JP2011518865A - 細胞ストレス応答の調節を通したアルツハイマー病および関連障害の処置のための新たな治療アプローチ - Google Patents
細胞ストレス応答の調節を通したアルツハイマー病および関連障害の処置のための新たな治療アプローチ Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明の目的は、ADおよび関連障害を処置するための新たな治療アプローチを提供することである。
本発明は、ADまたは関連障害を処置するための新たな治療アプローチを提供する。本発明は、そのような疾患の有効な矯正を可能にし、そして患者の処置のために使用され得る薬物または薬物の組み合わせの新規の使用を開示する。
(1) − アルツハイマー病の家族性症例を原因として担う遺伝子との直接的相互作用(APP、ApoE、プレセニリン、タウタンパク質)、
(2) − 基準(1)によって選択される遺伝子の機能的パートナー;
(3) − 基準(2)によって選択される遺伝子の最も近い機能的パートナー。
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)、
− GABA作動性およびグルタミン酸作動性受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、アカンプロセート)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)、
− ナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)およびRYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)、
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびRYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)、
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)、
− ナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)、
− RYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)、
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、
− ナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、
− RYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、
− RHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、または
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびPDE11AおよびPDE4A、PDE5Aホスホジエステラーゼのインヒビター(好ましくは、タダラフィル)。
− フェンホルミンおよびゾニサミド、
− アカンプロセートおよびテルビナフィン、
− ゾニサミドおよびプリロカイン、
− フェンホルミンおよびプリロカイン、
− フェンホルミンおよびテルビナフィン、
− ゾニサミドおよびテルビナフィン、
− プリロカインおよびテルビナフィン、
− フェンホルミンおよびリファブチン、
− ゾニサミドおよびリファブチン、
− プリロカインおよびリファブチン、
− テルビナフィンおよびリファブチン、または
− フェンホルミンおよびタダラフィル。
経口使用のための処方物としては、非毒性の薬学的に許容され得る賦形剤との混合物中に活性成分を含む錠剤が挙げられる。これらの賦形剤は、例えば、不活性な希釈剤または充填剤(例えば、スクロース、微結晶セルロース、デンプン(バレイショデンプンを含む)、炭酸カルシウム、塩化ナトリウム、リン酸カルシウム、硫酸カルシウム、またはリン酸ナトリウム);造粒および崩壊剤(例えば、セルロース誘導体(微結晶セルロースを含む)、デンプン(バレイショデンプンを含む)、クロスカルメロースナトリウム、アルギン酸塩、またはアルギン酸);結合剤(例えば、アカシア、アルギン酸、アルギン酸ナトリウム、ゼラチン、デンプン、アルファ化デンプン、微結晶セルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム、メチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、ポリビニルピロリドン、またはポリエチレングリコール);ならびに潤滑剤、滑剤(glidant)、および抗接着剤(例えば、ステアリン酸、シリカ、またはタルク)であり得る。他の薬学的に許容され得る賦形剤は、着色料、香料、可塑化剤、湿潤剤、緩衝剤などであり得る。
水の添加による水性懸濁液の調製に適切な粉末、分散粉末、または顆粒は、経口投与のための好都合な投与形態である。懸濁液としての処方物は、活性成分を、分散または湿潤剤、懸濁剤、および1つ以上の保存料との混合物中で提供する。適切な懸濁剤は、例えば、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム、メチルセルロース、アルギン酸ナトリウムなどである。
