JP2011206051A - Method for improving soil and greening method - Google Patents
Method for improving soil and greening method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2011206051A JP2011206051A JP2011051874A JP2011051874A JP2011206051A JP 2011206051 A JP2011206051 A JP 2011206051A JP 2011051874 A JP2011051874 A JP 2011051874A JP 2011051874 A JP2011051874 A JP 2011051874A JP 2011206051 A JP2011206051 A JP 2011206051A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- soil
- foamed resin
- improvement method
- crushed
- resin layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本発明は、芝生化などの緑化を容易ならしめる土壌改良方法および芝生化などの緑化方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a soil improvement method for facilitating greening such as lawn and a greening method such as lawn.
今日、地球温暖化対策などの観点から緑化の機運が高まっていることは周知の通りであり、建造物の屋上などの緑化方法については様々な方法が提案されている（例えば特許文献１）。しかしながら、校庭や公園のグランドなどの土壌が固結してしまっていることで保水性や通水性に劣る場所の緑化は容易なことではなく、このような場所の緑化を行うためには、現在のところ、既存土壌と客土との入れ替えや暗渠の敷設といった大掛かりな工事が必要であり、また、工事によって排出された既存土壌を産業廃棄物として処理する必要がある。 Today, it is well known that the momentum of greening is increasing from the viewpoint of measures against global warming, and various methods have been proposed for greening methods such as rooftops of buildings (for example, Patent Document 1). However, it is not easy to plant green areas where water retention and water permeability are inferior due to the consolidation of school grounds and park grounds. However, large-scale construction such as replacement of existing soil and customer soil and laying of underdrains is necessary, and the existing soil discharged by construction needs to be treated as industrial waste.
そこで本発明は、芝生化などの緑化を容易ならしめる土壌改良方法および芝生化などの緑化方法を提供することを目的とする。 Then, an object of this invention is to provide the soil improvement method and greening method, such as lawnization, which make greening, such as lawnization, easy.
本発明者らは上記の点に鑑みて鋭意研究を重ねた結果、土壌の表面に発泡樹脂層を形成した後、発泡樹脂層を破砕しながら土壌を耕運することや、土壌の表面に発泡樹脂の破砕物を敷設した後、発泡樹脂の破砕物とともに土壌を耕運することで、発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことにより、固結してしまっている土壌であっても、保水性や通水性に優れる土壌に改良できることを知見した。 As a result of intensive studies in view of the above points, the present inventors have cultivated the soil while crushing the foamed resin layer after forming the foamed resin layer on the surface of the soil, or foamed on the surface of the soil. After laying the crushed resin, the soil is cultivated together with the crushed foam resin. By mixing the crushed foam resin into the soil, It has been found that the soil can be improved to have excellent properties and water permeability.
上記の知見に基づいてなされた本発明の第一の土壌改良方法は、請求項１記載の通り、土壌の表面に発泡樹脂層を形成した後、発泡樹脂層を破砕しながら土壌を耕運し、発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことを特徴とする。
また、請求項２記載の土壌改良方法は、請求項１記載の土壌改良方法において、土壌の表面に形成する発泡樹脂層の厚みを１ｃｍ〜２０ｃｍとすることを特徴とする。
また、請求項３記載の土壌改良方法は、請求項１または２記載の土壌改良方法において、発泡樹脂層に用土を分散させることを特徴とする。
また、請求項４記載の土壌改良方法は、請求項３記載の土壌改良方法において、発泡樹脂層への用土の分散割合を発泡樹脂１に対して０．１〜０．５（重量比）とすることを特徴とする。
また、本発明の第二の土壌改良方法は、請求項５記載の通り、土壌の表面に発泡樹脂の破砕物を敷設した後、発泡樹脂の破砕物とともに土壌を耕運し、発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことを特徴とする。
また、請求項６記載の土壌改良方法は、請求項５記載の土壌改良方法において、土壌の表面への発泡樹脂の破砕物の敷設厚みを１ｃｍ〜２０ｃｍとすることを特徴とする。
また、請求項７記載の土壌改良方法は、請求項５または６記載の土壌改良方法において、発泡樹脂の破砕物に用土を分散させることを特徴とする。
また、請求項８記載の土壌改良方法は、請求項７記載の土壌改良方法において、発泡樹脂の破砕物への用土の分散割合を発泡樹脂１に対して０．１〜０．５（重量比）とすることを特徴とする。
また、請求項９記載の土壌改良方法は、請求項１または５記載の土壌改良方法において、土壌の耕運を散水しながら行うことを特徴とする。
また、本発明の緑化方法は、請求項１０記載の通り、請求項１または５記載の土壌改良方法によって改良した土壌に植物体および／または植物の種子の担持物を敷設することを特徴とする。
また、本発明の緑化方法は、請求項１１記載の通り、請求項１または５記載の土壌改良方法によって改良した土壌に植物体の植栽および／または植物の種子の播種を行うことを特徴とする。
また、本発明の緑化方法は、請求項１２記載の通り、請求項１記載の土壌改良方法における土壌の表面に形成した発泡樹脂層に植物の種子を担持させておき、耕運によって土壌に混ぜ込まれた発泡樹脂の破砕物に保持されている種子および／または発泡樹脂から離脱して土壌に供給される種子を発芽させることを特徴とする。
また、本発明の緑化方法は、請求項１３記載の通り、請求項５記載の土壌改良方法における土壌の表面に敷設した発泡樹脂の破砕物に植物の種子を担持させておき、耕運によって土壌に混ぜ込まれた発泡樹脂の破砕物に保持されている種子および／または発泡樹脂から離脱して土壌に供給される種子を発芽させることを特徴とする。
According to the first soil improvement method of the present invention based on the above knowledge, as described in claim 1, after forming the foamed resin layer on the surface of the soil, the soil is cultivated while crushing the foamed resin layer. It is characterized by mixing crushed foam resin into soil.
