, plastic lined cardboard, plastic bags, rocks and building waste including rubble and treated timber. [0018] Contaminants may be removed using any suitable technique. For instance, contaminants may be removed manually by one or more workers sorting through the organic material. Alternatively, contaminants may be removed mechanically, such as by using sorting devices such as screens, magnetic separators or the like. [0019] In other embodiments of the invention, the removal of contaminants prior to inoculation of the organic material may not be required, and any contaminants may remain in the inoculated organic material product during the continuous fermentation process. It is envisaged that the output product may be sorted or classified (such as by screening) at the completion of the continuous fermentation process, and it is during this sorting or classification process that any contaminants may be removed from the output product. [0020] The removal of contaminants from the output product (as opposed to from the organic material or the inoculated organic material product) is advantageous, as it reduces the amount of organic material lost during contaminant removal prior to the continuous fermentation. In addition, during conventional composting processes, the difficulty with removing contaminants from organic material prior to treatment often results in contaminants being present in the compost product. This reduces the value of the compost product and may even render it unusable. [0021] It is envisaged that, prior to inoculating the organic material, it may be desirable to pre-treat the organic material. Any suitable pre-treatment may be used, and it will be understood that the nature of the pre-treatment may vary depending on the constitution of the organic material. For instance, it may be desirable to subject the organic material to a pre-treatment process if the organic material contains relatively high levels of a particular substance. The pre treatment process may be a chemical treatment process, mechanical treatment process, or a combination of the two. Any suitable pre-treatment process may be used, although it is envisaged that the purpose of the pre-treatment process may be to generate conditions in the organic material that are conducive to the breakdown or digestion of a substance present in high levels in the organic material by the inoculant. Thus, in this embodiment of the invention, the pre-treatment process may include introducing one or more conditioning agents to the organic material. [0022] In a particular embodiment of the invention, organic material that contains relatively high levels of cellulose may be subjected to a pre-treatment process wherein a conditioning agent is added to the organic material. In this embodiment of the invention, the conditioning agent may be a source of carbohydrate for use by certain micro-organisms in the inoculant to enhance the rate at which cellulose is broken down by the micro-organisms. Any suitable source of carbohydrate may be used, such as, but not limited to, molasses or a molasses solution.

[0023] Similarly, organic material that contains relatively high levels of carbon-rich material may be subjected to a pre-treatment process. In this embodiment of the invention, it is envisaged that a conditioning agent may be introduced to the organic material. Any suitable conditioning agent may be used, such as, but not limited to, a conditioning agent having a relatively high nitrogen content. Suitable conditioning agents may include nitrogen-rich compounds such as chicken manure, urine or the like. [0024] As previously stated, the inoculant comprises a mixture of aerobic, anaerobic and heterotrophic micro-organisms. Any suitable proportion of micro-organisms may be present in the inoculant. For instance, the aerobic micro-organisms may comprise between 0.1 and 99.9% w/w of the inoculant, the anaerobic micro-organisms may also comprise between 0.1 and 99.9% w/w of the inoculant and the heterotrophic organisms may also comprise between 0.1 and 99.9% w/w of the inoculant. More preferably, the aerobic micro-organisms, anaerobic micro-organisms and heterotrophic organisms may each comprise between 10 and 80% w/w of the inoculant. Still more preferably, the aerobic micro-organisms, anaerobic micro-organisms and heterotrophic organisms may each comprise between 20 and 55% w/w of the inoculant. Yet more preferably, the aerobic micro-organisms, anaerobic micro-organisms and heterotrophic organisms may each comprise between 30 and 40% w/w of the inoculant. [0025] The photosynthetic micro-organisms may comprise any suitable proportion of the inoculant, and may be any suitable proportion of the aerobic, anaerobic micro-organisms and heterotrophic organisms. For instance, the photosynthetic micro-organisms may all be aerobic micro-organisms, or may all be anaerobic micro-organisms, or may all be heterotrophic organisms or may be a combination of aerobic, anaerobic and/or heterotrophic micro-organisms. Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, the photosynthetic micro-organisms may comprise between 0 and 95% aerobic micro-organisms and between 0 and 95% anaerobic micro organisms and between 0 and 100% heterotrophic micro-organisms. More preferably, the photosynthetic micro-organisms may comprise between 20 and 80% of each of aerobic, anaerobic or heterotrophic micro-organisms, still more preferably between 40 and 60% of each of aerobic, anaerobic and heterotrophic micro-organisms and yet more preferably about 50% of each of aerobic, anaerobic and heterotrophic micro-organisms [0026] The photosynthetic micro-organisms may comprise any suitable proportion of the total micro-organisms in the inoculant. For instance, between 0.1 and 100% of the micro organisms in the inoculant may be photosynthetic micro-organisms. More preferably, between 20 and 80% of the micro-organisms in the inoculant may be photosynthetic micro-organisms.