医薬組成物を、注射、注入または埋め込みによって(静脈内、筋肉内、皮下など)、従来の非毒性の薬学的に許容され得る担体および佐剤を含む投与形態、処方物中で、または適切な送達デバイスもしくはインプラントを介して非経口で投与してもよい。そのような組成物の処方および調製は医薬処方物の当業者に周知である。
直腸適用について、組成物に適切な投与形態としては、坐薬(乳濁液または懸濁液型)、および直腸ゼラチンカプセル(溶液または懸濁液)が挙げられる。典型的な坐薬処方物において、活性薬物は、適切な薬学的に許容され得る坐薬基材、例えばカカオバター、エステル型脂肪酸、グリセリン化ゼラチン、および種々の水溶性または分散性基材、例えば、ポリエチレングリコールと組み合わされる。種々の添加物、増強剤または界面活性剤を組み込んでもよい。
医薬組成物を、マイクロスフェアおよびリポソームを含む、従来の非毒性の薬学的に許容され得る担体および賦形剤を含む投与形態または処方物中で経皮吸収のために皮膚上に局所的に投与してもよい。処方物としては、クリーム、軟膏、ローション、リニメント、ゲル、ヒドロゲル、溶液、懸濁液、スティック、スプレー、ペースト、プラスター、および他の種類の経皮薬物送達システムが挙げられる。薬学的に許容され得る担体または賦形剤は、乳化剤、抗酸化剤、緩衝剤、保存料、湿潤剤、浸透増強剤、キレート剤、ゲル形成剤、軟膏基材、香料、および皮膚保護剤を含んでもよい。
保存料、湿潤剤、浸透増強剤は、パラベン、例えば、メチルまたはプロピルp−ヒドロキシ安息香酸、および塩化ベンザルコニウム、グリセリン、プロピレングリコール、尿素などであってもよい。
組み合わせの薬物が同時に(同じかまたは異なるかのいずれかの医薬処方物中で)または逐次的に投与され得ることが理解される。逐次的な投与が存在する場合、第2の(または、追加の)活性成分の投与の遅延は、活性成分の組み合わせの有効な効果の利益が失われるようにすべきでない。本説明に従う組み合わせのための最小の要件は、組み合わせが、活性成分の組み合わせの有効な効果の利益を有して併用のために意図されるべきであるということである。意図される組み合わせの使用を、本発明による組み合わせの使用を助ける設備、規定、適用および/または他の手段によって推量することができる。
・フェンホルミン、経口、1日当たり約0.5〜5mg、およびリファブチン、経口、1日当たり約6〜60mg
・フェンホルミン、経口、1日当たり約0.5〜5mg、およびアラビトール、経口、1日当たり約50〜500mg
・タダラフィル、経口、1日当たり約0.05〜0.5mg、およびオメプラゾール、経口、1日当たり約0.4〜4mg
・シロスタゾール、経口、1日当たり約1〜10mg、およびオメプラゾール、経口、1日当たり約0.4〜4mg
・フェンホルミン、経口、1日当たり約0.5〜5mg、およびダサチニブ、経口、1日当たり約1〜10mg
・ダサチニブ、経口、1日当たり約1〜10mg、およびアカンプロセート、経口、約7〜70mg、1日3回
・ダサチニブ、経口、1日当たり約1〜10mg、およびテルビナフィン、経口、約2.5〜25mg、1日1回または2回。
インビトロアッセイを使用する薬物検証
インビトロアッセイは、ADに関係付けられる経路に作用する薬物およびその組み合わせの改良のための強力なツールである。本発明の薬物およびその組み合わせを、本発明において同定されたADネットワークに従って適合させた特異的インビトロアッセイに対する作用によって最適化する。その後、これらの分子またはその組み合わせを、ADのインビボモデルにおいて試験する。
ATCC(ATCC CRL-1721)からのPC12(褐色細胞腫、ラット、ATCC ref: CRL-1721)細胞を37℃の水中で迅速に融解した。上清を、15%の熱不活化ウマ血清(Invitrogen ref : 16050-130)、2.5%のウシ胎児血清(FBS;Invitrogen ref : 16000-036)、1%のペニシリン10,000U/mlおよびストレプトマイシン10mg/ml(PS;Pan Biotech ref : P06-07100)ならびに1%のL−グルタミン200mM(Pan Biotech ref : P04-80100)を含むダルベッコ改変イーグル培地DMEM−F12(Pan Biotech ref : P04-41450)を含む「PC12増殖培地」9ml中にすぐに入れた。
PC12細胞(継代#2)を、B27(2%;Invitrogen, Ref : 21103049)、ペニシリン(50U/ml)−ストレプトマイシン(50μg/ml)およびグルタミン(1%)および50ng/mlのNGF(Sigma Ref : N1408)を含むNeurobasal培地(Invitrogen, Ref : 21103049)中、3300細胞/cm2を基準にしてポリ−L−リジン(Sigma)で事前コーティングした96ウェルプレート(Greiner Ref : 655 180)中に播種する。NGFはPC12をシナプス性ニューロン様細胞に分化させる。