The soil improvement method according to claim 2 is characterized in that, in the soil improvement method according to claim 1, the thickness of the foamed resin layer formed on the soil surface is 1 cm to 20 cm.
The soil improvement method according to claim 3 is the soil improvement method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the soil is dispersed in the foamed resin layer.
Moreover, the soil improvement method of Claim 4 is 0.1 to 0.5 (weight ratio) with respect to the foamed resin 1 in the soil improvement method of Claim 3. It is characterized by doing.
Further, according to the second soil improvement method of the present invention, as described in claim 5, after laying the foamed resin crushed material on the soil surface, the soil is cultivated with the foamed resin crushed material, and the foamed resin crushed It is characterized by mixing things into the soil.
The soil improvement method according to claim 6 is characterized in that, in the soil improvement method according to claim 5, the laid thickness of the crushed foam resin on the surface of the soil is 1 cm to 20 cm.
The soil improvement method according to claim 7 is the soil improvement method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the soil is dispersed in the crushed foam resin.
The soil improvement method according to claim 8 is the soil improvement method according to claim 7, wherein the ratio of the dispersion of the soil to the crushed foam resin is 0.1 to 0.5 (weight ratio) with respect to the foam resin 1. ).
The soil improvement method according to claim 9 is the soil improvement method according to claim 1 or 5, wherein soil cultivation is performed while watering.
The greening method of the present invention is characterized in that, as described in claim 10, a plant body and / or a plant seed support is laid on the soil improved by the soil improvement method of claim 1 or 5. .
Moreover, the greening method of the present invention is characterized in that, as described in claim 11, planting of plants and / or seeding of plant seeds is carried out on the soil improved by the soil improvement method of claim 1 or 5. To do.
Further, according to the greening method of the present invention, as described in claim 12, plant seeds are supported on the foamed resin layer formed on the surface of the soil in the soil improvement method of claim 1, and mixed with the soil by tillage. The seeds held in the crushed foamed resin and / or the seeds that are separated from the foamed resin and supplied to the soil are germinated.
Further, according to the greening method of the present invention, as described in claim 13, plant seeds are supported on a crushed foam resin laid on the surface of the soil in the soil improvement method of claim 5, and the soil is cultivated. The seeds held in the crushed foamed resin mixed with the seeds and / or the seeds separated from the foamed resin and supplied to the soil are germinated.
本発明によれば、芝生化などの緑化を容易ならしめる土壌改良方法および芝生化などの緑化方法を提供することができる。 ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the soil improvement method and greening method, such as lawnization, which make greening, such as lawnization easy, can be provided.
本発明の第一の土壌改良方法は、土壌の表面に発泡樹脂層を形成した後、発泡樹脂層を破砕しながら土壌を耕運し、発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことを特徴とするものである（図１参照）。例えば耕運機を用いて耕運することで得られる発泡樹脂の破砕物が混ぜ込まれた土壌は、発泡樹脂の破砕物が土壌中に存在することで耐踏圧性が付与されて固結しにくくなり、優れた保水性や通水性を保持することができるとともに、優れたクッション性を保持することができる。また、発泡樹脂が有する多数の空隙への水分の蓄積とその放出は、土壌の優れた保水性の保持に寄与するが、過剰な水分は蓄積されないので水分過多による植物の根腐れといった現象を引き起こすことがない。さらに、発泡樹脂は断熱効果を有するので、土壌の保温性が高まり、冬場でも土壌に含まれる水分の凍結が起こりにくくなる。故に、芝生化などの緑化を容易ならしめる。加えて、本発明の土壌改良方法は、既存土壌を利用して行うものであるので、産業廃棄物として既存土壌を処理する必要がない。 The first soil improvement method of the present invention is characterized in that after a foamed resin layer is formed on the surface of the soil, the soil is cultivated while crushing the foamed resin layer, and the crushed foamed resin is mixed into the soil. (See FIG. 1). For example, soil mixed with crushed foamed resin obtained by cultivating using a cultivator is resistant to treading due to the presence of crushed foamed resin in the soil, making it difficult to consolidate. In addition to maintaining excellent water retention and water permeability, it is possible to maintain excellent cushioning properties. In addition, the accumulation and release of moisture in the numerous voids of the foamed resin contributes to maintaining excellent water retention of the soil, but excess moisture does not accumulate, causing a phenomenon such as plant root rot due to excessive moisture. There is nothing. Furthermore, since the foamed resin has a heat insulating effect, the heat retention of the soil is enhanced, and the water contained in the soil is less likely to freeze even in winter. Therefore, greening such as lawn is made easy. In addition, since the soil improvement method of the present invention is performed using existing soil, it is not necessary to treat the existing soil as industrial waste.
土壌の表面に形成する発泡樹脂層としては、例えば発泡ウレタンから構成されるものが挙げられる。発泡ウレタンとしては、地球温暖化を引き起こすことなく環境に優しいノンフロン系発泡ウレタンが望ましい。ノンフロン系発泡ウレタンとしては、ポリオールとイソシアネートから調製される硬質の発泡ウレタンなどが挙げられる（具体的には日本パフテム株式会社のノンフロンポリオールＦＦ５０２０−ＵＣと同社のイソシアネートＮＰ−９０の組み合わせが例示される）。このような発泡ウレタンを用いる場合、施工現場において、ポリオールとイソシアネートを１：０．８〜１．５の重量割合で２０℃〜７０℃にて要時混合して攪拌し、発泡ウレタン層が所定の厚みになる量を土壌に吹き付けて発泡させることが望ましい。なお、発泡ウレタンは硬質のものに限定されるわけではなく、軟質のものであってもよい。また、土壌の表面に形成する発泡樹脂層は、発泡ポリスチレン、発泡ポリエチレン、発泡ポリプロピレンなどから構成されるものであってもよい。 Examples of the foamed resin layer formed on the soil surface include those composed of urethane foam. As the urethane foam, non-fluorocarbon foamed urethane that is environmentally friendly without causing global warming is desirable. Non-fluorocarbon foamed urethanes include hard foamed urethanes prepared from polyols and isocyanates (specifically, non-fluorocarbon polyols FF5020-UC from Nippon Paphtem Co., Ltd. and isocyanates NP-90 from the same company are exemplified). ). When using such urethane foam, at the construction site, the polyol and isocyanate are mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 0.8 to 1.5 at 20 ° C to 70 ° C when necessary, and the urethane foam layer is predetermined. It is desirable to spray the soil in an amount that gives the thickness of The urethane foam is not limited to a hard one, and may be a soft one. The foamed resin layer formed on the surface of the soil may be composed of foamed polystyrene, foamed polyethylene, foamed polypropylene, or the like.