Still more preferably, between 40 and 60% of the micro-organisms in the inoculant may be photosynthetic micro-organisms. Yet more preferably, between 45 and 55% of the micro organisms in the inoculant may be photosynthetic micro-organisms. [0027] Preferably, at least a portion of the micro-organisms in the inoculant are low temperature fermentation micro-organisms. Such micro-organisms may include lactobacillus, yeasts and fungi. [0028] The inoculant may further include one or more detergents including bio-detergents. By bio-detergents it is meant detergents that arise from or rely on biological activity including but not limited to enzymatic activity to function. The bio-detergent may be present in an amount of up to 90% v/v of the inoculant. More preferably, the bio-detergent is present in an amount of less than 50% v/v of the inoculant. Still more preferably, the bio-detergent is present in an amount of less than 25% v/v of the inoculant. Most preferably, the bio-detergent is present in an amount of less than 10% v/v of the inoculant. [0029] The inoculant may further include a source of biologically available phosphorus and organisms which metabolise or solubilise available phosphorus. The available phosphorus in the inoculant may be present in an amount of up to 15% w/v of the inoculant. More preferably the available phosphorus in the inoculant is present in an amount of less than 5% w/v of the inoculant. Still more preferably the available phosphorus in the inoculant is present in an amount greater than 0.1% and less than 2% w/v of the inoculant. Most preferably, the available phosphorus in the inoculant is present in an amount greater than 0.5% and less than 1% w/v of the inoculant. The presence of phosphorus in the inoculant is desirable as it fosters photosynthetic activity. [0030] In some embodiments of the invention, more than one type of inoculant may be used in the method. [0031] In some specific embodiments of the invention, the inoculant may include purple non-sulphur producing heterotrophic photosynthetic bacteria, lactobacillus, yeasts, actinomycetes, Nocardia species, ray fungi, plankton and other chemoautotrophic bacteria. [0032] Preferably, the inoculant is of a variety that consumes certain contaminants and/or pollutants during the processing of the organic material. For instance, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the inoculant may consume gases such as (but not limited to) hydrogen sulphide, thereby reducing the odour generated by the process of the present invention.