初代ラット皮質ニューロンを、Singer et al., 1999によって記載されるように培養する。簡潔には、妊娠15日の妊娠雌性ラットを頸部脱臼によって屠殺し(Wistarラット;Janvier)、そして胎児を子宮から取り出す。皮質を取り出し、そして1%のペニシリン−ストレプトマイシン(PS;Invitrogen)および1%のウシ血清アルブミン(BSA;Sigma)を含むLeibovitzの氷冷培地(L15;Invitrogen)中に入れる。20分間37℃でのカルシウムおよびマグネシウム不含PBS中で希釈したトリプシン処理によって(Trypson EDTA 1X;Invitrogen)皮質を解離させる。反応を、DNaseIグレードII(0.1mg/ml;Roche Diagnostic)および10%のウシ胎仔血清(FCS;Invitrogen)を含むダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(DMEM;Invitrogen)の添加によって停止する。次いで、細胞を、10mlピペットを3回通過させることによって機械的に解離させる。次いで、細胞を180×gで10分間10℃で遠心分離する。上清を捨て、そしてペレットの細胞を、B27(2%;Invitrogen)、L−グルタミン(0.2mM;Invitrogen)、1%のPS溶液および10ng/mlの脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF、Pan Biotech)を補充したNeurobasal(Invitrogen)からなる規定培養培地中に再懸濁する。生存細胞をNeubauer血球計数盤中でトリパンブルー排除試験を使用して計数する。細胞を96ウェルプレート(ウェルはポリ−L−リジンで事前コーティングされている(10μg/ml;Sigma))中30000細胞/ウェルの密度で播種し、そして37℃で湿潤空気(95%)/CO2(5%)雰囲気中で培養する。
2日の培養の後に、上清を収集し、そしてCytotoxicity Detection Kit(LDH, Roche Applied Sciences)を用いて分析する。細胞死の定量のためのこの比色アッセイは、上清中へ損傷細胞の細胞質ゾルから遊離された乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(LDH)活性の測定に基づく。光学密度(DO)を、マルチスキャン装置(Thermo, Ref Ascent)による492nm波長における分光光度計によって評価する。結果を、ネガティブコントロール(ビヒクル)と比較した、細胞生存率の百分率で表す。
図1および2に示す結果は、2つの独立した培養物(条件当たり6つのウェル)から抽出されている。全ての値を平均±s.e.平均で表す。両側スチューデントt検定分析が生データに対して行われている。結果を、コントロール(ビヒクル)と比較した、神経突起長の百分率で表す。
インビトロ試験において活性な化合物およびその組み合わせを、アルツハイマー病のインビボモデルにおいて試験した。アルツハイマー病関連変異ヒトアミロイドβタンパク質前駆体(APP)トランスジーンの過剰発現は、多数の研究においてAD疾患モデルとして作用するトランスジェニックマウスの脳におけるAβの沈着を促進する最も信頼できる手段であった。加齢とともに、これらの変異APPマウスは強いアミロイド病理および他のAD様特徴(減少したシナプス密度、反応性グリオーシス、およびいくらかの認知障害を含む)を発達させる。多くの変異APPマウスモデルは、明白なニューロン損失および神経原線維変化(NFT)病理の証拠をほとんど示さない。このBRI−Aβ42トランスジーンについてヘミ接合型のマウスは、正常な寿命を有して生存可能でありそして繁殖性である。トランスジェニックBRI−Aβ42 mRNAは、マウスプリオンタンパク質プロモーターに特徴的なパターンで発現される;最高のトランスジーン発現レベルは小脳顆粒細胞および海馬、続いて皮質、脳橋、視床、および中脳において検出される。トランスジェニック融合タンパク質において、Aβ1−42はフューリン様切断部位でBRIタンパク質のC末端に融合されており、その結果、切断によって管腔または細胞外空間中への効率的なAβ1−42分泌が生じる。それゆえ、これらのマウスはAβ1−42アイソフォームを特異的に発現する。ヘミ接合型BRI−Aβ42マウスは、加齢とともに界面活性剤不溶性アミロイドβを蓄積し、そして3月齢ほどの早期に小脳においてコア斑(cored plaque)を発達させる。前脳病理の発達が後に起こり、12月齢まで海馬および嗅内/梨状葉皮質中に細胞外Aβ斑は一貫して存在しない。アミロイドβ沈着(コア斑)は、3ヶ月ほどの早期にトランスジェニックマウスの小脳の分子層において観察され得、そして加齢とともにより明白になる;ところどころの細胞外斑が6月齢で嗅内/梨状葉皮質および海馬において見られるが、>12月齢まで一貫して見出されない。最高齢のマウスは、小脳、皮質、海馬、および嗅球におけるコアおよび拡散斑を有して広範な病理を示す。細胞外アミロイド斑は、放射型原線維を有して密なアミロイドコアを示す;多くの異栄養性神経突起の束がこれらの斑の末梢において観察される。反応性グリオーシスが斑に付随する。