土壌の表面に形成する発泡樹脂層の厚みは、土壌に混ぜ込む発泡樹脂の破砕物の量や耕運する土壌の深さなどにも依存するが、１ｃｍ〜２０ｃｍとすることが望ましい。厚みが薄すぎると土壌に混ぜ込まれる発泡樹脂の破砕物の量が少なすぎて発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことの効果が得られにくくなる恐れがある一方、厚みが厚すぎると発泡樹脂の破砕物が必要以上に土壌に混ぜ込まれることで土壌の強度が弱くなる恐れがある。なお、土壌に混ぜ込む発泡樹脂の破砕物の量は、保水性や通水性や保温性やクッション性に優れるとともに適度な強度を有する土壌とするためには、発泡樹脂の破砕物が混ぜ込まれた土壌に占める発泡樹脂の破砕物の体積割合が２割〜４割となる量が望ましい。また、耕運する土壌の深さは、例えば生育した芝はその根が深さ１０ｃｍまで到達するので、耕運した後に発泡樹脂の破砕物が混ぜ込まれた土壌の深さが少なくとも１０ｃｍになる深さが望ましい。耕運する土壌の深さの上限は特段限定されるものではなく、耕運機の性能などにも依存するが、標準的には５０ｃｍである。発泡樹脂層の破砕は、大きさ（長径ないし直径）が１ｃｍ〜７ｃｍの発泡樹脂の破砕物が得られる程度に行うことが、土壌への混ぜ込みやすさなどの観点から望ましい。土壌の耕運は散水しながら行うことが望ましい。土壌の耕運を散水しながら行うことで、発泡樹脂の破砕物が水分を保持することにより、重くなって耕運中に飛散しにくくなるといった効果や、土壌に混ぜ込まれた後に土壌の保水性の保持に寄与するといった効果を得ることができる。なお、散水はさらに土壌の耕運の前および／または後に行ってもよい。 The thickness of the foamed resin layer formed on the surface of the soil depends on the amount of the crushed foam resin mixed into the soil and the depth of the soil to be cultivated, but is preferably 1 cm to 20 cm. If the thickness is too thin, the amount of crushed foam resin mixed into the soil may be too small, and it may be difficult to obtain the effect of mixing the crushed foam resin into the soil. There is a possibility that the strength of the soil may be weakened by mixing the crushed resin into the soil more than necessary. The amount of crushed foam resin to be mixed into the soil is excellent in water retention, water permeability, heat retention and cushioning properties, and in order to obtain soil with appropriate strength, crushed foam resin is mixed. The volume ratio of the crushed foamed resin in the soil is preferably 20% to 40%. The depth of the soil to be cultivated is, for example, that the roots of the grown turf reach a depth of 10 cm. Therefore, the depth of the soil mixed with the crushed foam resin after cultivating is at least 10 cm. Depth is desirable. The upper limit of the depth of the soil to be cultivated is not particularly limited and is typically 50 cm although it depends on the performance of the cultivator. The crushing of the foamed resin layer is desirably performed to such an extent that a crushed foamed resin having a size (major axis or diameter) of 1 cm to 7 cm is obtained from the viewpoint of ease of mixing into the soil. It is desirable to cultivate the soil while watering. By cultivating the soil while sprinkling water, the crushed foam resin retains moisture, making it heavy and difficult to scatter during cultivation. The effect that it contributes to the maintenance of sex can be obtained. Watering may be further performed before and / or after soil cultivation.
なお、発泡樹脂層に用土を分散させることで、土壌の保水性をさらに高めることができる。用土としては、ピートモス、バーミキュライト、パーライト、鹿沼土、バーク堆肥などが挙げられる。これらは１種類を単独で用いてもよいし、複数種類を混合して用いてもよい。発泡樹脂層への用土の分散割合は、発泡樹脂１に対して０．１〜０．５（重量比）とすることが望ましい。分散割合が少なすぎると分散させることの効果が得られなくなる恐れがある一方、分散割合が多すぎると樹脂の発泡に悪影響を与える恐れがあるからである。発泡樹脂としてポリポールとイソシアネートから調製される発泡ウレタンを用いる場合、用土を分散させた発泡ウレタン層の土壌の表面への形成は、例えば、粉末状の用土（種類によっては粉砕して調製したもの）をポリオールによく混合した後、これをイソシアネートに加えて攪拌し、土壌に吹き付けて発泡させることで行うことができる。 In addition, by dispersing the soil in the foamed resin layer, the water retention of the soil can be further increased. Examples of the soil include peat moss, vermiculite, perlite, Kanuma soil, and bark compost. One of these may be used alone, or a plurality of these may be mixed and used. The dispersion ratio of the soil to the foamed resin layer is preferably 0.1 to 0.5 (weight ratio) with respect to the foamed resin 1. This is because if the dispersion ratio is too small, the effect of dispersing may not be obtained, whereas if the dispersion ratio is too large, foaming of the resin may be adversely affected. When foamed urethane prepared from polypol and isocyanate is used as the foamed resin, formation of the foamed urethane layer in which the soil is dispersed on the surface of the soil is, for example, powdered soil (prepared by grinding depending on the type) Can be added to the isocyanate, stirred, sprayed on the soil and foamed.