0 [0033] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process may include steps to maintain populations of the micro-organisms in the inoculant (and preferably, effective populations) for a suitable period of time. More preferably the process includes steps to maintain populations of the micro-organisms in the inoculant (and preferably, effective populations) substantially indefinitely. [0034] The inoculant may be introduced to the organic material using any suitable technique. For instance, the inoculant may be introduced by spraying or pumping the inoculant onto the organic material. A hand-operated spray unit may be used (particularly if the volume of organic material is relatively small), or one or more hoses having spray or atomising nozzles may be directed towards the organic material so as to spray the organic material with inoculant. In other embodiments of the invention, the organic material may be located beneath an overhead sprinkler or spray nozzle that directs inoculant downwardly onto the organic material below. [0035] In other embodiments of the invention, the inoculant may be introduced to the organic material from a vehicle, such as a water tanker, fire fighting vehicle or the like. [0036] The inoculant may be introduced to the organic material in any suitable form. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, however, the inoculant may be introduced in the form of an inoculant solution. For instance, the inoculant may be diluted in water prior to being introduced to the organic material. [0037] In embodiments of the invention in which a second inoculant is used, it is preferred that at least a portion of the second inoculant comprises micronutrients extracted by fermentation from a range of ingredients including kelp, potassium humate, yeast fermentation activity (enzymes, proteins etc.), phosphoric acid, surface acting agents including alcohol and molasses. Preferably, the micronutrients include trace minerals, such as but not limited to boron, chlorine, iron, cobalt, chromium, copper, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc and molybdenum. The micronutrients may also comprise vitamins. Preferably, the micronutrients comprise greater than 20% v/v of the second inoculant. More preferably, the micronutrients comprise greater than 50% v/v of the second inoculant. Still more preferably, the micronutrients comprise greater than 75% v/v of the second inoculant. However, a skilled addressee will understand that the exact quantities of each component in the second inoculant are not critical, and any suitable proportion of each component may be used. [0038] The second inoculant may further include one or more detergents including bio detergents. By bio-detergents it is meant detergents that rely on biological activity including but not limited to enzymatic activity to function. The bio-detergent may be present in an amount of up to 90% v/v of the second inoculant. More preferably, the bio-detergent is present in an amount of less than 50% v/v of the second inoculant. Still more preferably, the bio-detergent is present in an amount of less than 25% v/v of the second inoculant. Most preferably, the bio detergent is present in an amount of less than 10% v/v of the second inoculant. However, a skilled addressee will understand that the exact quantities of each component in the second inoculant are not critical, and any suitable proportion of each component may be used. [0039] In embodiments of the invention in which two inoculants are used, it is envisaged that, in combination, the two inoculants may preferably include bio-detergents, live organisms, enzymatic elements and trace minerals. [0040] A skilled addressee will understand that the concentration of inoculant(s) in the inoculant solution, the quantities of inoculant(s) used, and the exact type of inoculant(s) used will be dependent on a number of factors. These factors include the type of organic material to be inoculated, the quantity of organic material to be inoculated, the moisture content of the organic material to be inoculated and so on. [0041] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the inoculated organic material product has a relatively high moisture content. Any suitable moisture content may be used, although in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the inoculated organic material product has a moisture content of between about 30% w/w and 80% w/w of the total mass of the inoculated organic material product. More preferably, the inoculated organic material product has a moisture content of between about 40% w/w and 60% w/w of the total mass of the inoculated organic material product. [0042] The desired moisture content of the inoculated organic material product may be achieved through the addition of the inoculant solution to the organic material. Alternatively, if necessary, the moisture content of the organic material may be increased through the addition of water, either prior to or after the introduction of the inoculant to the organic material. In other embodiments of the invention, organic materials having a low moisture content (such as paper based materials, sawdust, woodchips, grain and dry hay) may be soaked using water sprays or immersed in water prior to being inoculated so as to increase the moisture content of the organic material. [0043] Once the organic material has been inoculated, one or more heaps of inoculated organic material product are formed. The one or more heaps may be formed using any suitable I V technique. For instance, the inoculated organic material product may be manually formed into one or more heaps using tools such as shovels. More preferably, particularly when relatively large quantities of inoculated organic material product are being treated, the one or more heaps are formed by one or more load-shifting machines, such as a backhoe, front end loader, tractor, BobcatTM or the like. [0044] The one or more heaps may be formed to one or more specific sizes, volumes or shapes. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the one or more heaps are formed so as to minimise the surface area of the heap while simultaneously maximizing the internal volume of the heap. Therefore, it is envisaged that a heap will be formed from as much inoculated organic material as possible. [0045] In some embodiments of the invention, the heap may be formed as a windrow (i.e. an elongate heap having a greater length than width). In this embodiment of the invention, any suitable size windrow may be formed, and the exact dimensions of the windrow will be dependent on a number of factors, including the available space, the volume of organic material available and so on. However, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the windrow may be at least 8 metres in width and at least 4 metres in height. Thus, in a specific embodiment of the invention, it is preferred that the height of the windrow may be approximately half of the width of the windrow. [0046] Preferably, the one or more heaps are formed so as to reduce or minimise the ratio of surface area of the heap to the volume of the heap. [0047] Alternatively, particularly when smaller quantities of inoculated organic material are present, the heap may be formed having an approximately circular base. [0048] In some embodiments of the invention, the one or more heaps may be constructed such that a concave shape is formed in the upper surface of the one or more heaps. The concave shape may assist in moisture reticulation throughout the one or more heaps. For instance, forming the one or more heaps in this manner may assist in establishing convection currents within the one or more heaps so that water that condenses on the covers over the heaps will run into the concave recess in the upper surface of the heaps and re-enter the inoculated organic material product. In this way, water is substantially prevented from condensing at the edges of the heaps and being lost as run off. [0049] By forming the heaps in this manner, and providing a seal around the heap formed by the covers, the loss of moisture from the heap during the continuous fermentation process may be reduced or eliminated. Thus, the heaps may be maintained at their desired moisture content throughout the continuous fermentation process without the need to add additional water to the heaps, or with the addition of only relatively small quantities of water. [0050] An advantage of this is that the micro-organisms in the inoculant may travel through the heaps using water pathways. Thus, while the heaps themselves may be static, the circulation of water through the heaps ensures that micro-organisms constantly move throughout the heaps, ensuring that the continuous fermentation process occurs throughout substantially the entire heap. [0051] Another advantage of forming the heaps in the manner described above is that the temperature of the heaps may be substantially regulated by the moisture recirculating through the heaps. As moisture from the heaps rises, condenses on the covers over the heaps and is at least partially re-directed towards the centre of the heaps, the temperature remains relatively constant through the heaps. Thus, an effective mixing and generalised heating system is generated through the formation of the heaps rather than being concentrated in one or more locations within the heap. [0052] It will be understood that, in some embodiments of the invention, the one or more heaps may be formed prior to introducing the inoculant to the organic material. [0053] Although the loss of moisture from the one or more heaps may be substantially precluded by maintaining the level of moisture within the heaps, it is envisaged that, in some embodiments of the invention, small amounts of moisture may be lost from the one or more heaps. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the one or more heaps may be formed on an area of ground in which any run-off from the one or more heaps will be substantially precluded from leaching into the earth. By precluding run-off from leaching into the earth, the risk of soil and/or groundwater contamination may be significantly reduced, if not eliminated. [0054] Any suitable areas of ground may be used. For instance the ground on which the one or more heaps are formed may comprise compacted earth or gravel. Alternatively, the one or more heaps may be formed on a pad, such as a concrete pad. [0055] It is envisaged that, in preferred embodiments of the invention, the area on which the one or more heaps are formed will be provided with collection means for collecting any run-off (leachate) from the one or more heaps. Any suitable collection means may be provided, such as one or more channels, bunds, collection tanks or the like, or a combination thereof. The collected run-off may be returned to the one or more heaps or may be stored as required.