トランスジェニックTg(Prnp−ITM2B/APP695*42)A12E mcマウス(43)をJackson Laboratoryから得た(http://jaxmice.jax.org/strain/007002.html)。最高のAβ42血漿レベルを有するマウス樹立系統BRI−Aβ42A(12e)を混合B6C3バックグラウンド上で維持した。成体雄性トランスジェニックマウスは食物および水への自由な接近を有する。承認されたInstitutional Animal Care and Use Committeeプロトコルに従って、マウスを秤量し、そしてコントロール溶液(プラセボ)または様々な用量で調製したPXT薬物のいずれかを10〜20週間連続して1日に1回i.p.注射するかまたは強制摂取した。
Kaplan-Meier方法を使用して生存率を分析した。Holm-Sidak方法(post hoc)を全ての多重対比較検定のために使用した。外来性の死亡を検閲する。いずれもの、バックグラウンド系統の差異からの潜在的に混乱させる効果を制限するために、全ての比較を同腹仔間で行った。
行動試験を数人の著者らによって公開された方法に従ってデザインしそして実施した(44〜47)。
この実験を、白色プラスチックで作製され、そして乳白色の水を満たした直径90cmの円形プール中で行う。透明プラスチックで作製された直径8cmの避難プラットフォームを水面下0.5cmに水没させた。A4サイズの文字で印刷し、そして4つの周囲の壁(プールからの距離は50〜70cmであった)に配置した様々な幾何学形態によって視覚的目印を提供する。各々のマウスに4日間1日に4回の試行を与えた(試行の間5〜7分間隔、合計16回の試行)。各々の試行を4つの異なる開始点の1つから行った。マウスの移動をVideotrack Software(View Point)を使用してモニターする。避難プラットフォームを位置付けるためにかかった時間(避難潜伏期;60秒まで)を決定した。プラットフォームを位置付けた後、マウスをその上に15秒間座らせた。60秒以内にプラットフォームを見出せなかったマウスを、それに導き、そしてその上に15秒間留めた。60秒の潜伏期をそのような出来事について記録に入れる。1日目の1回目の試行以外、1日当たりの4回の試行の全てを統計分析のために平均した。9日目(最後の訓練の5日後)に、マウスを、プラットフォームを取り外しそしてマウスにそれを探索させる60秒間探索試行に供した。各動物が各四分円において費やした時間を記録した(四分円探索時間)。雄性マウスのいくつかの群を3、7、10、および12月で使用した。
この認識に基づく作業記憶の高感度の測定を、6つの放射状に分布した水泳アームを作製するようにアルミニウムインサートを装着した直径100cmの水を満たしたプール(モーリス水迷路およびプラットフォーム認識課題のためにも使用)からなる器具の助けで得た。試験は、連続した9〜12日間、1日のセッション当たり5回の1分間試行からなる。各セッションの開始時に、透明な水没させたプラットフォームを6つの水泳アームの1つの末端に配置する(ランダムに選択、毎日変更)。最初の4回の獲得試行の各々について、動物を非プラットフォーム含有アームの1つに配置し(ランダム化した順序)、そしてプラットフォームを探索させる。60秒間試行の間、動物が別の非プラットフォーム含有アームに入る毎に、静かにそれをその出発位置に戻し、そしてエラーを記録する。第4の試行の後、動物を30分間休ませ、続いて最後の非プラットフォーム含有水泳アームにおいて始める第5の(保持)試行を行う。エラー(正しくないアームの選択)の数および避難潜伏期(プラットフォームに到達する時間、最大60秒)を各試行について記録する。
この認識に基づく課題試験を、外周の周りに等距離間隔で配置した16個の「避難」孔を有する直径69cmの円形プラットフォームからなる器具の助けで行う。避難所は孔の1つの下に取り付けられており、そしてその上に種々の視覚的合図が配置されている黒色のカーテンがプラットフォームを取り囲んでいる。動物を単一の5分間試行の開始時にプラットフォームの中央に配置し、そして嫌悪刺激(明光、ファンの風)を与える。エラー(非避難孔中へ頭を突くこと)の総数および避難潜伏期(避難孔に到達する時間)を記録する。
この認識に基づく探索課題は、物体同定および認識能力を評価する。標的物体は、直径100cmの円形プール中の水表面の0.8cm上に配置されている10cm×40cm黒色の旗を装着した直径9cmの円形プラットフォームからなる。試験は、連続した4日間の各々の日当たり4回の60秒間試行からなる。各々の日に、標的物体を各試行についてプールの異なる四分円中に配置し、そして動物を4回全ての試行についてプールの外周に沿った同じ位置で放す。全潜伏期(最大60秒)を各試行について記録する。
Irwinから改変した包括的スクリーニングを、マウスのいずれかがその遺伝子型に関連する生理的な、行動の、または感覚運動の機能障害を示したかどうかを決定するために使用する。運動習熟、協調、および筋力を調査するために、マウスを2つの高さ30cmの柱の間に張ったワイヤー上に配置し、そしてワイヤー上でバランスを取るその能力を評価する。さらに、少なくとも5秒間4つ全部の足でワイヤーを掴みそしてそれにぶら下がり、そしてワイヤー上に登って戻るその能力を決定する。
脳アミロイドアンギオパチー(CAA)の定量のために、頭頂葉皮質または小脳皮質軟膜を通した30μm間隔の5μmパラフィン包埋切片を、一晩4℃でビオチン化Ab9抗体(抗Aβ1−16、1:500)を用いて免疫染色する(各齢群における遺伝子型当たりn=5〜7匹のマウス、マウス当たりn=6切片)。陽性に染色された血管を、改変Vonsattelスコアリングシステムを使用して視覚的に評価する(48)。CAA重症度スコアを、CAA血管数にCAA重症度グレードを掛けることによって算出する。