本発明の第二の土壌改良方法は、土壌の表面に発泡樹脂の破砕物を敷設した後、発泡樹脂の破砕物とともに土壌を耕運し、発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことを特徴とするものである（図２参照）。本発明の第一の土壌改良方法によれば、土壌の表面に形成される発泡樹脂層の品質が形成作業時の天候に左右される場合があったり、周辺建造物などとの関係で施工現場において発泡樹脂層を形成することに制約がある場合（発泡樹脂層を形成するための機材の搬入が困難な場合など）があったりするが、本発明の第二の土壌改良方法によれば、工場などで製造された発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌の表面に敷設するので、施工現場における発泡樹脂層の形成にまつわる問題を回避し、かつ、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法と同様の効果を得ることができる。 The second soil improvement method of the present invention is characterized by cultivating the soil together with the foamed resin crushed material after laying the foamed resin crushed material on the surface of the soil, and mixing the foamed resin crushed material into the soil. (See FIG. 2). According to the first soil improvement method of the present invention, the quality of the foamed resin layer formed on the surface of the soil may be affected by the weather during the forming operation, or the construction site in relation to surrounding buildings and the like. In the case where there is a restriction in forming the foamed resin layer in (such as when it is difficult to carry in the equipment for forming the foamed resin layer), according to the second soil improvement method of the present invention, Since crushed foam resin produced at factories and the like is laid on the surface of the soil, problems related to the formation of the foam resin layer at the construction site can be avoided, and the same effect as the first soil improvement method of the present invention can be achieved. Obtainable.
本発明の第二の土壌改良方法において、土壌の表面に敷設する発泡樹脂の破砕物は、例えば硬質や軟質の発泡ウレタンから構成されるものの他、発泡ポリスチレン、発泡ポリエチレン、発泡ポリプロピレンなどから構成されるものであってよい（本発明の第一の土壌改良方法における発泡樹脂層と同様である）。その大きさ（長径ないし直径）は、土壌への混ぜ込みやすさなどの観点から１ｃｍ〜７ｃｍが望ましい。また、土壌の表面への発泡樹脂の破砕物の敷設厚みは１ｃｍ〜２０ｃｍとすることが望ましい。厚みが薄すぎると土壌に混ぜ込まれる発泡樹脂の破砕物の量が少なすぎて発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことの効果が得られにくくなる恐れがある一方、厚みが厚すぎると発泡樹脂の破砕物が必要以上に土壌に混ぜ込まれることで土壌の強度が弱くなる恐れがある。土壌に混ぜ込む発泡樹脂の破砕物の量や耕運する土壌の深さは、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法の場合と同様であってよい。土壌の耕運は散水しながら行うことが望ましいことも、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法の場合と同様である。また、発泡樹脂の破砕物に用土を分散させてもよいこと、発泡樹脂の破砕物への用土の分散割合は発泡樹脂１に対して０．１〜０．５（重量比）が望ましいことは、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法において発泡樹脂層に用土を分散させてもよいこと、発泡樹脂層への用土の分散割合は発泡樹脂１に対して０．１〜０．５（重量比）が望ましいことに対応する。 In the second soil improvement method of the present invention, the crushed foamed resin laid on the soil surface is composed of, for example, hard or soft foamed urethane, foamed polystyrene, foamed polyethylene, foamed polypropylene, or the like. (It is the same as the foamed resin layer in the first soil improvement method of the present invention). The size (major axis or diameter) is preferably 1 cm to 7 cm from the viewpoint of ease of mixing into soil. The thickness of the foamed resin crushed material on the soil surface is preferably 1 cm to 20 cm. If the thickness is too thin, the amount of crushed foam resin mixed into the soil may be too small, and it may be difficult to obtain the effect of mixing the crushed foam resin into the soil. There is a possibility that the strength of the soil may be weakened by mixing the crushed resin into the soil more than necessary. The amount of the crushed foam resin mixed into the soil and the depth of the soil to be cultivated may be the same as in the first soil improvement method of the present invention. It is desirable that the soil is cultivated with watering as in the case of the first soil improvement method of the present invention. In addition, it is possible that the soil may be dispersed in the crushed foam resin, and that the dispersion ratio of the soil in the crushed foam resin is preferably 0.1 to 0.5 (weight ratio) with respect to the foam resin 1. In the first soil improvement method of the present invention, the soil may be dispersed in the foamed resin layer, and the dispersion ratio of the soil in the foamed resin layer is 0.1 to 0.5 (weight ratio to the foamed resin 1). ) Is desirable.
なお、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法においては土壌の表面に発泡樹脂層を形成する前に、本発明の第二の土壌改良方法においては土壌の表面に発泡樹脂の破砕物を敷設する前に、土壌を予め耕運しておくことで、強固に固結した土壌であっても発泡樹脂の破砕物の混ぜ込みが容易となる。 In the first soil improvement method of the present invention, before forming the foamed resin layer on the soil surface, in the second soil improvement method of the present invention, before laying the foamed resin crushed material on the soil surface. In addition, by previously cultivating the soil, it becomes easy to mix the crushed foamed resin even if the soil is firmly consolidated.