I / [0056] As previously stated, once formed, the one or more heaps are covered so as to form a seal that substantially maintains the level of moisture within the one or more heaps during the continuous fermentation process. Covering the one or more heaps may also assist in reducing the impact of environmental issues such as the creation of odours and dust, infestation by vermin and so on. Any suitable cover may be used, such as one or more sheets of waterproof material, including tarpaulins, silage covers or the like. Preferably, the one or more sheets of material are secured in place (such as by being weighed down with heavy objects, secured to one or more anchors or the like) to prevent the one or more sheets of material from being damaged or from uncovering the heaps. Alternatively, a cap (such as a clay cap) may be used to cover the one or more heaps and form the seal. [0057] The seal around the one or more heaps may be formed using any suitable technique, such as by sealing the covers to the ground using weights, adhesives or the like. Alternatively, the covers may project a distance into the ground so as to form the seal. In the case of a clay cap, the contact between the clay cap and ground around the one or more heaps may be sufficient to substantially maintain the level of moisture within the one or more heaps. In other embodiments of the invention, a pressure differential may be created between the atmosphere surrounding the one or more heaps and the ambient atmosphere in order to substantially maintain the level of moisture within the one or more heaps. [0058] In addition, covering of the one or more heaps provides numerous other benefits. For instance, the covering of the one or more heaps may assist in maintaining the stability of the temperature within the one or more heaps within the desired range despite external or ambient temperatures. This assists in ensuring that the desired biological activity takes place generally throughout the one or more heaps without the need for mechanical mixing, and ensures that the rate of biological activity is maintained at a desired level throughout the heap. [0059] Another benefit of covering the one or more heaps is to reduce moisture loss that would otherwise occur if the heaps were uncovered and exposed to the elements. As will be discussed in more detail later, maintaining a relatively high moisture content within the one or more heaps assists in maintaining a predominantly fermentative treatment process within the one or more heaps. A reduction in the moisture content results in a reduction in the fermentative treatment, leading to reduced efficiency as well as a possible increase in undesirable biological activity [0060] As previously stated, in order to form the output product, the inoculated organic material product is subjected to a continuous fermentation process that simultaneously comprises aerobic, anaerobic and heterotrophic activity. While the processes occur simultaneously, it is envisaged that, in the initial stages of the process, the dominant microbial activity may be aerobic and/or heterotrophic photosynthetic activity. Typically, aerobic and heterotrophic photosynthetic activity occurs at higher temperatures. [0061] It is envisaged that, in some embodiments of the invention, the continuous fermentation process may be fostered by a combination of organisms that produce low level carbohydrates (i.e. the photosynthetic micro-organisms) and organisms that feast upon sugars (such as yeasts, lactobacillus and fungi). The ability to continuously produce sugars in the fermentation process (through heterotrophic organisms that are not affected by variations in oxygen levels within the heaps) ensures that populations of yeast and aerobic fungi are maintained within the heaps regardless of the age of the organic material and after residual carbohydrates in the organic material have been consumed. [0062] The ability of the present method to provide a constant source of nutrients for yeasts and fungi results in the generation by these organisms or enzymes required to digest organic matter. In comparison to the oxidation of cellulose used in prior art processes, enzymatic digestion is consistent, requires significantly less energy and produces a range of different substrates for the re-assembly of material. [0063] Similarly, the oxidation of cellulose produces off-gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane, NOx, water vapour and the like), unlike the continuous fermentation process of the present invention. This is a significant advantage, as the lack of off-gases produced by the method of the present invention means that the calorific, nutritive and total mass values of the output product are not eroded during the course of the continuous fermentation process by virtue of the wholesale loss of gases. In stark contrast, oxidative processes focus on the degradation and dissipation of elements of the material which typically end up as greenhouse gases. Instead, the present invention fosters carbon and nitrogen sequestration and organic acid formation resulting from the inoculation of the organic material. [0064] It is envisaged that, during the initial stages of the process, the aerobic and/or heterotrophic photosynthetic microbial activity may reduce the oxygen level within the one or more heaps. Thus, after the initial stages of aerobic and/or heterotrophic photosynthetic microbial activity, the dominant microbial activity in the one or more heaps may be anaerobic activity. [0065] Preferably, the combination of predominantly anaerobic microbial activity and I _r relatively high moisture content within the one or more heaps results in a predominantly fermentative treatment process within the one or more heaps. [0066] The continuous fermentation process may be conducted over any suitable period of time, and it will be understood that the length of the continuous fermentation process required to produce the desired quality of output product may vary depending on a number of factors, including the size of the one or more heaps, the type of organic material used, the type of inoculant used, the quantity of inoculant used, the moisture content of the one or more heaps, environmental factors such as ambient temperature and so on. [0067] It is envisaged that, typically, the continuous fermentation process may be conducted for at least one month to produce the desired quality of output product. More preferably, the continuous fermentation process may take more than twelve weeks to produce the desired quality of output product. Still more preferably, the continuous fermentation process may take more than eighteen weeks to produce the desired quality of output product. Most preferably, it is envisaged that the continuous fermentation process may take between about 20 and 26 weeks to produce the desired quality of output product. [0068] Preferably, one or more properties of the inoculated organic material product are monitored during the continuous fermentation process. In this way, the conditions within the one or more heaps may be adjusted as required to ensure that an output product having the desired properties is produced. [0069] Any suitable properties of the inoculated organic material may be monitored, including (but not limited to) temperature, physical appearance, particulate size, moisture, odour, pH and the like. The properties of the inoculated organic material may be monitored using any suitable technique and over any suitable period of time. For instance, the properties of the inoculated organic material may be continuously monitored through the fermentation process, or may be monitored at regular intervals (e.g. weekly, daily, hourly etc.) or irregular intervals (i.e. on an ad-hoc basis). The properties of the inoculated organic material may be monitored during the entire fermentation process, or for a portion of the fermentation process (for instance, for an initial period only). [0070] Typically, the addition of further nutrients to the inoculated organic material product will not be required during the continuous fermentation process. This is because the manner in which the organic material is inoculated, the formation and management of the one or more heaps to foster biological activity and the co-ordination of the different biological processes in I1-) the fermentation process result in nutrient sequestration. Thus, the method of the present invention (and the fermentation process in particular) is operated in such a manner that no additional nutrients are added to the inoculated organic material product during the continuous fermentation process. Similarly, the method of the present invention (and the fermentation process in particular) is operated in such a manner that no balancing of nutrients is required during the continuous fermentation process. This is advantageous as it results in nitrogen fixation upon demand and/or the mobilisation and sequestration of a majority of (if not all) mineral nutrients. [0071] In specific embodiments of the invention, the temperature of the inoculated organic material may be monitored using temperature sensors such as temperature probes or temperature data recorders. [0072] While the exact temperature within the one or more heaps is not critical to the invention, it is envisaged that, in the early stages of the continuous fermentation process, the temperature in the one or more heaps may be greater than about 55C. While not critical, it is envisaged that the temperature in the one or more heaps may reach at least 55C (and preferably within a range of about 55C and 80'C) within about 24 hours of the commencement of the continuous fermentation process. [0073] Preferably, the temperature of the one or more heaps may be maintained at at least 55C for a period of time to destroy harmful or undesirable micro-organisms. For instance, maintaining a temperature of at least 55C for a period of time may eliminate or destroy seeds, weeds, spores, human and plant pathogens and diseases and the like. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a temperature of at least 55C may be maintained for a period of at least 3 days in order to pasteurise the one or more heaps. [0074] It is envisaged that, as the aerobic microbial activity within the one or more heaps begins to decline, and anaerobic microbial activity and fermentative processes become more dominant, the temperature of the one or more heaps may decrease and stabilise at temperatures of below about 65C. While not critical, it is envisaged that the temperature may stabilise at between about 40C and 65C. While dependent on a number of factors, it is envisaged that the temperature may stabilise at between about 40C and 65C between about 3 and 10 days from the commencement of the fermentation process. [0075] Contrary to conventional processes which require cooling of heaps by turning or moving in order to prevent spontaneous combustion, the heaps of the present invention do not I VJ require cooling. This is because at least a portion of the micro-organisms in the inoculant (such as yeasts, lactobacillus etc.) are low temperature fermentation micro-organisms which can convert the organic material at in low temperature fermentation rather than through oxidation. [0076] In addition, bacterial photosynthesis arising from the presence of photosynthetic bacteria in the inoculant (and which results in the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen ions) is an endothermic process, leading to a cooling effect within the heap. Thus, during the continuous fermentation process, an equilibrium may be reached between the endothermic bacterial photosynthesis process and other exothermic processes occurring in the heap, resulting in the temperature of the heaps being stabilised and substantially maintained at between about 40'C and 65'C. [0077] The formation of water by bacterial photosynthesis is advantageous in allowing some maintenance of the relatively high moisture content of the one or more heaps but is also important as a benefit applied to the output product and the value of the output product. By this it is meant that the continuous fermentation process acts as an incubator of a process which results in water manufacture in a soil environment. The output product thus acts as a transport media for this property. [0078] Thus, the present invention is advantageous in that the selection of micro-organisms in the inoculant can result in the substantially automatic management of the temperature, moisture content, nutrient balancing and hydrogen sulphide presence within the heaps during the continuous fermentation process without the need to turn or move the heaps. [0079] The pH of the one or more heaps may be monitored using any suitable technique. It is desirable, however, that the pH of the one or more heaps is maintained in the range of about 4.5 to 5.5 during the phase of the fermentation process where anaerobic microbial activity and fermentative processes become more dominant. [0080] Typically, the visual appearance of the one or more heaps is monitored by a worker or workers. It is envisaged that there may be a number of visual indicators that may be monitored to assess the progress of the fermentation process. The visual indicators may include the colour and appearance of the inoculated organic material and the presence of fungi on the surface of the one or more heaps. [0081] Preferably, the inoculated organic material in the one or more heaps may change to black, and it is preferred that the surface of the one or more heaps appears shiny or wet. Further, it is envisaged that fungi, such as red and purple fungi and/or actinomycetes (fungi that break 1 / down cellulose and woody material), may be visible on the surface of the one or more heaps, for instance in the form of a fine grey powder and or in the form of spreading mycelia. [0082] Typically, the odours generated from the one or more heaps during the fermentation process are monitored by a worker or workers. It is envisaged that, if the fermentation process is functioning correctly, minimal or no unpleasant odours should be generated by the inoculated organic material. [0083] The reason for the lack of odours generated by the process is that the conditions within the one or more heaps may be controlled so as to specifically incubate certain strains of photosynthetic bacteria. Preferably, during photosynthesis these certain photosynthetic bacteria access hydrogen from any hydrogen sulphide (or any similar substances) generated in the process. This hydrogen is used by the photosynthetic bacteria in the formation of carbohydrates (sugars) and water. [0084] As substances like hydrogen sulphide are often the sources of unpleasant odours, the use of these substances by the photosynthetic bacteria during photosynthetic activity results in a lack of unpleasant odours generated by the process. [0085] It is envisaged that certain strains of phototrophic bacteria that are incubated within the process will also generate carbohydrates (particularly in the form of sugars). The production of these carbohydrates supports the continual fermentation process that exists within the one or more heaps. [0086] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the fermentation process may result in the creation of one or more by-products. These by-products may be of any suitable form. However, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, one by-product of the fermentation process may be one or more organic acids, such as humic acid. These organic acids may assist in the management, adsorption and/or reduction of odours generated by the process and may provide a valuable element in the use or sale of the end product of the process. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, water is produced by photosynthetic bacteria during photosynthesis in and during the process. The incubation, within the process of this capacity to produce water may support the ability of the process to maintain a continuously fermentative environment over time and may also provide a valuable additional element in the use or sale of the end product of the process. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, nitrogen compounds may be sequestered from atmosphere and substances containing nitrogen formed in the one or more piles by certain biological activity after inoculation. The ability to sequester 1 0 nitrogen gas and form nitrogen compounds may significantly improve the capacity of the process to convert organic material which is high in carbon and may reduce the need to mix in material which contains nitrogen compounds when forming the organic material. [0087] It is envisaged that particulate carbon and humus formed in the process may also have adsorbent properties that may be relied upon to prevent the egress of unpleasant odours from the one or more piles and also act to absorb and store moisture. [0088] The process of the present invention may also result in the reduction of undesirable or harmful gases in the atmosphere. For instance, the photosynthetic process may result in the capture of one or more gases (including carbon dioxide, methane and the like) from the atmosphere. These captured gases may be used in the formation of carbon-containing substances within the one or more heaps, resulting in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon. [0089] Preferably, monitoring of the moisture content of the one or more piles is carried out during the fermentation process. Preferably, the monitoring of the moisture content is carried out relatively frequently in order to prevent the moisture content of the one or more heaps becoming too low. [0090] The moisture content of the one or more heaps may be determined using any suitable conventional technique, and no further discussion of these techniques is required. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, however, a plurality of samples of the inoculated organic material may be taken from different locations in the one or more heaps so that the moisture content of different parts of the one or more heaps may be determined. [0091] In some embodiments of the invention, samples of the inoculated organic material may be taken from the surface of the one or more heaps. More preferably, the samples may be taken from below the surface of the one or more heaps. For instance, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the samples may be taken from a particular distance into the one or more heaps from the surface. Samples may be taken from any suitable distance into the one or more heaps, although in a preferred embodiment the samples may be taken at a distance of between about 10cm and 20cm into the heap from the surface. [0092] If the moisture content of the one or more heaps is found to be below a desirable level (for instance, less than approximately 30% w/w of the inoculated organic material), water may be added to the one or more heaps so as to increase the moisture content of the one or more heaps to a desired level. Water may be added from any suitable water source and using any suitable technique.