3〜12月のTgおよびWTマウスを麻酔し、そして0.1mol/Lリン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)(pH7.4)中の0.9%NaClおよび4%パラホルムアルデヒドまたは0.1mol/L PBS(pH7.4)中の10%ホルマリンおよび4%パラホルムアルデヒドで順次経心的に灌流する。脳および脊髄を取り出し、そして4%パラホルムアルデヒド中で貯蔵する。いくつかの試料をパラフィン中に包埋し、そしてスライディングミクロトーム上で10μmの厚さで切断する。凍結切片(14μm)をクリオスタット上で切断し、そしてクロムミョウバンコーティングしたスライド上にマウントする。内在性ペルオキシダーゼを、切片を0.3%H2O2を含むメタノールで30分間処理することによってクエンチする。切片を10%ウマ血清中でブロックする。一次抗体を使用し、そして一晩4℃で1%ウマ血清の存在下でインキュベートする。全ての二次ビオチン化またはフルオレセイン、Texas Red、およびAMCA結合抗体、蛍光色素、ABCキット、およびペルオキシダーゼ活性用の色素原としての3,3’−ジアミノベンジジンは、Vector Laboratoriesからである。二次抗体とのインキュベーションを室温で1時間保持する。全ての洗浄工程(3〜10分)および抗体希釈をリン酸緩衝食塩水(0.1mol/L PBS、pH7.4)またはTris緩衝食塩水(0.01mol/L Tris、0.15mol/L NaCl、pH7.4)を使用して行う。ABC複合体とのインキュベーションおよび3,3’−ジアミノベンジジンを用いる検出を、製造業者のマニュアルに従って行う。ヘマトキシリン対比染色を標準的手順に従って行う。遺伝子型、齢および性別当たり最小3匹のマウスを各々の決定のために使用する(49)。
脳を迅速に氷上で最終注射後90〜120分の間に回収し、そして−80℃で凍結する。各マウスからの右大脳半球を、凍結後秤量する。中央絶対偏差による半球質量の分析により、本発明者らがセットの残りから4中央絶対偏差を超える試料を除外することが可能になる。大脳半球をホモジナイズし、そして全タンパク質を含む細胞溶解物を、酵素アッセイキットのための製造業者の説明書に従って調製する(R&D Systems, Inc.)。簡潔には、脳皮質を800μlの低塩含有1×抽出緩衝液(R&Dキット)中でホモジナイズし、そして氷上で10分間インキュベートする。次いで、ホモジネートを13,000gで15分間4℃で遠心分離する。各試料中のタンパク質濃度をビウレット由来アッセイに従って見積もる(Pierce)。APP、Aβ40、およびAβ42のレベルを、記載されるようにそれぞれウエスタンイムノブロッティングおよびサンドイッチELISA技術により測定する(41)。さらに、α、β、およびγセクレターゼの活性を同じ抽出物から測定し得る。
等タンパク質量の脳抽出物を各ゲルにおいてロードする(試料当たりレーン当たり30μg)。各ゲルは8つの処置を含んだ:コントロール;薬物1 7.5mg/kg用量;およびいくつかの用量の薬物2。ゲル内変動を最小にするために、各ゲルは3セットの全ての処置群を含んだ。各ブロットを22C11抗体を用いてプローブする。また、各ブロットを、トランスファー効率の規準化のためにβアクチン抗体用いてプローブする。APPバンドシグナルの強度をβアクチンのものを用いて規準化する。ブロット−ブロット変動について試験するために、2つの試料「コントロール」を各ゲル/ブロットにおいてロードする。記載されるように、ブロットの分析を2つの方法で行う:ゲル−ゲル変動について試験するためのブロット式(blot-wise)(n=3);および組み合わせのブロット(n=9または10)(50〜51)。n=3でのブロット式分析は、n=9または10用量での最終分析と同じ傾向を示す。組み合わせの分析の結果を示す。
脳Aβ ELISAのために、前脳および後脳のAβレベルを独立して決定し、そして嗅球を分析から除外する。血漿Aβ分析のために、心臓穿刺の後に血液をEDTAコーティングしたチューブ中に収集する。血液試料を3000rpmで10分間4℃で遠心分離し、そして血漿を小分けしそして使用するまで−80℃で貯蔵する。Aβレベルを、Aβ40用の捕捉AbとしてのAb9(抗Aβ1−16 Ab)、Aβ40用の検出Abとしての13.1.1−HRP(抗Aβ35−40 Ab)、Aβ42用の捕捉Abとしての2.1.3(抗Aβ35−42 Ab)、およびAβ42用の検出AbとしてのAb9−HRPを使用する末端特異的サンドイッチELISAによって決定する(各齢群において遺伝子型当たりn=5〜7マウス)。記載されるように、可能なELISA変動を最小にするためにマウスの同じセットを内部コントロールとして使用してAβレベルを以前の結果に対して規準化する(41)。