また、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法においては土壌の表面に形成する発泡樹脂層に、本発明の第二の土壌改良方法においては土壌の表面に敷設する発泡樹脂の破砕物に、土壌に対して所定の効果を発揮する粒状や粉状の物質（例えばアルカリ土壌改善剤など）を担持させ、発泡樹脂の破砕物が混ぜ込まれた土壌中においてこれらの物質に所定の効果を発揮させるようにしてもよい。また、後述するように植物の種子を担持させてもよいし、粒状や粉状の肥料を担持させてもよい。土壌中においてこれらが離脱したり溶出したりした後の発泡樹脂の破砕物に生じる空隙は、土壌の保水性や通水性や保温性やクッション性の保持に寄与する。 Further, in the first soil improvement method of the present invention, the foamed resin layer formed on the surface of the soil, in the second soil improvement method of the present invention, the crushed foam resin laid on the surface of the soil, In order to support granular substances and powdery substances (for example, alkaline soil improvers, etc.) that exhibit a predetermined effect on the soil, and to exert a predetermined effect on these substances in the soil mixed with crushed foam resin It may be. Further, as will be described later, plant seeds may be carried, or granular or powdery fertilizers may be carried. The voids generated in the crushed foamed resin after they are detached or eluted in the soil contribute to the retention of water retention, water permeability, heat retention and cushioning of the soil.
また、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法および本発明の第二の土壌改良方法においては、土壌の耕運を行った後に砂を散布するなどして土壌の表面の凹凸を整地するようにしてもよい。 Further, in the first soil improvement method of the present invention and the second soil improvement method of the present invention, after the soil is cultivated, sand is sprayed and the unevenness of the surface of the soil is leveled. Also good.
本発明の第一の土壌改良方法および本発明の第二の土壌改良方法によって発泡樹脂の破砕物が混ぜ込まれた土壌に、図１および図２の緑化方法（１）のようにして植物体や植物の種子の担持物（例えば不織布などからなるマットやシートに植物の苗や種子を水溶性の糊などで貼り付けたもの）を敷設したり、図１および図２の緑化方法（２）のようにして植物体の植栽や植物の種子の播種を行ったりすることで、土壌の優れた保水性や通水性や保温性を利用して、緑化を効果的に行うことができる。また、本発明の第一の土壌改良方法を採用する場合、土壌の表面に発泡樹脂層を形成する際、発泡樹脂に植物の種子を混入し、発泡樹脂層に植物の種子を担持させることで、耕運によって土壌に混ぜ込まれた発泡樹脂の破砕物に保持されている種子や発泡樹脂から離脱して土壌に供給される種子を発芽させるようにしてもよい（図１の緑化方法（３））。本発明の第二の土壌改良方法を採用する場合、工場などで発泡樹脂の破砕物を製造する際、発泡樹脂に植物の種子を混入し、発泡樹脂の破砕物に植物の種子を担持させることで、耕運によって土壌に混ぜ込まれた発泡樹脂の破砕物に保持されている種子や発泡樹脂から離脱して土壌に供給される種子を発芽させるようにしてもよい（図２の緑化方法（３））。緑化に用いる植物の種類としては例えば芝が挙げられるが、植物の種類は芝に限定されるものではない。 Plants in the manner of greening method (1) in FIGS. 1 and 2 are added to the soil in which the crushed foam resin is mixed by the first soil improvement method of the present invention and the second soil improvement method of the present invention. Or plant seed support (for example, a mat or sheet made of non-woven fabric, etc., plant seedlings or seeds affixed with water-soluble glue) or the greening method (2) in FIGS. 1 and 2 By planting the plant body or sowing the seeds of the plant as described above, the greening can be effectively performed using the excellent water retention, water permeability and heat retention of the soil. Further, when the first soil improvement method of the present invention is adopted, when forming the foamed resin layer on the soil surface, plant seeds are mixed in the foamed resin, and the plant seeds are supported on the foamed resin layer. The seeds held in the crushed foamed resin mixed with the soil by tillage or the seeds separated from the foamed resin and supplied to the soil may be germinated (greening method (3 in FIG. 1)). )). When adopting the second soil improvement method of the present invention, when producing a crushed foamed resin in a factory or the like, plant seeds are mixed in the foamed resin, and the plant seeds are supported on the crushed foamed resin. Thus, the seeds held in the crushed foam resin mixed with the soil by tillage and the seeds that are separated from the foam resin and supplied to the soil may be germinated (the greening method in FIG. 2 ( 3)). An example of the type of plant used for greening is turf, but the type of plant is not limited to turf.
以下、本発明を実施例によって詳細に説明するが、本発明は以下の記載に限定して解釈されるものではない。 EXAMPLES Hereinafter, although an Example demonstrates this invention in detail, this invention is limited to the following description and is not interpreted.
実施例１：
日本パフテム株式会社のノンフロンポリオールＦＦ５０２０−ＵＣと同社のイソシアネートＮＰ−９０の組み合わせによる、厚みが２ｃｍのノンフロン系の硬質の発泡ウレタン（ノンフロンポリオールとイソシアネートの混合は重量割合で１：１で施工現場において室温で要時に行った）で構成される発泡樹脂層を固結した土壌（黒土）の表面に形成した。次に耕運機を用いて発泡樹脂層を破砕しながら土壌を深さ８ｃｍまで耕運し、深さ１０ｃｍまでに発泡樹脂の破砕物が２割の体積比で混ぜ込まれた土壌を得た。この土壌に対し、図１の緑化方法（１）を適用することで、芝生化を行うことができた（ソッド状の芝を使用）。
Example 1:
Non-Freon Polyol FF5020-UC of Nippon Paphtem Co., Ltd. and isocyanate NP-90 of the company, 2cm thick non-Freon type hard foaming urethane (mixing of non-Freon polyol and isocyanate is 1: 1 by weight ratio at the construction site A foamed resin layer composed of (performed at room temperature as needed) was formed on the surface of the consolidated soil (black soil). Next, the soil was cultivated to a depth of 8 cm while crushing the foamed resin layer using a cultivator, and a soil in which a crushed foamed resin was mixed at a volume ratio of 20% to a depth of 10 cm was obtained. By applying the greening method (1) of FIG. 1 to this soil, it was possible to perform lawn (using sod-like lawn).