[0093] As previously stated, the covers used to cover the heaps of inoculated organic material product are used to create a seal around the heaps. The covers may be sealed in any suitable manner (for instance, to the ground) and using any suitable technique. Preferably, by creating a seal around the heaps, the loss of moisture from the heap may be reduced or eliminated. [0094] This is particularly advantageous as uncovered heaps would quickly lose moisture, and would need to be turned to re-mix nutrients and continue the fermentation process. In addition, further water would need to be added to the uncovered heap. Further, due to the fact that an uncovered heap would require turning, the height and width to which the heap could be formed would be restricted. Finally, as moisture is lost from an uncovered heap, the risk of spontaneous combustion is increased, posing a significant risk to the health and safety of workers and the environment. [0095] In addition, the creation of a seal around the heap effectively forms a sealed system, effectively transforming the heap into a reaction vessel. Typically, the size of the heap will be larger and more cost-effective than a mechanical reaction vessel that would be used in more conventional processes. [0096] In some embodiments of the invention, additional inoculant may be added to the one or more heaps during the fermentation process. In this embodiment of the invention, additional inoculant may be added to the one or more heaps continuously or periodically. Alternatively, additional inoculant may be added only if required (for instance, if the biological activity within the one or more heaps is unacceptably slow). [0097] Additional inoculant may be added using any suitable technique. For instance, the one or more heaps may be sprayed or drip-fed with additional inoculant. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, however, the one or more heaps may be deconstructed (i.e. the inoculated organic material may be spread out in a relatively thin layer) prior to the addition of additional inoculant to the inoculated organic material. [0098] The additional inoculant may be added to the inoculated organic material using any suitable technique and in any suitable quantities, and a skilled addressee will understand that the same considerations for the addition of additional inoculant to the inoculated organic material exist as for the initial addition of inoculant to the organic material. [0099] The addition of additional inoculant may occur at any suitable time after the commencement of the fermentation process. However, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the addition of additional inoculant may occur between approximately 4 and 6 weeks after the initial addition of inoculant to the organic material. [00100] It is envisaged that, once the additional inoculant has been added, the inoculated organic material may again be formed into one or more heaps and covered to allow the fermentation process to continue. [00101] As the fermentation process approaches completion, it is envisaged that certain physical and/or visual changes may occur in the inoculated organic material. For instance, it is envisaged that the temperature within the one or more heaps may reach approximately ambient temperatures at the completion of the fermentation process. Similarly, it is envisaged that the pH of the one or more heaps may stabilise at an approximately neutral pH. [00102] In addition, it is envisaged that the visual appearance of the inoculated organic material may change to the visual appearance of the output product at the completion of the fermentation process. Typically, the output product may have the visual appearance of soil or mature compost. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the output product may have a dark brown or black colour when the fermentation process is complete. [00103] The output product may be of any suitable form. However, in some embodiments of the invention, it is envisaged that the output product may comprise a humus or humified soil that may be used for any suitable purpose (such as topsoil for fanning or land rehabilitation, soil or potting mixture for gardening or the like). [00104] In some embodiments of the invention, the output product may be subjected to a size separation or classification process (such as screening) prior to storage or use so as to remove any larger particles or contaminants that have not previously been removed. This is particularly the case when screening to remove contaminants is not carried out prior to the continuous fermentation process. It has been found that, in some circumstances, the ease and efficiency with which contaminants may be removed from the output product exceeds the ease and efficiency with which contaminants may be removed from the organic material. [00105] The present invention provides numerous benefits over the prior art. For instance, the present invention allows for the conversion of a wide variety of different organic material into a useful product. The process requires minimal infrastructure and labour, can be used at sites with no power and minimal water supply, can operate consistently with seasonally variable feed stocks, does not generate bad odours and can effectively manage the issue of pests or vermin, and produces a high quality product with minimal or no physical contamination.