急速冷凍した前脳試料を、1%プロテアーゼインヒビター混合物(Roche)を含む放射性免疫沈降アッセイ(RIPA)緩衝液(Boston BioProducts, Worcester, MA)中でホモジナイズする。ホモジネートを100,000×gで1時間4℃で遠心分離する。上清中のタンパク質濃度をBCAタンパク質アッセイを使用して決定する(Pierce)。タンパク質試料(20μg)をBis−Tris 12%XTゲルまたはBis−Tris 4−12%XTゲル(Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA)上で泳動し、そして0.2μmニトロセルロースメンブランにトランスファーする。ブロットを、2分間0.1M PBS中で2回マイクロ波に供し、そして記載されるようにAb 82E1(抗Aβ1−16、1:1000;IBL, Gunma, Japan)および抗APP C末端20アミノ酸(1:1000)を用いてプローブする(41)。ブロットをストリップし、そしてローディングコントロールとしての抗βアクチン(1:1000;Sigma)を用いて再プローブする。相対的バンド強度をImageJソフトウェアを使用して測定する。
半脳を10%ホルマリン中で浸漬固定し、そしてパラフィン包埋のために加工する。脳組織切片(5μm)を抗全Aβ抗体(Ab)を用いて免疫染色した。切片をヘマトキシリンで対比染色する。海馬、梨状葉皮質(ブレグマ、−1.70〜−2.80mm)、または小脳(傍片葉、係蹄状脚(crus ansiform)、および単小葉;ブレグマ、−5.40〜−6.36mm)を通した、脳当たり6つの切片を定量のために使用する(各齢群において遺伝子型当たりn=5〜7マウス)。Aβ斑負担を、MetaMorphソフトウェア(Molecular Devices, Palo Alto, CA)を使用して決定する。コア斑の定量のために、Aβ負担について分析したものの連続した切片をチオフラビンS(ThioS)で染色し、そして海馬、嗅内/梨状葉皮質、または小脳におけるThioS陽性斑の数を計数する。上記の分析の全てを盲検法で行う。
全ての実験からの結果をSTATISTICA 8.0(Statsoft)を用いて分析する。
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Claims (20)
- 同時の、別々のまたは逐次的な投与のための、アカンプロセート、アムロジピン、シロスタゾール、レフルノミド、メチマゾール、フェンホルミン、プリロカイン、スルフィソキサゾール、タダラフィル、テルビナフィン、ゾニサミドおよびリファブチン、またはその塩もしくはプロドラッグもしくは誘導体もしくは徐放性処方物からなる群より選択される少なくとも2つの化合物の組み合わせを含む組成物。
- アカンプロセート、アムロジピン、シロスタゾール、レフルノミド、メチマゾール、フェンホルミン、プリロカイン、スルフィソキサゾール、タダラフィル、テルビナフィン、ゾニサミドおよびリファブチン、またはその塩もしくはプロドラッグもしくは誘導体もしくは徐放性処方物からなる群より選択される少なくとも2つの化合物の組み合わせを含む組成物であって、組成物が、アルツハイマー病(AD)、パーキンソン病(PD)、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)および多発性硬化症(MS)からなる群より選択される神経変性障害において誘導される細胞ストレス応答を阻害する、組成物。
- アルツハイマー病(AD)を処置するための、アカンプロセート、アムロジピン、シロスタゾール、レフルノミド、メチマゾール、フェンホルミン、プリロカイン、スルフィソキサゾール、タダラフィル、テルビナフィン、ゾニサミドおよびリファブチン、またはその塩もしくはプロドラッグもしくは誘導体もしくは徐放性処方物からなる群より選択される少なくとも2つの化合物の組み合わせを含む、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 併用の、別々のまたは逐次的な投与のための、以下の薬物の組み合わせの少なくとも1つを含む組成物:
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)、
− GABA作動性およびグルタミン酸作動性受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、アカンプロセート)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)、
− ナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)およびRYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)、
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびRYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)、
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)、
− ナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)、
− RYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)およびRHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン).
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、
− ナトリウムチャネルSCN1AのインヒビターおよびBKチャネルのアクチベーター(好ましくは、ゾニサミド)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、
− RYR3リアノジン受容体のモジュレーター(好ましくは、プリロカイン)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、
− RHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、テルビナフィン)および化学シャペロン(好ましくは、リファブチン)、
− AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、フェンホルミン)およびPDE11AおよびPDE4A、PDE5Aホスホジエステラーゼのインヒビター(好ましくは、タダラフィル)。 - それを必要とする対象におけるアルツハイマー病または関連障害を処置するための、請求項1記載の組成物であって、組成物が、併用の、別々のまたは逐次的な投与のための、以下の薬物の組み合わせの少なくとも1つを含む、組成物:
− フェンホルミンおよびゾニサミド、
− アカンプロセートおよびテルビナフィン、
− ゾニサミドおよびプリロカイン、
− フェンホルミンおよびプリロカイン、
− フェンホルミンおよびテルビナフィン、
− ゾニサミドおよびテルビナフィン、
− プリロカインおよびテルビナフィン、
− フェンホルミンおよびリファブチン、
− ゾニサミドおよびリファブチン、
− プリロカインおよびリファブチン、
− テルビナフィンおよびリファブチン、
− フェンホルミンおよびタダラフィル。 - 組成物が、併用の、別々のまたは逐次的な使用のための、少なくとも1つの、細胞ストレス応答を阻害する薬物をさらに含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの、細胞ストレス応答を阻害する薬物が、AMPKのモジュレーター(好ましくは、ビダラビン)、ATP1A1のインヒビター(好ましくは、オメプラゾール)、GSK3B活性のインヒビター(好ましくはアルブテロールおよびメタラミノールから選択される)、IMPDH1およびIMPDH2のインヒビター(好ましくは、チオグアニン)、MTORのインヒビター(好ましくは、ラパマイシン)、PDE4Dのインヒビター(好ましくは、ミルリノン)、PRKG1のアクチベーター(好ましくは、シロスタゾール)、RHOAのモジュレーター(好ましくは、アレンドロネート)、SCN1A/Bのインヒビター(好ましくは、ホスフェニトイン)、YES1およびSRCのインヒビター(好ましくは、ダサチニブ)、オートファジーのアクチベーター(好ましくは、トレハロース)、および/または化学シャペロン(好ましくはフェニル酪酸ナトリウム、アラビトールおよびマンニトールから選択される)から選択される、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの、細胞ストレス応答を阻害する薬物が、ACCN1、ADRA1A、ADRB2、AFADIN、AKT、ALDH2、ALOX12、AMPK、APBA1、APBA2BP、APG1、APG12、APOER2、ATG5、ATG7、ATM、ATP1A1、ATP2A3、ATP2B1、ATP6V1C1、ATR、BACE1、BAD、BAX、BCAR1、BCL2、BECLIN1、BKチャネル(KCNMA1、KCNMB1)、BRCA1、CACNA1C、CALCINEURIN、CD36、CD44、CDH1、CDH2、CDK5、CDKN1A、CHK1、CHRM1、CHRM2、CHRM3、CHRM4、CHRM5、CK1、CTNNA2、CTNNB1、CULLIN1、CYCLINE、DCC、DGKB、DGKH、DNAJB9、DOCK3、DRD2、EDNRA、ELAVL2、ERK1、ERK2、EZRIN、FAS、FKBP12、FKBP12.6、FOXO3A、FZ2、GADD45、GNPTAB、GPC5、GRK2、GRK5、GRP170、GRIN2B、GRIN3A、GSK3B、HAS1、HAS2、HAS3、HIPK2、HSPAS、HSP90B1、HSPA5、HTR1A、IDE、IMPDH1、IMPDH2、INS、INSR、IRF1、ITB1、ITGA1、ITGB1、ITPR1、JNK1、LAMA1、MAD1L1、MAO、MCC1、MDM1、MME、MOESIN、MTOR、NADPH OXIDASE、NEDD9、NETRIN1、NFKB1、NHERF、NOS1、NOS2A、NOS3、PAELR、PAK1、PARK2、PCAF、PDE11A、PDE3A、PDE4D、PDE5、PDE6D、PI3K、PIK3C3、PKCA、PLCB1、PLD2、PLN、PML、POP2、PRDX5、PRDX6、PRKG1、PTPRG、PTPRM、PVRL1、RAC1、RACK1、RADIXIN、RHOA、ROR2、RTN1、RYR3、SAPK3、SCN1A、SCN1B、SCNN1D、SCNN1G、SH3BP5、SIL1、SLC8A1、SLC8A2、SLC8A3、SLN、SNCA、SNCAIP、SORBS2、SORCS2、SRC、SYN1、THBS2、TP53、TP63、TRPC3、TRPC4、TRPC5、UNC5C、VPS15、WNT1A、WNT5A、WWOX、XANTHINE OXIDASE、およびYES1から選択される遺伝子によってコードされるタンパク質に結合するかまたはその活性を調節する薬物から選択される、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、併用の、別々のまたは逐次的な使用のための、少なくとも1つの、シナプス機能を調節する薬物をさらに含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの、シナプス機能を調節する薬物が、アルフェンタニル、アミロライド、アムロジピン、アズトレオナム、バクロフェン、ブクリジン、ブメタニド、ブプレノルフィン、リドカイン、クロルゾキサゾン、シナカルセト、ジフィリン、エレトリプタン、エルゴタミン、フルニトラゼパム、イマチニブ、ケトチフェン、ペガプタニブ、ペンタゾシン、フェノバルビタール、プレガバリン、プロピルチオウラシル、テマゼパム、チアガビン、トピラメート、トリアムテレン、およびビガバトリンから選択される、請求項9記載の組成物。