実施例２：
実施例１で用いたノンフロン系の硬質の発泡ウレタンを用い、厚みが１６ｃｍの発泡樹脂層を固結した土壌（黒土）の表面に形成した後、耕運機を用いて発泡樹脂層を破砕しながら土壌を深さ２４ｃｍまで耕運し、深さ４０ｃｍまでに発泡樹脂の破砕物が４割の体積比で混ぜ込まれた土壌を得た。この土壌に対し、図１の緑化方法（２）を適用することで、芝生化を行うことができた。
Example 2:
Using the non-fluorocarbon hard foamed urethane used in Example 1 and forming the foamed resin layer with a thickness of 16 cm on the surface of the solidified soil (black soil), the soil while crushing the foamed resin layer using a cultivator Was cultivated to a depth of 24 cm, and a soil in which crushed foamed resin was mixed at a volume ratio of 40% to a depth of 40 cm was obtained. By applying the greening method (2) of FIG. 1 to this soil, lawnization was possible.
実施例３：
実施例１と同様にして深さ１０ｃｍまでに発泡樹脂の破砕物が２割の体積比で混ぜ込まれた土壌を得た。この土壌に対し、図１の緑化方法（３）を適用することで、芝生化を行うことができた。
Example 3:
In the same manner as in Example 1, a soil in which crushed foamed resin was mixed at a volume ratio of 20% to a depth of 10 cm was obtained. By applying the greening method (3) of FIG. 1 to this soil, lawnization was possible.
実施例４：
用土として細かく粉砕した鹿沼土とピートモスをノンフロンポリオールによく混合した後、これをイソシアネートに加えて攪拌し（４成分の重量比：ノンフロンポリオール：イソシアネート：鹿沼土：ピートモス＝１５：１５：６：４）、土壌に吹き付けて発泡させることで発泡樹脂層を形成すること以外は実施例１と同様にして芝生化を行った。なお、用土を分散させた発泡樹脂は、用土を分散させていない発泡樹脂よりも保水性に優れていた（別途の実験による）。
Example 4:
Finely ground Kanuma soil and peat moss were mixed well with non-fluorocarbon polyol and added to the isocyanate and stirred (weight ratio of four components: non-fluorocarbon polyol: isocyanate: Kanuma soil: peat moss = 15: 15: 6: 4 ), Lawnization was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the foamed resin layer was formed by spraying on the soil. The foamed resin in which the soil was dispersed was superior in water retention than the foamed resin in which the soil was not dispersed (by a separate experiment).
実施例５：
用土として細かく粉砕した鹿沼土をノンフロンポリオールによく混合した後、これをイソシアネートに加えて攪拌し（３成分の重量比：ノンフロンポリオール：イソシアネート：鹿沼土＝１５：１５：３）、土壌に吹き付けて発泡させることで発泡樹脂層を形成すること以外は実施例１と同様にして芝生化を行った。
Example 5:
Kanuma soil finely pulverized as soil for use is mixed well with non-fluorocarbon polyol, and this is added to isocyanate and stirred (weight ratio of three components: non-fluorocarbon polyol: isocyanate: kanuma soil = 15: 15: 3) and sprayed on the soil. Lawning was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the foamed resin layer was formed by foaming.
実施例６：
用土として細かく粉砕したピートモスをノンフロンポリオールによく混合した後、これをイソシアネートに加えて攪拌し（３成分の重量比：ノンフロンポリオール：イソシアネート：ピートモス＝１５：１５：１５）、土壌に吹き付けて発泡させることで発泡樹脂層を形成すること以外は実施例１と同様にして芝生化を行った。
Example 6:
Peat moss finely pulverized as soil for use is mixed well with non-fluorocarbon polyol, then added to isocyanate and stirred (weight ratio of three components: non-fluorocarbon polyol: isocyanate: peat moss = 15: 15: 15), and sprayed on the soil to foam. Then, lawnization was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the foamed resin layer was formed.
実施例７：
用土として細かく粉砕した鹿沼土を日本パフテム株式会社のノンフロンポリオールＦＦ５０２０−ＵＣによく混合した後、これを同社のイソシアネートＮＰ−９０に加えて攪拌し（３成分の重量比：ノンフロンポリオール：イソシアネート：鹿沼土＝１５：１５：５）、発泡させた。得られた発泡樹脂を約５ｃｍの大きさに破砕した後、予め耕運しておいた土壌（黒土）の表面に厚みが１２ｃｍになるように敷設した。次に耕運機を用いて発泡樹脂の破砕物とともに土壌を深さ８ｃｍまで耕運し、深さ２０ｃｍまでに発泡樹脂の破砕物が６割の体積比で混ぜ込まれた土壌を得た。この土壌に対し、図２の緑化方法（１）を適用することで、芝生化を行うことができた（ソッド状の芝を使用）。
Example 7:
Kanuma earth finely ground as a soil for use is mixed well with Nippon Paphtem Co., Ltd. Non-Freon Polyol FF5020-UC, and this is added to the company's isocyanate NP-90 and stirred (weight ratio of three components: non-Freon polyol: isocyanate: Kanuma) Soil = 15: 15: 5) and foamed. The obtained foamed resin was crushed to a size of about 5 cm, and then laid on the surface of previously cultivated soil (black soil) so as to have a thickness of 12 cm. Next, the soil was cultivated to a depth of 8 cm together with the crushed foamed resin using a cultivator to obtain a soil in which the crushed foamed resin was mixed in a volume ratio of 60% to a depth of 20 cm. By applying the greening method (1) of FIG. 2 to this soil, it was able to be turfed (using sod turf).
実施例８：
大きさが約３ｃｍの発泡樹脂の破砕物を予め耕運しておいた土壌（もとは固結していたダスト舗装）の表面に厚みが６ｃｍになるように敷設すること、発泡樹脂の破砕物とともに土壌を深さ９ｃｍまで散水しながら耕運し、深さ１５ｃｍまでに発泡樹脂の破砕物が４割の体積比で混ぜ込まれた土壌を得ること、ロール状の芝を使用すること以外は実施例７と同様にして芝生化を行った。
Example 8:
Laying the surface of soil (previously solidified dust pavement) that has been cultivated with a crushed foam resin with a size of about 3 cm to a thickness of 6 cm, crushing the foam resin Cultivate the soil with water to a depth of 9 cm, and obtain a soil in which crushed foamed resin is mixed at a volume ratio of 40% up to a depth of 15 cm. Was turfed in the same manner as in Example 7.