/- I [00106] Another advantage of the present invention is that of water production. The present process is at least partially and in a preferred embodiment is substantially self-sustaining in terms of moisture retention due to the incubation and fostering of bacterial photosynthesis which results in the generation of water. This generated water and the capacity to at least partially replace lost water typically remains in the output product. This is in contrast to conventional composting processes which are typically water consumptive and produce a dry and inert final product. [00107] Any of the features described herein can be combined in any combination with any one or more of the other features described herein within the scope of the invention. [00108] The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that the prior art forms part of the common general knowledge. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [00109] Preferred features, embodiments and variations of the invention may be discerned from the following Detailed Description which provides sufficient information for those skilled in the art to perform the invention. The Detailed Description is not to be regarded as limiting the scope of the preceding Summary of the Invention in any way. The Detailed Description will make reference to a number of drawings as follows: [00110] Figure 1 illustrates a flowchart of a method for the conversion of organic material according to an embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [00111] In Figure 1 there is shown a flowchart of a method for the conversion of organic material according to an embodiment of the present invention. [00112] In this Figure, organic material is collected and transported 10 to the site at which the method will be performed. The organic material (or blend of organic materials) is spread out 11 so that any contaminants in the organic material may be removed 12. Spreading of the organic material is achieved using vehicles such as a loader, BobcatTM, or the like. The purpose of spreading the organic material is to make identifying and removing contaminants from the organic material simple and fast. [00113] It is envisaged that the organic material will be spread so as to form a layer of between about 300mm and 1000mm in depth, more preferably between about 300mm and 500mm in depth. This depth is preferred as it is shallow enough to allow for identification and removal of contaminants (where present) without requiring excessive labour in spreading the organic material too thinly. [00114] Preferably, the organic material contains a mixture of dry carbon-based material (such as wood, chipped pallets etc.), along with material containing more moisture (leaves, sludge cake, grass clippings etc.). [00115] Removal of contaminants may be achieved manually or through an automated process such as screening, magnetic separation or the like, or a combination thereof. [00116] Once contaminants have been removed from the organic material, the organic material is inoculated 13 with an inoculant comprising a mixture of aerobic micro-organisms and anaerobic micro-organisms, at least a portion of which comprise photosynthetic micro organisms. In this embodiment of the invention, the inoculant comprises approximately 50% aerobic micro-organisms and approximately 50% anaerobic micro-organisms, and about 50% of the total micro-organisms in the inoculant are photosynthetic micro-organisms. It is preferred that the layer of organic material is relatively thin so that the addition of inoculant allows good contact with the organic material with minimal or no mechanical mixing. [00117] In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 1, two inoculants are added to the organic material during inoculation. The first inoculant comprises the inoculant described above, while the second inoculant comprises approximately 90% v/v trace minerals and vitamins and approximately 10% v/v bio-detergents. [00118] The quantity of each of the two inoculants used will depend on the type of organic matter being inoculated. For instance, for organic materials containing manures or bio-solids or other wet organic inputs, approximately 1 litre of each of the two inoculants is applied for each approximately 10 m 3 of organic material. On the other hand, if the organic material comprises only green waste, dry leaves, chipped wood or similar materials, approximately 0.5 litres of each of the two inoculants is applied for each approximately 10 m 3 of organic material. [00119] The two inoculants may be combined in a single container and diluted with water at a ratio of approximately 1:1:10 (first formulation: second formulation: water) for application to the organic material (for instance, by spraying). [00120] The inoculants should be of a type capable of fostering and maintaining a preponderance of bacterial photosynthetic activity together with lactic acid production and a wide range of fungal activity. In particular, it is preferred that the selection of inoculants used should result in the formation of a population of grey-coloured aerobic fungal activity which display purple pigmentation under microscopic examination. [00121] During inoculation 13, water content of the organic material must be adjusted to approximately 60% w/w. The relatively high moisture content of the inoculated organic material ensures that circulation of the micro-organisms within the organic material is possible without the need for mechanical mixing. [00122] Preferably, the organic material comprises at least 30% w/w water prior to the addition of the diluted inoculant. [00123] Once inoculated, the organic material is formed into piles 14. This is achieved using one or more load-shifting machines, such as a backhoe, front end loader, tractor, BobcatTM or the like. [00124] Piles should be formed so that their height is equal to or greater than approximately 1.8m (typically between about 2m and 5m). It is envisaged that a depression will be included roughly the centre of the top of each pile, the depression being a minimum of 200mm from the top of the highest peak either side of the depression. The depression may be of any suitable shape, although in some embodiments a V- or U-shaped depression may be formed in the upper surface of the pile. In situations in which windrows are formed, it is preferred that the depression extends substantially along the entire length of the windrow. Ideally, a hose for adding water to the pile should be placed in the depression under the covers used to cover the pile. [00125] The covers should be weighted to allow the depression to be outlined, and to form a seal around the pile to substantially maintain the level of moisture within the pile (i.e. to substantially preclude the loss of water from the pile). The depression should not be allowed to remain full of water above the covers (i.e. to allow drainage of the depression to either end of the pile). [00126] The purpose of the depression is to create the conditions for the convection of water inside the covered pile so that a circulation of water and water vapour moves through the pile driven by internal and external temperature gradients. [00127] The covers should completely seal the pile from external contact or contamination and should be fabricated from a material which will prevent water egress or ingress. [00128] Once the piles have been formed and covered, incubation 15 occurs. The initial incubation period is between 6 and 12 weeks. During incubation, moisture content and temperature of the pile should be monitored. A moisture level of approximately 40% w/w should be maintained in the pile. The moisture content may be maintained through the addition of water to the pile. [00129] At the completion of the initial incubation period, the piles are uncovered and spread 16. The spreading of the piles is generally conducted so that a layer of organic material is formed with a depth of between about 500mm and 600mm. [00130] The organic material is inoculated 17 for a second time, the inoculation process being substantially identical to the initial inoculation process 13. After the organic material has been inoculated 17 for a second time, piles are again formed and covered 18. The process for forming the piles is substantially identical to the initial pile forming process 14. The second inoculation 17 is important to create a generational dominance change towards phototrophic organisms. [00131] After piles have been formed, further incubation 19 takes place. The incubation process 19 is substantially the same as the initial incubation process 15, except that the further incubation 19 is generally 14 to 20 weeks in length, although it is envisaged that the further incubation 19 could be carried out for up to 30 weeks or more. [00132] At the completion of the further incubation 19, the piles are uncovered and are screened 20. Any screen size may be used, although in the embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 1, the organic material is screened at both 20mm and 5mm so that three size fractions are produced. The fraction of the organic material that is less than 5mm in size is used as a high value humus rich soil ameliorant, while the fraction of the organic material in the 5mm to 20mm range is used as animal bedding, a potting mix additive, general mulch cover and so on. [00133] Particles over 20mm in size are checked for inorganic contaminants and, if present, these are removed. All remaining organic material is returned 21 to the start of the process to act as a partial inoculant for subsequent organic material treatment. [00134] The products in the under 5mm particle size range and 5mm to 20mm size range are packed 22 for transportation and eventual use. Any suitable packing technique and material may be used, although it is preferred that the packing material should provide at least some protection from water ingress and water egress. [00135] In the present specification and claims (if any), the word 'comprising' and its derivatives including 'comprises' and 'comprise' include each of the stated integers but does not exclude the inclusion of one or more further integers. [00136] Reference throughout this specification to 'one embodiment' or 'an embodiment' means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearance of the phrases 'in one embodiment' or 'in an embodiment' in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more combinations. [00137] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific to structural or methodical features. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to specific features shown or described since the means herein described comprises preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims (if any) appropriately interpreted by those skilled in the art.

Claims (18)

1. A method for the conversion of organic material into an output product comprising the steps of: a) Introducing an inoculant to the organic material, the inoculant comprising a combination of 10%-80% w/w aerobic micro-organisms, 10%-80% w/w anaerobic micro-organisms and 10%-80% w/w heterotrophic micro-organisms, wherein each of the aerobic micro-organisms, the anaerobic micro-organisms and the heterotrophic micro-organisms comprise between 20% and 80% photosynthetic micro-organisms, the inoculant further including biologically available phosphorus present in an amount of up to 15% w/v to form an inoculated organic material product; b) Forming the inoculated organic material product into one or more heaps; c) Covering the one or more heaps such that a seal is formed around the one or more heaps so as to substantially maintain the level of moisture within the one or more heaps; and d) Subjecting the inoculated organic material product to a continuous fermentation process to form the output product, the continuous fermentation process simultaneously comprising aerobic, anaerobic and heterotrophic activity.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the organic material comprises vegetable matter, animal matter or a combination thereof.

3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the organic material is a mixture of materials that are rich in nitrogen and materials that are rich in carbon.

4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the organic material is subjected to a size reduction process prior to being inoculated.

5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein a conditioning agent is introduced to the organic material prior to inoculation.

6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the inoculant includes purple non-sulphur producing heterotrophic photosynthetic bacteria, lactobacillus, yeasts, actinomycetes, Nocardia species, ray fungi, plankton and other chemoautotrophic bacteria.

7. A method according to claim 7 wherein the inoculant further includes a substrate.

8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein at least a portion of the micro-organisms in the inoculant are low temperature fermentation micro-organisms. 4/

9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the method further comprises the step of maintaining populations of the micro-organisms in the inoculant for a suitable period of time.

10. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the inoculant is introduced to the organic material by spraying or pumping the inoculant onto the organic material.

11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the inoculated organic material product has a moisture content of between about 30% w/w and 80% w/w of the total mass of the inoculated organic material product.

12. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the one or more heaps of inoculated organic material product are constructed such that a concave shape is formed in an upper surface of the one or more heaps.

13. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the continuous fermentation process is conducted for at least one month to produce a desired quality of the output product.

14. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein one or more properties of the inoculated organic material product are monitored during the continuous fermentation process.

15. A method according to claim 17 wherein the temperature of the inoculated organic material product is maintained at between about 40'C and 65'C during the continuous fermentation process.

16. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein additional inoculant is added to the one or more heaps during the continuous fermentation process.

17. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the output product comprises a humus or humified soil.

18. A method according to claim 1 wherein a second inoculant is introduced to the organic material, the second inoculant comprising micro-nutrients, and a bio-detergent present in an amount of less than 50% v/v of the second inoculant.