- 組成物が、併用の、別々のまたは逐次的な使用のための、少なくとも1つの、細胞血管新生を調節する薬物をさらに含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの、血管新生を調節する薬物が、アンブリセンタン、アミノカプロン酸、アルガトロバン、バルサラジド、ベカプレルミン、カベルゴリン、クロピドグレル、デシルジン、ジヒドロエルゴタミン、エプレレノン、フェノルドパム、フルドロコルチゾン、ゲムフィブロジル、ヘスペレチン、レフルノミド、L−ヒスチジン、リオチロニン、マリマスタット、メロキシカム、メパクリン、メタゾラミド、モンテルカスト、ネチルマイシン、ニトログリセリン、ピリメタミン、スルフィソキサゾール、スニチニブ、チエチルペラジン、チロフィバン、トポテカンおよびワルファリンからなる群より選択される、請求項11記載の組成物。
- 薬学的に許容され得る担体または賦形剤を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 組成物が対象に反復して投与される、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- アルツハイマー病または関連障害を処置するための薬物の製造方法であって、細胞ストレス応答に対する活性について候補薬物を試験し、そして細胞ストレス応答を阻害する薬物を選択する工程を含む、方法。
- 薬物が、請求項8に記載するタンパク質または遺伝子に結合するか、またはその活性を調節するかどうかを決定する工程を含む、請求項15記載の方法。
- アルツハイマー病または関連障害を処置するための組成物の製造方法であって、細胞ストレス応答を調節する薬物およびシナプス機能または血管新生を調節する薬物の組み合わせを調製すること、およびそれを必要とする対象への同時の、別々のまたは逐次的な投与のために前記組み合わせを処方することを含む、方法。
- アルツハイマー病または関連障害の処置方法であって、細胞ストレス応答を調節する薬物およびシナプス機能または血管新生を調節する薬物を、それを必要とする対象に同時に、別々にまたは逐次的に投与することを含む、方法。
- 同時の、別々のまたは逐次的な投与のための、少なくともアムロジピンおよびプリロカイン、またはその塩もしくはプロドラッグもしくは誘導体もしくは徐放性処方物を含む組成物。
- アルツハイマー病または関連障害を処置するための、少なくともアムロジピンおよび/またはプリロカイン、またはその塩もしくはプロドラッグもしくは誘導体もしくは徐放性処方物を含む組成物。
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KR20140114887A (ko) * | 2006-08-31 | 2014-09-29 | 앱탈리스 파마테크, 인코포레이티드 | 약 염기성 약물의 고용체를 포함하는 약물 전달 시스템 |
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PT2282779E (pt) * | 2008-04-29 | 2013-05-28 | Pharnext | Novas abordagens terapêuticas para o tratamento da doença de alzheimer e doenças relacionadas através de uma modulação de resposta ao stresse celular |
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JP2017193562A (ja) * | 2011-03-01 | 2017-10-26 | ファーネクストPharnext | 筋萎縮性側索硬化症の治療のための新規組成物 |
JP2017088628A (ja) * | 2013-03-15 | 2017-05-25 | ロザリンド フランクリン ユニバーシティー オブ メディスン アンド サイエンス | 異常レベルのカルシウム放出からリアノジン受容体を安定化するための化合物 |
US10011578B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-07-03 | Rosalind Franklin University Of Medicine And Science | Compounds for stabilizing ryanodine receptors from aberrant levels of calcium release |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2722314A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
MX2010011880A (es) | 2011-05-25 |
US20120071483A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
PL2282779T3 (pl) | 2013-08-30 |
NZ589309A (en) | 2012-03-30 |
AU2009242127A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
DK2282779T3 (da) | 2013-05-27 |
IL208983A0 (en) | 2011-01-31 |
KR101611824B1 (ko) | 2016-04-12 |
JP5615805B2 (ja) | 2014-10-29 |
ZA201008039B (en) | 2011-08-31 |
CA2722314C (en) | 2018-01-02 |
US8552041B2 (en) | 2013-10-08 |
EP2282779A1 (en) | 2011-02-16 |
CN102065897A (zh) | 2011-05-18 |
KR20110011628A (ko) | 2011-02-08 |
EA019571B1 (ru) | 2014-04-30 |
PT2282779E (pt) | 2013-05-28 |
EP2282779B1 (en) | 2013-03-13 |
CN102065897B (zh) | 2013-11-13 |
AU2009242127B2 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
EA201071245A1 (ru) | 2011-06-30 |
BRPI0911518A2 (pt) | 2017-06-13 |
ES2410930T3 (es) | 2013-07-03 |
JP2014205696A (ja) | 2014-10-30 |
WO2009133142A1 (en) | 2009-11-05 |
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