実施例９：
用土を混合せずに発泡樹脂を得ることと、図２の緑化方法（２）を適用すること以外は実施例７と同様にして芝生化を行った。
Example 9:
Lawning was performed in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the foamed resin was obtained without mixing the soil and that the greening method (2) in FIG. 2 was applied.
実施例１０：
用土を混合せずに発泡樹脂を得ることと、図２の緑化方法（３）を適用すること以外は実施例７と同様にして芝生化を行った。
Example 10:
Lawning was performed in the same manner as in Example 7 except that the foamed resin was obtained without mixing the soil and the greening method (3) in FIG. 2 was applied.
参考例１：発泡樹脂の破砕物を土壌に混ぜ込むことによる土壌へのクッション性の付与
実施例１に記載の方法によって小学校の校庭に以下の２つの施工エリアを設定した。
Ａ：深さ１０ｃｍまでに発泡樹脂の破砕物を２割の体積比で混ぜ込んだ土壌のエリア
Ｂ：深さ１０ｃｍまでに発泡樹脂の破砕物を６割の体積比で混ぜ込んだ土壌のエリア
施工してから６ヵ月後に各エリアの土壌硬度を山中式土壌硬度計で測定した結果を表１に示す。また、表１には無施工エリアの土壌硬度を山中式土壌硬度計で測定した結果をあわせて示す。表１から明らかなように、混ぜ込んだ発泡樹脂の破砕物の量が増えるにつれて土壌の硬度は低下し、クッション性が付与された。また、こうして改良された土壌の硬度は、芝生化などの緑化に適度なものであった。
Reference Example 1: Giving cushioning properties to soil by mixing crushed foamed resin into the soil By the method described in Example 1, the following two construction areas were set in the schoolyard of an elementary school.
A: Area of soil mixed with 20% volume ratio of crushed foam resin up to 10cm depth B: Area of soil mixed with 60% volume ratio of crushed foam resin up to 10cm depth Table 1 shows the results of measuring the soil hardness of each area with a Yamanaka-type soil hardness meter six months after the construction. Table 1 also shows the results of measuring the soil hardness in the non-construction area with a Yamanaka type soil hardness meter. As apparent from Table 1, as the amount of the crushed foamed resin added increases, the hardness of the soil decreases and cushioning properties are imparted. Moreover, the soil hardness thus improved was appropriate for greening such as lawn.
参考例２：発泡樹脂に用土を分散させることの効果
用土として細かく粉砕した鹿沼土を日本パフテム株式会社のノンフロンポリオールＦＦ５０２０−ＵＣによく混合した後、これを同社のイソシアネートＮＰ−９０に加えて攪拌し（３成分の重量比：ノンフロンポリオール：イソシアネート：鹿沼土＝３０：３４：１０）、発泡させた。得られた発泡樹脂の密度と、その発泡樹脂から５ｃｍ角に切り出した試験片を水に浸して測定した吸水量を表２に示す。また、表２には、用土を混合せずに発泡させて得た発泡樹脂の密度と、その発泡樹脂から５ｃｍ角に切り出した試験片を水に浸して測定した吸水量をあわせて示す。表２から明らかなように、用土を分散させた発泡樹脂は、用土を分散させていない発泡樹脂に比較して、密度が小さく、吸水量が多いことがわかった。
Reference Example 2: Effect of dispersing the soil in the foamed resin The Kanuma soil finely ground as the soil was mixed well with Nippon Paphtem's non-Freon polyol FF5020-UC, and this was added to the company's isocyanate NP-90 and stirred. (Weight ratio of three components: non-fluorocarbon polyol: isocyanate: Kanuma soil = 30: 34: 10) and foamed. Table 2 shows the density of the obtained foamed resin and the water absorption measured by immersing a test piece cut into a 5 cm square from the foamed resin in water. Table 2 also shows the density of the foamed resin obtained by foaming without mixing the soil, and the amount of water absorption measured by immersing a test piece cut into a 5 cm square from the foamed resin in water. As is clear from Table 2, it was found that the foamed resin in which the soil was dispersed had a smaller density and a larger amount of water absorption than the foamed resin in which the soil was not dispersed.
本発明は、芝生化などの緑化を容易ならしめる土壌改良方法および芝生化などの緑化方法を提供することができる点において産業上の利用可能性を有する。 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention has industrial applicability in that it can provide a soil improvement method that makes greening such as lawn easy and a greening method such as lawn.
Claims (13)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011051874A JP5813969B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2011-03-09 | Soil improvement method and greening method |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010052035 | 2010-03-09 | ||
| JP2010052035 | 2010-03-09 | ||
| JP2011051874A JP5813969B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2011-03-09 | Soil improvement method and greening method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2011206051A true JP2011206051A (en) | 2011-10-20 |
| JP5813969B2 JP5813969B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 |
Family
ID=44937878
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011051874A Active JP5813969B2 (en) | 2010-03-09 | 2011-03-09 | Soil improvement method and greening method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP5813969B2 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103262689A (en) * | 2013-05-27 | 2013-08-28 | 天津天一景观规划设计有限公司 | Coastal saline-alkali soil terrace type afforesting method for improvement of dredger fill |
| CN103621302A (en) * | 2013-12-11 | 2014-03-12 | 甘肃省治沙研究所 | Method for planting artemisia desertorum in quick-sand or semi-fixed sand |
| CN103718687A (en) * | 2014-01-13 | 2014-04-16 | 甘肃省治沙研究所 | Method for recovering wind prevention and sand fixation functions of degenerated artificial sacsaoul forest |
| CN105409537A (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2016-03-23 | 临沂市农业科学院 | High-yield seeding method for peanuts in hilly and mountainous lands |
| CN106211851A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2016-12-14 | 合山市丰鑫农机专业合作社 | The implantation methods of terraced rice paddies |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55135192A (en) * | 1979-04-06 | 1980-10-21 | Meisei Kogyo Kk | Soil conditioning |
| JPS6416508A (en) * | 1987-07-10 | 1989-01-20 | Sekisui Plastics | Soil containing seed or the like for cultivation |
| JPH11113383A (en) * | 1997-10-17 | 1999-04-27 | Sakanaka Ryokuka Shizai:Kk | Laying type greening mat |
| JP2005176756A (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-07-07 | Tosoh Nikkemi Corp | Base material for planting, method for producing the same and greening article |
| WO2008068278A1 (en) * | 2006-12-06 | 2008-06-12 | Basf Se | Plant substrate based on an open cell melamine-formaldehyde foam |
| JP2009011189A (en) * | 2007-07-02 | 2009-01-22 | Tajima Roofing Co Ltd | Method for producing light-weight artificial soil and method for creating light-weight artificial soil base |
-
2011
- 2011-03-09 JP JP2011051874A patent/JP5813969B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55135192A (en) * | 1979-04-06 | 1980-10-21 | Meisei Kogyo Kk | Soil conditioning |
| JPS6416508A (en) * | 1987-07-10 | 1989-01-20 | Sekisui Plastics | Soil containing seed or the like for cultivation |
| JPH11113383A (en) * | 1997-10-17 | 1999-04-27 | Sakanaka Ryokuka Shizai:Kk | Laying type greening mat |
| JP2005176756A (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2005-07-07 | Tosoh Nikkemi Corp | Base material for planting, method for producing the same and greening article |
| WO2008068278A1 (en) * | 2006-12-06 | 2008-06-12 | Basf Se | Plant substrate based on an open cell melamine-formaldehyde foam |
| JP2009011189A (en) * | 2007-07-02 | 2009-01-22 | Tajima Roofing Co Ltd | Method for producing light-weight artificial soil and method for creating light-weight artificial soil base |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103262689A (en) * | 2013-05-27 | 2013-08-28 | 天津天一景观规划设计有限公司 | Coastal saline-alkali soil terrace type afforesting method for improvement of dredger fill |
| CN103621302A (en) * | 2013-12-11 | 2014-03-12 | 甘肃省治沙研究所 | Method for planting artemisia desertorum in quick-sand or semi-fixed sand |
| CN103718687A (en) * | 2014-01-13 | 2014-04-16 | 甘肃省治沙研究所 | Method for recovering wind prevention and sand fixation functions of degenerated artificial sacsaoul forest |
| CN103718687B (en) * | 2014-01-13 | 2018-08-07 | 甘肃省治沙研究所 | A kind of Degenerated Artificial Cakcayr Forest is checked winds and fixed drifting sand the method for functional rehabilitation |
| CN105409537A (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2016-03-23 | 临沂市农业科学院 | High-yield seeding method for peanuts in hilly and mountainous lands |
| CN106211851A (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2016-12-14 | 合山市丰鑫农机专业合作社 | The implantation methods of terraced rice paddies |
| CN106211851B (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-10-02 | 徐州嘉农农业发展有限公司 | The implantation methods of terraced rice paddies |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP5813969B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US6658790B2 (en) | Method of propagation and product produced thereby | |
| US5675933A (en) | Plant cultivation bed and plant cultivation block | |
| US20180177143A1 (en) | Soilless pre-vegetated mat and process for production thereof | |
| JP5813969B2 (en) | Soil improvement method and greening method | |
| CN108547307A (en) | Protecting slope ecology method based on artificial loam | |
| Parsakhoo et al. | Effect of hydroseeding on grass yield and water use efficiency on forest road artificial soil slopes. | |
| CN107237334A (en) | A kind of road foundation execavated rockmass frame gird type slope protection code builds the construction method of plant biological bag greening | |
| CN105830732A (en) | Shrub and grass combined grass spray-seeding grassing operation method | |
| CN105557274B (en) | A kind of lawn of volcanic rock plank work plantation carrier and its production method and application | |
| CN108496705B (en) | Method for stabilizing saline soil side slope by utilizing soilless grass blanket | |
| US4007556A (en) | Foam body and process for the production thereof | |
| CN110622643A (en) | Ecological restoration method for rock slope in high-latitude severe cold region | |
| CN113170705B (en) | Hydrothermal balance degraded alpine meadow repair material | |
| JP4965172B2 (en) | Seedling production method of the genus Ryunoge or Yablan and ground cover planting method using the method | |
| CN100488353C (en) | Soiless netless evergreen mixed-seedling turf, its production method and application | |
| KR102599353B1 (en) | Manufacturing method of planting mat for protecting sloping surface and planting mat for protecting sloping surface produced by the same method | |
| KR101205552B1 (en) | Manufacturing method of vegetation mats | |
| US20140130408A1 (en) | Coir fiber and coir pith seed mat | |
| JP2937876B2 (en) | Substrate for plant growth and method of construction | |
| CN105648999B (en) | Stalk blanket and its manufacturing method and application | |
| KR101004424B1 (en) | Structure for afforestation of a slope using vegetation nets and greening soil mixtures | |
| CN110681691A (en) | Organic soil conditioning material, preparation method, soil remediation method and matrix | |
| RU2764735C1 (en) | Method for forming a rolled combined grass cover | |
| RU2786026C2 (en) | Method for forming a lawn grass stand on a football field | |
| JP2002335749A (en) | New method for application of lawn playground |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20131210 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20140717 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20140805 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20141004 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20150630 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20150822 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20150908 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20150917 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5813969 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
| R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |